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306 NOTES TO PAGES 48–52
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University Press, 1983); Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy
of the Conservative Movement (Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2008);
John E. Moser, Right Turn: John T. Flynn and the Transformation of American Liberalism
(New York: New York University Press, 2005); James T. Patterson, Congressional
Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress,
1933–1939 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1969); Paula Baker, “Liberty against
Power: Defending Classical Liberalism in the 1930s,” unpublished paper. Recently historians
have begun to trace the connections between this Old Right and the postwar
conservative movement. See Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From
Reaction to Revolution (New York, Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2008); Donald Critchlow,
The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 2007); Kimberly Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The
Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Ronald Reagan (New York:
Norton, 2009); Joseph Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 2008).
28. Although it did not become widely used until the 1950s, “libertarian” was in circulation
prior to the New Deal. It emerged after Roosevelt popularized a new understanding
of “liberal,” the term formerly used by advocates of limited government. The
fi rst prominent fi gures to identify as libertarians were H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay
Nock. See H. L. Mencken, Letters of H. L. Mencken, ed. Guy Forgue (New York: Knopf,
1961), xiii, 189; Albert Jay Nock and Frank W. Garrison, eds., Letters from Albert Jay Nock,
1924–1945 to Edmund C. Evans, Mrs. Edmund C. Evans and Ellen Winsor (Caldwell, ID:
Caxton Printers, 1949), 40. The careers of both and their relation to conservatism are discussed
in Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities throughout American
History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 141–52. Paterson’s views are
covered in Steven Cox, The Woman and the Dynamo: Isabel Paterson and the Idea of
America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2004).
29. Rand to the New York Herald Tribune, February 9, 1937, ARP 099–05x.
30. George Wolfskill, Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty
League, 1934–1940 (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1962), chapter 4.
31. Ultimately produced on Broadway in 1940, The Unconquered was a resounding
fl op that closed after six performances. Britting, Ayn Rand, 56.
32. The connection between Anthem and Stephen Vincent Benét’s “The Place of the
Gods” is well established, but there is no documented link between Rand and Zamyatin.
Still, the similarities between the two are striking. For the argument that Zamyatin
infl uenced Rand, see Zina Gimpelevich, “ ‘We’ and ‘I’ in Zamyatin’s We and Ayn Rand’s
Anthem,” Germano-Slavica 10, no. 1 (1997): 13–23. A discussion of Rand’s relationship to
Benét and a rebuttal of her connection to Zamyatin can be found in Shoshana Milgram,
“Anthem in the Context of Related Literary Works,” in Essays on Ayn Rand’s Anthem, ed.
Robert Mayhew (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005), 119–171.
33. AR to Marjorie Williams, June 18, 1936, Letters, 33.
34. Biographical Interview 11.
35. Biographical Interview 13, February 26, 1961.
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