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106 THE ANALECTS : INTRODUCTION.
consists of ' indicate" and ' sacrificial vessel,' for Li being
hidden (within) is no[ readily visible, therefore the sacrificial
vessels are spread for its manifestation. It may be translated
by religion, ceremony, deportment, decorum, propriety,
formality, politeness, courtesy, etiquette, good form
or behaviour or manners. It also means an offering as an
indication of respect. Ctmtzfi in I. 12 defines it thus:
_ J-_ _;_ _ 2_ A _ ;_ _ Htj 0_,, Li means
the regulations and refinements of Divine (or Natural)
law, and the usages and rules thereof in human affairs.
In another place he says: _i_ _ 0__,, IJ is t'i, i. e. the
embodiment (of respect). Again it is _] _ _ _, ru!e
and order. And again _ _ _; -- I]_ J_Jg_ It is
merely the observance of order (or rank). ¥utz_t in
I. I2 says that its exhibition is to be natural _I] (not
forced L0.)_ In a comment on IlL 4 Li is taken as the
outward adornment 2_ of an inward respect _, which
latter is considered as the essence of Li, and the commen-
tator remarks _1_ _ _j_ _ _ _ fl_ ;_" _ {_ _tq _:
Jt ;;_ _; _i _J_ _- _ O__,, It is better to have an
excess of esteem and a deficiency in ceremony than
an excess of ceremony and a deficiency in its essential.
H. 12. I_u defines Ft_ by ' Art,' but to attempt to connote
Li throughout by Art produces results foreign to the text.
For _ _ see next. The following are further defini-