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Feverish illness in children 4. McCormick A, Fleming D, Charlton J. Morbidity statistics from general practice: fourth national study 1991–1992. London: HMSO; 1995. 5. Dale J, Crouch R, Lloyd D. Primary care: nurse-led telephone triage and advice out-of-hours. Nursing Standard 1998;12(47):41–5. 6. Armon K, Stephenson T, Gabriel V, et al. Audit: Determining the common medical presenting problems to an accident and emergency department. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001;84(5):390–2. 7. Stewart M, Werneke U, MacFaul R, et al. Medical and social factors associated with the admission and discharge of acutely ill children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1998;79(3):219–24. 8. Ishimine I. Fever without source in children 0 to 36 months of age. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2006;53:167–94. 9. Baraff LJ. Management of fever without source in infants and children.Annals of Emergency Medicine 2000;36(6):602–14. 10. Herz AM, Greenhow TL, Alcantara J, et al. Changing epidemiology of outpatient bacteremia in 3 to 36 month old children after the introduction of the heptavalent-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25(4):293–300. 11. Ninis N, Phillips C, Bailey L, et al. The role of healthcare delivery in the outcome of meningococcal disease in children: case–control study of fatal and non-fatal cases. British Medical Journal 2005;330(7506):1475. 12. Heyderman RS, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brennan CA, et al. The incidence and mortality for meningococcal disease associated with area deprivation: an ecological study of hospital episode statistics. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89:1064–8. 13. Kai J. What worries parents when their preschool children are acutely ill, and why: a qualitative study. British Medical Journal 1996;313(7063):983–6. 14. Karwowska A, Nijssen-Jordan C, Johnson D, et al. Parental and health care provider understanding of childhood fever: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2002;4(6):394–400. 15. Department of Health. National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services – Core Standards. London: Department of Health; 2004. 16. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors.Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. 17. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guideline Development Methods: Information for National Collaborating Centres and Guideline Developers. London: National Institute for Clinical Evidence; 2005. 18. Oxman AD, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH. Users’ guide to the medical literature. I. How to get started. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270(17):2093–5. 19. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270(21):2598–601. 20. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(1):59–63. 21. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(5):389–91. 22. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my 272

References patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(9):703–7. 23. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine.How to Practice and Teach EBM. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. 24. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50: A Guideline developers’ handbook. No. 50. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network; 2001. 25. Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound prognostic studies in MEDLINE: an analytic survey.BMC Medicine 2004;2:23. 26. Drummond MF, Sculpher M, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press; 2005. 27. Crawford D, Greene N, Wentworth S. Thermometer Review: UK Market Survey. No. MHRA 04144. 2005. 28. Health and Safety Executive. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. 2007. 29. Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Williamson PR, et al. Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: Systematic review. British Medical Journal 2000;320(7243):1174–8. 30. Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Taylor S, et al. Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children: A systematic review. Lancet 2002;360(9333):603–9. 31. El-Radhi AS, Barry W. Thermometry in paediatric practice. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2006;91(4):351–6. 32. Pickersgill J, Fowler H, Boothman J, et al. Temperature taking: children’s preferences. Paediatric Nursing 2003;15(2):22–5. 33. Banco L, Jayashekaramurthy S, Graffam J. The inability of a temperature-sensitive pacifier to identify fevers in ill infants.American Journal of Diseases of Children 1988;142(2):171–2. 34. Beckstrand RL, Wilshaw R, Moran S, et al.Supralingual temperatures compared to tympanic and rectal temperatures. Pediatric Nursing 1996;22(5):436–8. 35. Morley CJ, Hewson PH, Thornton AJ, et al. Axillary and rectal temperature measurements in infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1992;67(1):122–5. 36. Bliss-Holtz J. Comparison of rectal, axillary, and inguinal temperatures in full-term newborn infants. Nursing Research 1989;38(2):85–7. 37. Shann F, Mackenzie A. Comparison of rectal, axillary, and forehead temperatures. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1996;150(1):74–8. 38. Saxena AK, Topp SS, Heinecke A, et al. Application criteria for infrared ear thermometers in pediatric surgery. Technology and Health Care 2001;9(3):281–5. 39. Osinusi K, Njinyam MN. Comparison of body temperatures taken at different sites and the reliability of axillary temperature in screening for fever.African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 1997;26(3–4):163–6. 40. Muma BK, Treloar DJ, Wurmlinger K, et al. Comparison of rectal, axillary, and tympanic membrane temperatures in infants and young children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1991;20(1):41–4. 41. Chaturvedi D, Vilhekar KY, Chaturvedi P, et al. Comparison of axillary temperature with rectal or oral temperature and determination of optimum placement time in children. Indian Pediatrics 2004;41(6):600–3. 42. Anagnostakis D, Matsaniotis N, Grafakos S, et al. Rectal-axillary temperature difference in febrile and afebrile infants and children. Clinical Pediatrics 1993;32(5):268–72. 273

Feverish illness in children<br />

4. McCormick A, Fleming D, Charlton J. Morbidity statistics from general practice: fourth national<br />

study 1991–1992. London: HMSO; 1995.<br />

5. Dale J, Crouch R, Lloyd D. Primary care: nurse-led telephone triage and advice out-of-hours.<br />

Nursing Standard 1998;12(47):41–5.<br />

6. Armon K, Stephenson T, Gabriel V, et al. Audit: Determining the common medical presenting<br />

problems to an accident and emergency department. Archives of Disease in Childhood<br />

2001;84(5):390–2.<br />

7. Stewart M, Werneke U, MacFaul R, et al. Medical and social factors associated with the<br />

admission and discharge of acutely ill children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1998;79(3):219–24.<br />

8. Ishimine I. Fever without source in children 0 to 36 months of age. Pediatric Clinics of North<br />

America 2006;53:167–94.<br />

9. Baraff LJ. Management of fever without source in infants and children.Annals of Emergency<br />

Medicine 2000;36(6):602–14.<br />

10. Herz AM, Greenhow TL, Alcantara J, et al. Changing epidemiology of outpatient bacteremia<br />

in 3 to 36 month old children after the introduction of the heptavalent-conjugated pneumococcal<br />

vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25(4):293–300.<br />

11. Ninis N, Phillips C, Bailey L, et al. The role of healthcare delivery in the outcome of<br />

meningococcal disease in children: case–control study of fatal and non-fatal cases. British Medical<br />

Journal 2005;330(7506):1475.<br />

12. Heyderman RS, Ben-Shlomo Y, Brennan CA, et al. The incidence and mortality for<br />

meningococcal disease associated with area deprivation: an ecological study of hospital episode<br />

statistics. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89:1064–8.<br />

13. Kai J. What worries parents when their preschool children are acutely ill, and why: a<br />

qualitative study. British Medical Journal 1996;313(7063):983–6.<br />

14. Karwowska A, Nijssen-Jordan C, Johnson D, et al. Parental and health care provider<br />

understanding of childhood fever: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine<br />

2002;4(6):394–400.<br />

15. Department of Health. National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity<br />

Services – Core Standards. London: Department of Health; 2004.<br />

16. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors.Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and<br />

Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.<br />

17. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guideline Development Methods: Information for<br />

National Collaborating Centres and Guideline Developers. London: National Institute for Clinical<br />

Evidence; 2005.<br />

18. Oxman AD, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH. Users’ guide to the medical literature. I. How to get<br />

started. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270(17):2093–5.<br />

19. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an<br />

article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine<br />

Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270(21):2598–601.<br />

20. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an<br />

article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my<br />

patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical<br />

Association 1994;271(1):59–63.<br />

21. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an<br />

article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine<br />

Working Group.JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(5):389–91.<br />

22. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use<br />

an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my<br />

272

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