Técnicas de Producción de Cerezo: Patrones, Variedades ... - unifrut

Técnicas de Producción de Cerezo:
Patrones, Variedades, Formación y Poda
Gregory Lang
Michigan State University

Preplant Decisions
Four Key (4) Variables:
Site - does it impart high or
low vigor?
Scion - variety vigor, growth
habit? Productivity?
Stock - dwarfing?
Precocious? Deep- or
shallow-rooted?
System - single or multiple
leader, etc?
Ultimate Goal: intercept as
much light as possible.

Sweet Cherry Variety
Considerations?
Marketing: ripening time, color
Very large fruit size for fresh market
Adequate rain tolerance for climate
Productivity matched to rootstock
Pollination compatibility, bloom time
Disease resistance – mildew, canker

Bing
• Parents: ~1875
chance seedling of
Black Republican
• Most important cherry in North America (for
fresh market and some processing)
• Firm, medium to large size, vigorous growth, upright
growing habit, not precocious
• Highly susceptible to rain cracking, mildew, canker

Chelan
• Parents: Stella x Beaulieu
• Early ripening, 10-12 days before Bing
• Precocious, moderately upright, highly
productive tree (rootstocks, stress)
• Less rain cracking than Bing
• Graft incompatible w/
mahaleb, sensitive to
stress, limb-bending?

Brooks
• Parents: Rainier x Burlat
• Very firm, large fruit, can
be borne in clusters
• Blooms early, ripens 8-10 days before Bing
• High susceptibility to rain cracking
• Upright growth habit, moderate to high cropping

• Self-fertile
Santina
• Parents: Stella x Summit
• Firm, large size
• Blooms mid-season, ripens 8
days before Bing
• Moderately tolerant to rain
cracking

Tieton
• Firm, very large fruit (11-13 g, 28-32
mm), excellent stems, early season
premium
• Blooms mid-season, ripens 6-8 days
before `Bing’, incompatible with
`Chelan’, `Burlat’
• Very vigorous, upright growth, light
to moderate cropping, well-suited to
dwarfing rootstocks (i.e., Gisela 5)

• Blooms late, ripens with Bing
• Excellent cropping, moderately
spreading growth habit
Benton (Columbia)
• Parents: Stella x Beaulieu
• Self-fertile
• Less susceptible to rain cracking
• Firm, large fruit size
• High sugar, excellent
flavor

Sandra Rose
• Parents: (Star x Van) x
Sunburst
• Medium firm, large fruit
size
• Self-fertile
• Blooms mid-season, ripens 3 days after Bing
• Tolerant to rain cracking
• Precocious, spreading growth habit

• Blooms late, ripens 5 days after Bing
• Moderately susceptible to rain
cracking
• Vigorous, upright branching
• Compatible with Bing, Lambert,
Van, Stella, Burlat, Hedelfingen
Summit
• Parents: Van x Sam
• Medium firm, very large
size (11-13 g, 28-32 mm

Rainier
• Parents: Bing x Van
• Highest value cherry in the
Pacific Northwest
• Blooms early, ripens 3-6 days
after Bing
• Precocious, highly productive,
large fruit
• Excellent bud and wood cold
hardiness
• New “Rainier-types” – WhiteGold from
Cornell, 13-N-770 from Summerland, PC
8011-3 from WSU

Kordia (Attika)
• From Czechoslovakia
• Very firm, large, heartshaped
fruit, excellent
flavor
• Blooms late, ripens 10 days after Bing, not
self-fertile
• Vigorous and productive tree
• Less susceptible to rain cracking; more to frost
• Compatible with Van, Stella, Hedelfingen, Sam,
Lambert

Selah (Liberty Bell)
• Self-fertile
• Blooms early, ripens 10 days
after Bing
• Productive, moderately
spreading growth habit
• Susceptible to rain cracking
• Parents: (Rainier x Bing) x Stella
• Firm, very large fruit size
(11-13 g, 28-32 mm
• Round fruit in loose clusters

Skeena
• Parents: (Bing x Stella) x
(Van x Stella)
• Very firm, large fruit size
• Self-fertile
• Blooms mid-season, ripens
15 days after Bing
• Very susceptible to rain
cracking (not “tolerant”)
• Precocious, spreading
growth habit

Regina
• Parents: Schneiders x Rube
• Very firm, large fruit
• Blooms late, ripens 10-14 days after Bing
• Low susceptibility to rain cracking
• Upright, moderately spreading growth habit,
moderate cropping level (pollination?)
• Compatible with Sam, Bianca, Summit, Attika

Sweetheart
• Parents: Van x Newstar
• Latest export cherry for the
Pacific Northwest
• Self-fertile
• Precocious, highly productive,
very horizontal growth habit
• Medium to large fruit, moderately
susceptible to rain cracking
• Blooms early, ripens 18 days
after Bing

Intensive Sweet Cherry Orchard
Systems - Rootstocks
1. Provide necessary vigor
2. Enhance earlier cropping
3. Enhance productivity
4. Tolerate problematic sites
MSU Tree Fruit
Research

Good
Cherry Rootstocks & Training M
Better
S U

Cherry Rootstocks & Training M
Best ?
S U
Match Site, Variety,
Rootstock, & Training
System to:
- fill space quickly
- intercept light well
- minimize shade
- balance fruit number
with adequate leaf area

Regional Rootstock Trials
1987 NC NC-140 140 trials:
Mazzard, mahaleb, Colt
Gembloux (GM) 9 (Inmil), 61/1 (Damil), 79 (Camil)
Giessen (Gisela, (Gisela, Gi) 148/1, 148/2, 148/2, 148/8, 148/9, 154/4,
154/7, 169/15, 172/7, 172/9, 173/9, 195/1, 195/2, 196/4
MaxMa 2, 39, 46, 60
MSU Tree Fruit
Research

Regional Rootstock Trials
1998 NC NC-140 140 Project:
Mazzard, mahaleb, Gisela 5, Gisela 6
Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72, 154, 158
Giessen (Gi) 148/8, 195/20, 209/1, 319/17, 473/10
Edabriz (France), PP-50
50 (Japan)
MSU Tree Fruit
Research

Erdi V.
MxM 60
Mah
MxM 2
P.50
Maz
CT 2753
CT 500
W.13
W.158
W.10
Gi.6
Gi.195/20
Gi.7
W.53
W.72
Gi.5
Edabriz
Gi.209/1
Dwarfing Rootstock Influence on Cropping in Early Years
Hedelfingen NC-140
Michigan spring 2000 (3rd Year)
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Blossom Clusters / cm 2*

Yield Yield (kg/tree)
MSU/Lang
Rootstock Effects on Productivity
25
20
15
10
5
0
1999
'Bing' Yield, 5 th Year
Mazz Gi 11 Gi 6 Gi 7 Gi 5
Yields (per tree
area) on Gisela 5
and 6 are much
higher than on
Mazzard, for up
to 10 or more
years due to
greater spur
formation

Comments on Cherry
Rootstock Performance:
- Mazzard
- Mahaleb
- MaxMa 14
- Colt
- Gisela 5
- Gisela 6
- Gisela 12
- Gisela 3
The smaller the rootstock, the
more intensive the required
management

Training System Innovations
- begin production in year 2 or 3
- simplified leaf area-to-fruit ratio management
- simplified renewal shoot management
- simplified structure for uniformity of fruit
ripening and quality
- amenable to platform use for labor
- small, thin stature for optimized light
distribution, feasibility for covering, increased
labor efficiency

Nursery Tree Quality Affects Training System

Goal: How to Balance Cherry
Fruit & Leaf Populations
2006 growth
Fruit density increases
terminally
Fruiting spur leaves
(7-9/node) (7 9/node)
2007 growth
A few nonspur fruit
Non Non-fruiting fruiting spur leaves
(6-8/node) (6 8/node)
M S U
2008 growth
New growth leaves
(1/node)

High Density Sweet Cherry Tree Training
- Feathered trees vs. whips
- 2nd vs. 3rd year initial cropping
- cropping for vigor management?
April 2008
June 2008

Bud Selection to Promote Precision Branching

Bud Selection to Promote Precision Branching
3rd Year & Projected
4th Year Fruiting Area

A Highly Highly-Structured Structured Tree
for Precision Cropping
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MSU/Tree Fruits
- e.g., 10 uprights having 2 well-spaced branches per east-west side
- target ~25 fruit/branch (1000 fruit/tree), optimize LA:F (6,250 cm 2 )
- 1,690 trees/ha would yield 18.5 tons/ha of 10 g cherries

Fruiting Wall Systems

Fruiting Walls
Tree spacing x number
of renewable Upright
Fruiting Offshoots
(“U.F.O.”)
Fruiting Wall
Management Issues:
- Spur vs. non-spur fruiting
and leaf area balance
- Containment of narrow
profiles, tree height

Fruiting Wall + SSCD Spray System:
Optimized Tunnels (9 m wide)?
2.2 m 2.2 m
1.2 m 2.2 m 2.2 m 2.2 m 1.2 m
MSU Tree Fruit
Research

MSU Tree
Fruit Research
Questions ?
(http://www.hrt.msu.edu)