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NOTES TO PAGES 86–91
symbolic ways male and female characters interact. See Janice Radway, Reading the
Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature 1984 Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press, 1991), 207. The rape scene is given extended treatment in
Gladstein and Sciabarra, Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand and Andrew Bernstein,
“Understanding the ‘Rape’ Scene in The Fountainhead,” in Mayhew, Essays on Ayn
Rand’s The Fountainhead, 201–8.
36. Shoshana Milgram, “The Fountainhead from Notebook to Novel: The
Composition of Ayn Rand’s First Ideal Man,” in Mayhew, Essays on Ayn Rand’s The
Fountainhead, 3–40, provides a perceptive reading of these changes.
37. See Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 107; Isabel Paterson, God of
the Machine (1943; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993), xii. This was in many ways an
articulation of a producer ethic, which Michael Kazin identifi es as an important component
of populism. Kazin emphasizes that populism is a “fl exible mode of persuasion,”
and not all who employ the idiom should be identifi ed as populists in a sociological
sense. Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books,
1995), 3.
38. Although class need not play a primary role in Rand’s tale of individual heroism,
its absence is telling. Her willingness to mount a critique of American society that elides
class difference anticipates the later drift of political discussion in America and prefi gures
the right’s success at shifting the grounds of political debate from class to culture.
See Daniel Bell, “Afterword (2001): From Class to Culture,” in The Radical Right, ed.
Daniel Bell, 3rd ed. (1963; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 447–503.
39. Paterson, God of the Machine, 235. As Sumner put it, “The next pernicious thing
to vice is charity in its broad and popular sense” (What Social Classes Owe to Each
Other, 135).
40. AR to John Gall, July 29, 1943, ARP 044–15-A.
41. Lorine Pruette, “Battle against Evil,” New York Times Book Review, May 16, 1943,
7, 18; Bett Anderson, “Idealism of Architect Is Background for Book,” Pittsburg Press,
May 30, 1943; “Novel about a Young American Architect,” Providence Journal, May 16,
1943; “Varieties of Complaint,” Times Literary Supplement, November 15, 1947, 589; Diana
Trilling, “Fiction in Review,” The Nation, June 12, 1943, 843.
42. See Cox’s discussion in The Woman and the Dynamo, 311–12.
43. “Varieties of Complaint,” Times Literary Supplement, November 15, 1947, 589.
44. The total number of fan letters Rand received is impossible to determine, for at
her death numerous unopened mail bags were destroyed. I have examined approximately
one thousand of the surviving fan letters that are housed in her papers. About two hundred
of these letters were exclusively concerned with The Fountainhead. (Later letters
inspired by Atlas Shrugged also often mentioned The Fountainhead.) An exact breakdown
of Rand’s readers is impossible to determine, but a random sample of letter writers from
1943 to 1959 collected in one archival box indicates the diversity of her appeal. Out of 107
letters written to Rand, seventy-six provided biographical details, with a breakdown as
follows: twenty writers identifi ed themselves as high school students, seven as college students,
and thirty-nine as married adults. Letter writers were geographically diverse and
did not hail from any particular region of the country. ARP, cartons 38 and 39.
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