онтогения минералов и эволюция минерального мира

ОНТОГЕНИЯ МИНЕРАЛОВ
И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО
МИРА
Российская Академия
наук
Уральское отделение
Коми научный центр
Институт геологии
Тел.: (8212) 448563
Fax: (8212) 448268
Yushkin@geo.komisc.ru
Н. П. Юшкин
RMS DPI 2009-1-E2-0

ИСТОКИ ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫХ
ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ
принцип направленного развития минерального мира
(принцип Чермака);
принцип отражения минералами условий их образования
(принцип Стенона);
эволюционные схемы развития формы кристаллов
(схемы Вернера и т. п.);
принцип последовательного образования минералов в
минеральных телах
и многие другие.

СТРУКТУРНЫЕ СХЕМЫ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ
МИНЕРАЛОГИИ
(составлена Ю. М. Дымковым, 1985)
ГЛАВНЫЕ ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫЕ
УРОВНИ
ОНТОГЕНЕЗ МИНЕРАЛОВ – генезис минералов и агрегатов, их
развитие от акта зарождения до полного разрушения, совокупность
явлений индивидуальной истории минерала
ОНТОГЕНИЯ – учение об онтогенезе минералов
ФИЛОГЕНЕЗ МИНЕРАЛОВ – генезис и развитие минеральных видов
ФИЛОГЕНИЯ – учение об эволюции минеральных видов
в геологической истории
СИНГЕНЕЗ МИНЕРАЛОВ – генезис и развитие различных по составу
и структурным соотношением ассоциаций минералов
СИНГЕНИЯ – учение об эволюции минеральных ассоциаций
и парагенезисов

Nanometre-size products of uranium bioreduction
Characterization of bioreduced uraninite (UO 2 ) nanoparticles. а, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of
flocculated UO 2 , nanoparticles associated with DesuIfosporosinus spp. bacteria (arrow). Inset, high-resolution TEM image
of isolated particles. b, ТЕМ image of the Desulfosporosinus cell surface coated with UO 2 , nanoparticles (size, 1.5-2.5
nm). с, А single uraninite particle (about 1.3 nm across). d, Magnitude of the Fourier transform (FT) of Х-ray absorption
fine-structure (XAFS) data obtained from the sediment, and the best-fit model. R, radial distance (uncorrected for electron
phase shift). Inset, real part of the Fourier transform. R e` real part of Fourier transformed data. е, Growth of uraninite
crystals formed by oriented attachment of individual nanoparticles. Scale bars: 0.6 µm (а, inset, 2 nm), 6 nm (b) and 2nm
(с, е).
Yohey Suzuki*§, Shelly D. Kellyt, Kenneth
М. Кеmnert, Jullian F. Banfield*Ŧ

Left: Fourier-filtered HR-TEM image of biogenic uraninite produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain
MR-1, showing UO 2 , lattice fringes. Ovals indicate individual nanoparticles. Center: Fourier transforms
(FT) оf EXAFS spectra from biogenic uraninite and stoichiometric UO 2 (solid lines are data; dotted lines
are fits). Right Ball-and-stick representation of the structure of biogenic uraninite nanoparticies, from
Schofiefd et al. (2008). Uranium atoms are red; oxygen atoms are green. The shaded area emphasizes
the slightly distorted outer zone of the nanoparticles. Тhе contraction in the first U neighbor distance,
believed to occur at the immediate periphery of the particles, in illustrated with exaggerated atomic
displacements.
High-recsoluliun TEM images of 2- 3 nm nanodiamonds recovered from lIie Murchison meteorite (A),
inlerplanetary dust particles (В, D, Е, F), and a rnicrometeorite (C).
Ball-and-stick representations of two nanodiamonds based on ab initio calculaliuns, the smaller with 147 С
atoms (about 1.2 nm in diameter) and the larger with 275 C atoms (about 1.4 nm in diameter). The structures
shown have diamond-structured cores (yellow) and fullerene-like reconstructed surfaces (red).

ТЕОРЕМЫ В. И. СИЛАЕВА (2008)
Аксиома №1: Минералы есть кристаллоструктурно упорядоченные сочетания
химических элементов.
Аксиома №2: Минералы есть продукты исключительно геологических процессов.
Их аналогии биогенного, техногенного, антропогенного происхождения необходимо
рассматривать лишь как минералоподобные − параминеральные образования, не
отражающие историю геологического и минералогического развития.
Теорема №1(теорема Ферсмана): Общее число минеральных видов в
земной коре ограничено и в первом приближении зависит от характера
распределения минералов по числу сочетающихся в них
минералообразующих элементов, сильно ограничиваясь геологическими,
геохимическими, термодинамическими и кристаллохимическими факторами
естественного минерально-видового отбора.
Теорема №2 (теорема Пилипенко-Саукова): Общее число и кристаллохимический
ассортимент минералов прямо коррелируются с распространённостью в земной коре
минералообразующих элементов, определяясь в первом приближении химическим законом
действующих масс.
Теорема №3: Распределение химических элементов по кристаллохимическим классам и
структурным типам минералов стремится к упорядоченности, отражающей космогеохимические
свойства элементов.
Следствие №3.1. Минеральный мир есть непосредственный результат
постоянной и в целом необратимой космогеохимической эволюции вещества
Земли.
Structure of the mineral world is
characterized by its components
(individuals, species).
Total number of mineral
individuals in the Earth
crust о,n - n·10 31
There are about 4500 known
mineral species, and new
discoveries are unlimited.

Mineral number
Phosphates Фосфаты and и их
their analogs аналоги;
17%
Силикаты;
Silicates
25%
Other Прочие;
1,8%
Borate Бораты;
2,8%
MINERAL RATIO IN THE EARTH
CRUST
Сульфиды;
Sulphides
13%
Oxides Оксиды and и
гидроксиды;
hydroxides
12,5%
Сульфаты;
Sulphates
9%
Native
Самородные
элементы; 3,3%
elements
3,3%
Карбонаты;
Carbonates
4,5%
Phtorides, Фториды,
chlorides, хлориды,
bromides, бромиды,
иодиды; iodides; 5,7 5,7% %
Органические
Organic
соединения;
compounds
4,7%
Mineral diversity
= crystallochemical
Species, varieties
= crystallostructural
Morphological, structural symmetry
= mineralogenetic
Paragenesises, genetic types
= operational approaches
Силикаты;
Silicates
75%
Sulphides Сульфиды;
1,15%
Oxides Оксиды and и
гидроксиды;
hydroxides
17%
Карбонаты;
Silicates
1,17%
Chromates Хроматы;
3,35%
other Прочие;
3,8%
Weight ratio
Problem of mineral
diversity
= scientific-naturalistic
Perception of real nature
= economic
Functional aspects
= humanitarian
(cultural-esthetic)
= medical
(bioecological)

SYSTEM OF CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF
MINERALOGICAL DIVERSITY
Number of mineral species
Quantitative mineral content (mineral
distribution by crystallochemical classes);
Quantitative crystallostructural content
(distribution by syngonies, symmetry types
etc.);
Number and types of minerals of one and
the same element;
Total symmetry index;
Information enthropy of cadastral
characteristics.
Quantitative comparative analysis of mineral diversity of a large
number of objects, based on these parameters, allow characterizing
mineral structure of these objects and perception of their material
and genetic peculiarities.
Each geological system, composed by minerals, is
characterized by definite crystallosymmetric structure
expressed by characteristic parameters of distribution of
mineral types by symmetry classes (categories, syngonies,
symmetry types).
Law of tendency of topomineralogical
systems to average lithospheric type
Characteristic parameters of
crystallosymmetric structure of some
parts of the Earth crust in their
expansion and increasing of areas and
volumes (e.g. consolidation of
mineralogical provinces) tend to
characteristic symmetry parameters of
lithosphere.

SYMMETRY SPECIFICITY OF MINERAL WORLD
68.73% (!) of known mineral types
98.01% (!!!) weight % of Earth matter
Primary crystallographic classes of mineral world
(48.69% of mineral types; 80.85 weight % of mineral matter)

PARAMETIRS OF CRYSTALLOSYMMETRIC
STRUCTURE
OF MINERAL SYSTEMS
Parameters of distribution of minerals among symmetry categories,
systems, point groups;
•Generalized symmetry indices (Is const, Is conc);
•Informational entropy of crystallosymymmetric structure (Hs );
•Density of atom emplacement
INDEX OF GENERALIZED SYMMETRY (I S )
MOST “CONDENSED” SYMMETRY INFORMATION
P – symmetry rank (crystal system): tricl. – 0, monocl. – 1, orth. – 2, trig.
– 3, tetr. – 4, hexag. – 5, cubic – 6.
PR – percentage of occurrence of mineral species of the given rank (crystal
system); ∑ PR = 100%.
INFORMATIONAL ENTROPY
DESITY OF ATOM EMPLACEMENT
Pa = (KaVa+KbVb+…)Z
Vu.c.
Vu.c. – unit cell volume
Ka, Kb – number of atoms A, B, …. In the formula
Va, Vb – atomic volume in ionization state

OBJECTS
(COMPLEX
MINERAL
SYSTEMS)
METEORITES
(CHQNDERITES)
LITHOSPHERE OF
THE MOON
LITHOSPHERE OF
THE EARTH
BIOMINERALS
(ALL)
CRYSTAL
LOCHEMI
CAL
ENTROPY
Нkx, bit
INDEX OF
GENERAL
IZED
SYMMETR
Y Is,%
ENTROPY OF MI-
NERAL DISTRI-
BUTION BETWEEN
CRYSTAL
SYSTEMS
He, bit
POINT
GROUPS
Нв . с .
PERCENTAGE OF THE NUMBER OF MINERAL SPECIS WITH
REFERENCE TO THE EARTH'S CRUST
INTERME
TALLIC
COMPOU
NDS
CARD
BONA
TES
CHAL
COGE
NIDES
OXIDES
AND
HYDROXI
DES
OXOS
AETS
HALOGE
NIDES
2, 38 62,5 2,6 3,28 5,62 - 1,12 1,23 0,81 0,69
2,64 55,67 2,58 3,42 1,18 - 0,93 1,26 0,82 0,6
3,46 42,56 2,56 3,69 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
1,96 42,68 2,6 3,07 1,12 - 0,42 0,74 1,26 0,62
PHYSIOMINERALS 2,86 61,26 2,37 3,32 5,52 - 1,02 1,4 0,77 1,59
TECHNOGENIC
(BURNT COAL
MINERALS DUMPS)
GENERALIZED MINERALOGICAL AND
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF GLOBAL GEOLOGIC OBJECTS
3,02 47,74 2,54 3,3 0,83 4,97 0,42 1,77 0,91 2,22
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL TYPES BY CATEGORIES AND
SYNGONIES. %
(ACCORDING TO M.N. OSTROUMOV AND L. N.
KULYAMIN)
Index Earth crust Oceanic
lithosphere
Category, syngony
Higher, cubic C
Medium
Hexagonal H
Tetragonal TETR
Trigonal TRIG
Lower
Rhombic К
Monoclinic
Triclinic TRIC
Symmetry index
14.28
26.88
7.29
9.38
10.21
58.75
21.67
30.26
6.82
42.56
18.40
28.84
9.82
10.43
8.59
52.76
22.70
22.08
7.98
49.08
Oceanic lithosphere
K 22,70 – М 22,06 –C 18,40 – ТETR 10,43 –H 9,82 – ТRIG 8,59 – ТRIC 7,98
Earth crust
М 30,3 –K 21,7 –C 14,4 – ТRIG 10,2 – ТETR 9,4 –H 7,2 – ТRIC 6,3
Provinces according to N.P.Yushkin
Regions-countries ore
13.46-15.20
23.41-28.08
4.56-7.29
7.60-9.40
10.21-13.30
58.46-61.39
21.67-24.01
21.39-34.21
4.86-5.42
43.11-48.14
13.16-21.47
25.42-28.39
5.75-7.74
6.78-10.97
9.86-12.64
50.97-60.53
19.74-24.29
30.83-32.52
3.45-7.74
41.88-50.10

Syngony of
minerals
Cubic
Hexagonal
Trigonal
Tetragonal
Rhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic
COMPARISON OF DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS
OF DIFFERENT SYNGONY IN GOLD DEPOSITS IN YAKUTIA
KIMBERLITES AND ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS (%)
(ACCORDING TO N.A.SHILO, 2002)
Gold deposits Yakutia
Volcanogenic
Ore Vein
Plutonogenic
Ore vein
kimberl
ites
41 7.3 50
- 21.3
5.9 14.2 8.2 8.5 10
5.8 14.2 8.2 33.5 8.4
5.9 21.4 16.5 -
3.5
17.8 14.2 12.5 16.5 20.2
17.8 21.4 4.5 41.5 28.7
5.8 7.3
-
-
8.7
CONCENTRATION PARAMETERS OF
CRYSTALLOSYMMETRIC
STRUCTURE OF MAIN ROCK TYPES
Rock types
Magmatic rocks
(medium)
Dunites
Basalts
Granites
Metamorphic rocks
Eclogites
Granulites
Gneisses
Shales
Sedimentogenic rocks
Symmetry Index, Is % Structural density, Pa
Alluvial
deposit
s
37.8
4.8
8.8
16.5
23.4
8.7
-

GENERALIZED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MINERAL
SYSTEMS (Pa; Iscone [Is const ]; Hcch)

Distribution of mineral types of meteorite, lunar and Earth matter (1), and also synthetic
non-organic (2), organic (3) compounds and biominerals (4) in the crystallographic
symmetry system.
TWO STATISTICAL SERIES OF PRINCIPLE POINT GROUPS
(framed are the point groups to which
the overwhelming majority of minerals belong)
mineral and inorganic compounds:
organic compounds of non-biogenic origin:
Typomorphic biogenic point groups
belong to common branch of the series:

Схема развития Вселенной
CRYSTALLINE UNIVERSE
The world of flatfaced crystals is one of the components of the
curved Universe substance, but it looks as if the Universe is also
a crystal. Up-to-date astronomic and cosmological data prove
the idea of finite Universe and its specific topology. The two
models that are mostly studied are based on a dodecahedron.
They are Seifert – Weber diversity with dodecahedron concave
faces (a) and Poincaré dodecahedral space with convex faces (b)
a b
These models have been mathematically studied from the positions
of three-dimensional transformations (W. Thurston and J. Weeks , 1984).

UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO SEIFERT– WEBER,
GOT BY EXPANDING OF A DODECAHEDRON IN
HYPERBOLIC SPACE
Four stages of inflation are shown.
J.-P. Luminet’s research group, on the
basis of new data, got by means of
NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), showed the
possibility of the closed Universe
existence in the form of a Poincaré
dodecahedron with positive curvature
and quite small size.
Such Universe expands not in a chaotic
way but like one bubble, and we can see
almost all the way round it.
But it is not clear whether there are
punctures of this bubble and if it can
blow out?
The Universe dodecahedron faces are pentagonal;
their face symmetry is five-fold.
Al 6Mn
In crystals, a five-fold axis has always been considered forbidden because it is
impossible to fill up some crystalline space with pentagons without leaving
cavities.
However, having discovered specific substance condition - quasi-crystalline – it is
possible to say that textures and three-dimensional icosahedra with quintuple
symmetry axis exist.
Thus, five-fold symmetry got into the mineral world, and hexad symmetry is
getting from the mineral kingdom into biological one.

FILD OF ETICS
AND SENSE
BIOLOGY
SYSTEMS
UNIVERSE MINERAL
SYSTEMS
Thus, the five-fold symmetry
line is observed in the
spheres of esthetics and
sense and goes deep into the
Universe depth. Perhaps, in
the future, scientists will
construct Universe models
on the basis not of
dodecahedral crystals, but a
penta-axis icosahedron.
The symmetry L5 in the process of
the material world investigation is
getting more and more mysterious
and attractive for natural scientists.

АСТРОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ СТАДИИ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ
ВСЕЛЕННОЙ

Comparative analysis of structure,
functioning and development of
biologic and mineral systems and
study of functions of biominerals
in living organisms cast doubts on
existence of mineral roots of the
living world. Prebiologic
informational structures, gene
predecessors and protoorganisms
should be looked for among
abiogenic ordered hydrocarbon
molecular systems that are in
common substantional
hydrocarbon field of coexistence
of biological and mineral
structures.

ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVING SYSTEMS AND
FIBROUS KERITE (%)
LIVING HUMAN PROTEINS FIBROUS
SUBSTANCE BODY
KERITE
H 10.5 62.8 6.5 - 7.3 5.02 – 7.06
O 70.0 25.4 21 – 24 9 – 23
C 18.0 9.4 50 – 55 60.38 – 76.51
N 0.3 1.4 15 - 18 9
C 491 H 386 O 87 S(N)
Main structural elements of life – C*, H, N, O, P, S, Na, K, F, Mg, Si, Ca
Catalysts – Fe, Cu, B, Mn, J
*Elements incorporated in kerite are in bold
type

Ecosystem of a fibrous hydrocarbon crystal
There are two major conceptual
lines in natural sciences in dealing
with the problem of abiogenesis:
• genobiosis, which postulates the
priority of a molecular system with
properties of the initial genetic code
•holobiosis, or cellobiosis arguing
that life has evolved from cell-like
structures with elementary metabolic
processes involving ferments.
Our sights into the biomorphous
hydrocarbon structures brought us to
accept organismobiosis as the most
realistic, i.e. evolution of structures
and functions in ordered molecular
hydrocarbon systems,
protoorganisms, which gave rise to
biological systems.
MAJOR THEORIES OF ABIOGENESIS
COACERVATE THEORY
A.I. Oparin (1924, 1975)
THEORY OF HYPERCYCLES
M.Eigen et al. (1981)
THEORY OF GENETIC TAKEOVER
A.G. Cairns-Smith (1971, 1982)
THEORY OF MINERAL ORGANISMOBIOSIS
(Hydrocarbon crystallization of life)
N.P.Yushkin (1994, 1999, 2000)

■ More homologous to bioorganisms abiogenous
hydrocarbon structures crystallize:
● under relatively high temperature and high-baric conditions
● in the aqueous-gas mineralized medium of the carbonatechloride-sulfate
magnesium-potassium-sodium composition
● in the presence of ammonia, sulfur dioxide gases,
methane, carbonic acid and other components
● in the low redox potential environment.
Presumably, biological life could begin under similar conditions.
■ More homologous to bioorganisms abiogenous
hydrocarbon structures crystallize:
● under relatively high temperature and high-baric conditions
● in the aqueous-gas mineralized medium of the carbonatechloride-sulfate
magnesium-potassium-sodium composition
● in the presence of ammonia, sulfur dioxide gases,
methane, carbonic acid and other components
● in the low redox potential environment.
Presumably, biological life could begin under similar conditions.

ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫЕ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ
Общий рост минералов, усложнение структуры
минерального мира, увеличение его разнообразия с
течением геологического времени.
Эволюция “кубического” или “кубо-ромбического”
минерального мира в “моноклинной” от ранних этапов
развития Земли к современному, снижение симметрии
вещества на фоне сохраняющейся высокой (а может быть и
повышающейся симметрии самой Земли)
Накопление усложнений минеральных систем в верхних
частях земной коры, особенно у поверхности геоида.

Движущей силой эволюции минерального мира
является стремление развивающихся минеральных систем к
равновесному состоянию в условиях закономерно непрерывной
потери Землёй тепла, достигшей за 4,5 млрд лет около 7,1⋅10 29 кал.
Направленное изменение термодинамических условий определяет
действие всех эволюционных механизмов: дифференциация, миграция и
концентрации вещества, изменчивости минералообразующей среды и
активности её компонентов, биоминеральных взаимодействий и др.
Потеря тепла литосферой идёт с земной поверхности, поэтому и
эволюционные процессы наиболее интенсивно и энергично протекают, как
впервые заметил Д. В. Рундквист, у земной поверхности. Рудосфера,
обязанная своим происхождением разнообразным процессам
дифференциации, переотложения и концентрации вещества, по этой же
причине занимает самую внешнюю часть литосферы выше изограды 600-
700°C (критическая зона).
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