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326 NOTES TO PAGES 190–194
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Sixties: the Conservative Capture of the GOP (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 1995), 1; Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: the Civil War of
the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 206; David Farber and Jeff Roche,
The Conservative Sixties (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), 2–3; Rick Perlstein, Before the
Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill
and Wang, 2001).
3. See Alex McDonald, introduction to Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward 2000–
1887, ed. Alex McDonald (Ontario: Broadview Literary Texts, 2003).
4. Barry Goldwater to AR, May 11, 1960, ARP 043–05A, and AR to Barry Goldwater,
June 4, 1960, ARP 043–05A, Letters, 565–72.
5. Barry Goldwater to AR, June 10, 1960, ARP 043–05A.
6. Ayn Rand, “JFK: High Class Beatnik,” Human Events, September 1, 1960, 393.
7. There was also the class that Rand frankly called “human ballast,” who mindlessly
followed whichever of the three was ascendant. Ayn Rand, For the New Intellectual (New
York: New American Library, 1961), 20.
8. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of English Language, Unabridged
defi nes “altruism” as “uncalculated consideration of, regard for, or devotion to others’
interests sometimes in accordance with an ethical principle.” Rand’s use of Comte’s defi -
nition is debated in Robert L. Campbell, “Altruism in Auguste Comte and Ayn Rand,”
and Robert H. Bass, “Egoism versus Rights,” Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 7, no. 2 (2006):
357–69.
9. Rand, For the New Intellectual, 11, 45.
10. Sidney Hook, “Each Man for Himself,” New York Times Book Review, April 9, 1961,
3, 28. Other negative reviews of For the New Intellectual are Charles Frederick Schroder,
“Ayn Rand: Far Right Prophetess,” Christian Century, December 13, 1961,1493–95; James
Collins, “State of the Question: Ayn Rand’s Talent for Getting Headlines,” America,
July 29, 1961, 569; “Born Eccentric,” Newsweek, March 27, 1961, 104; Joel Rosenblum, “The
Ends and Means of Ayn Rand,” New Republic, April 24, 1961, 28–29; Bruce Goldberg,
“Ayn Rand’s For the New Intellectual,” New Individualist Review, November 1961, 17–24.
For the New Intellectual went through fi ve hardcover editions in the fi rst year and was
issued in a fi rst paperback printing of two hundred thousand.
11. Gore Vidal, “Two Immoralists: Orville Prescott and Ayn Rand,” in Rocking the
Boat (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 232, reprinted from Esquire, July 1961.
12. Daniel Bell ed., The New American Right (New York: Criterion, 1955) and The
Radical Right, 3rd ed. (1963; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002). Once dominant,
this interpretation is now universally acknowledged to reveal more about the views of
midcentury liberal historians than the conservatives they analyzed. See Michael Paul
Rogin, The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1967); Alan Brinkley, “The Problem of American Conservatism,” American Historical
Review 99, no. 2 (1994): 409–29.
13. The centrality of the rebel identity to postwar society, and conservatism specifi -
cally, is explored in Grace Hale, Rebel, Rebel: Why We Love Outsiders and the Effects of
This Romance on Postwar American Culture and Politics (New York: Oxford University
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