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316 NOTES TO PAGES 112–116
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32. Biographical Interview 14, March 3, 1961. “A is A” is not a phrase from Aristotle
but a canonical way to explain basic laws of logic. Rand used the phrase to indicate her
agreement with Aristotle’s Law of Identity. Her later use of Aristotle was often inaccurate.
According to Rand, Aristotle believed that “history represents things as they are,
while fi ction represents them as they might be and ought to be.” However, as two scholars
sympathetic to Rand conclude, this attribution “misquotes Aristotle and misrepresents
his intent.” See Stephen Cox, “Ayn Rand: Theory versus Creative Life,” Journal of
Libertarian Studies 8 (1986): 20; Louis Torres and Michelle Marder Kamhi, What Art Is:
The Aesthetic Theory of Ayn Rand (Chicago: Open Court Press, 2000), 63. An alternative
interpretation of Rand’s usage is given in Tore Boeckmann, “What Might Be and
Ought to Be: Aristotle’s Poetics and The Fountainhead,” in Essays on Ayn Rand’s The
Fountainhead, ed. Robert Mayhew (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007). It appears
that Rand drew this concept not from Aristotle, but from Albert Jay Nock. In Memoirs
of a Superfl uous Man (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943), 191, Nock writes, “History,
Aristotle says, represents things only as they are, while fi ction represents them as they
might be and ought to be.” In her copy of the book, Rand marked this passage with six
vertical lines. Peikoff Library Collection, ARA.
33. Journals, 263, 246–47; Isabel Paterson to AR, December 30, 1943, ARP 145-PA2;
Isabel Paterson to AR, August 30, 1945, Box 4, Isabel Paterson Papers, Hoover Presidential
Library, henceforth Hoover NARA.
34. Journals, 281.
35. “Notes on the Moral Basis of Individualism,” July 9, 1945, ARP 32–11B. These
notes are not included in the published version of Rand’s Journals.
36. Journals, 291, 281, 285.
37. Journals, 305, 299. Daryll Wright traces a similar shift in “Ayn Rand’s Ethics: From
The Fountainhead to Atlas Shrugged,” in Essays on Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged, ed. Robert
Mayhew (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009).
38. B. Branden, The Passion of Ayn Rand, 189.
39. Frank Lloyd Wright to AR, April 23, 1944, reprinted in Letters, 112. Her comments
on Wright are in Journals, April 12, 1946, 412–15. For more on their relationship,
see Donald Leslie Johnson, The Fountainheads: Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005).
40. Isabel Paterson to AR, December 15, 1943, Box 4, Hoover NARA.
41. Leonard Read to Rand, July 1946, ARP 146-RE2; Leonard Read to AR, May/June
46, ND, “Monday,” ARP 146-RE2. There is no written record of their original agreement,
but letters between the two indicate it was a well-established understanding. Rand
signed her letters to Read “your ghost” and Read referred often to her responsibilities,
urging her at one point, “Please keep on considering your ghost position seriously.”
Leonard Read to AR, July 22, 1946, ARP 146-RE2.
42. AR to Leonard Read, February 28, 1946, Letters, 259.
43. Leonard Read to AR, August 22, 1946, and Leonard Read to AR, March 4, 1946,
ARP 146-RE2. Read explained that he could never get foundation status for an “individualist”
foundation but could for one dedicated to economic education.
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