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http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yag55d00/pdf 

~ .' - 's 

~ SOURCES AND SINKS OF CARBON 

, MONOXIDE AND OZONE IN THE INDOOR 

~ ATMOSPHERE 

1. 

~ 

∎ 

W . Koepsel, 1976 

.0 

tierr,>rea@msemansey ,~ 0 rI 

;'S' 'H+ i 

UNIVERSITY MICROfILMS INTERNA710NAL 

dnnArba, MldVflcn,uS.A. • LonAon,Eng/ona 

N


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I

. ..: .~-. 


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77-6173 

XOEPSEL, William Clarence, 1945- 

SO[1RCES AND SINKS OF CARBON 

MONOXIDE AND OZONE IN THE 

INDOOR ADIOSPHERE . 

Narquette University, Ph .D ., 1976 

Environmental Sciences 

Xerox University Microfilms, Am ae«.MieMan4lQi 

YIL[.IAM CLARQICE 1cDEPSEL 

ALy RItDlTS RESERVED


.9DQ~S3 lQ1 SDl.S Ol 

Ci118CN ?MOZad 1.i.* OmfY 

U rU nmooa aMsPELIa 

by 

itilliaa C1ar.rr . Lo .ps.2, 9 .5., H.S . 

L Maaortatioa Satoitt.d to tbo Taealty of tbo Graduato 8cbool 

!(asq..tt. D'at.orsity in Autial hlriUa .nt of tbo 

Baqvirmsents for tbo L.6rw of Doctor of Philo .opby 

1Rilwnt. ., L'i.ooe.ia 

iw., 1476 

® CePyrW by Yl111aa Claroaao ioop.al 1976


•graat daal of eonoorn has bsan shown r.c.ntlt about ostablishin` 

eonc .ntration li.its for pollutants to prot.ct haun b .alth . Virtually 

a11 lstislation concsrnine thu• pollutant liaits is vritt.n in tatv 

of the outdoor•air . Bsv.. .r the av.rag* panon spsnds the su3ority of 

his ti.. iidoors . L .asin`1y littlo eua .rch has bosn dons on ls.als of 

thsss pAllvtant. iidoors . Dst .riinind r.lationshlps bstvosn Sidoor .nd 

outdoor pollutant concantrations such as tb .ir .antilation rat. is 

a+ss.ntial. Ikn.]1y i .portant is locating indoor sonrcu of pollutants . 

One• socros aro locatsd, th. tato of the pollutant dasu .nst bo 

kaovn. 'Siaks' for the pollutant Rasas as va11 as tb.ir dacomposition 

ratu .nat bo ine.stiptad . This study vas duiansd to pro.id• so .e 

nw insiebts into th.sa .ary iaportant probl.aa, 

!be author astands his `ratofhl appr .elation to the co-chair.an 

of his thasis eowdtt .a, Dr . Jack P.t.rson and Dr . Llb.rt Jach., for 

tbair adrie• and taidanca throughout the conrae of this study . ?ha 

r. .aindar of the thuia committ. ., Dr. Charl .s Wilki., Dr. Farond 

lipp, and Dr. Micbaal lfcLinn.q, ars thanksd for thoir assistanco and 

eossonts during the projact . Vary spsoial thanks ar. aactand .d to the 

aathor's rit. Wolyn, for ba'r asaistanca in ru .aroh dasisn, statistical 

anahsis, typing, and proofraadina . Sbs is upsoiallt tbank .d for 

bir eontinual support and oncoursR.snt without which this ysoj .ot 

•oald n..ar ba.a r.acb.d oo .plotion . 

' 

si


Charter 

lLK.t OT COIRLM! 

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

II. R. .i.r of tb. Lit.ratur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• ~ 

L. =ff.ct of Outdoor Air on ILdoor lir 3 

s. lbllatant G .n .ration Dae to lnt.rnal lcti.3ty 4 

C. itar.l V.ntilation of tb . Ho.. S 

D. Variationa ritb ?i .. 6 

L Snlldint D.aise aAd Constsnction '! 

l. tlt.cta of lir Conditioning 9 

0. `sinb' for ILdoor lir lbllntanta e 

III. acp.rlw .ntal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

l. lSat.rids 10 

L 1qnlpa.at 10 

C. Calibration of ILUtru ..nt. 111 

D. D ..cription of the lidd Study ls 

s. Tollov-up Latorstory Studi.a 24 

IT. 1t.anlta and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

A. Asaoclation B.tr . .n wct..oDil. iraffic and 

Outdoor 00 Conc.ntr.tion. 29 

3 . =ff.cts of Outdoor CD Lo..la on Indoor CO 

• L..ala 99 

C. =tf.cta of Outdoor 0 3 on Indoor 01 35 

D. lff.cta of Indoor Activity 36 

s. 1[iner Joare.a of Indoor Carbon ltomsidt and 

Oson. 42 

p. 'sinin* fbr 00 in tM So . . ~ 

lii


chavt .r Pco 

0. rontilation Ratos for 00 45 

S. 

t. 

Dsco.po .ition Jbt* of Ozon. 

tff.cts of Air Cord itiooing 

T. sm .arY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

1R . 'Jnipst3ons for llirthor Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

1l.f.rslcp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS 

siDlio~r.pt~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

•B 

¢ 

kn 

n 

~ 

cn 

1T

LDt OT TIG02~ 

Llitt" an 

1 . Yli . liieroconla .b osions S.nsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2 . Sonsor and fbt.nt]ostst for the n7Dlysor . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

3 . Loeations of Sa.pl.d ltsidsncs in the Groator 

!!llwok.o Ar.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

•. 8oas . A(r649 S. ?OtA Str. .t) S.aplieg Sit.s . . . . . . . . t1 

S. 8owo C(111 Sdd .1 li) Sampling Sitos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

6. Scb ..~atieD~ia~a~raa of Ssapling byst~ ~rith H .atod 

! .a C' ~ ~~fis~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

7. Seb .ntia Diagram of Sa.plinA System with H..toi 

lbb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2? 

B . Outdoor Carbon lbnwdd . Conc .ntration A.or.Aos vs . 

the *ab .r of Aatewobil.s t1.sslag tb . Ssid.nco 

p.r 3onr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

9 . Cospari .on of Outdoor with Indoor 00 Cpneontr.tions 

In ae Qsnecnpi.d Rsld .ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

lo . Coapiri .oD of Outdoor ritb Indoor Oj Conaontration+ . 33 

11. A.ar+ag . Ind.oor Oson. Cone.ntr.tions vs . A..ra`. 

Outdoor 0101N CiOflC .ntrltionf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

12 . Carbon Konozid. Gon.r.tion During Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

13 . Carbon 1lono:id. L. ..'_s in the Litth.n, LivieK lboo, 

and B.Aroom of Fsidoneo ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

24. MaLtionsbip bto.en 00 Conc .ntratioA Av.ra2os .nd 

tM Dist.neo from the I1tsD.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

1S. W>•ar+d Spsctra of Carbon ?lonoarid ., Mj'1 Aloobol, 

sftl Aa.tat., Di.t4il M.r, Aeotalaoludo, and 

Ae .ton., D.tro.n 2 .5 and 9.0 ![ioro. .t.rs (4000- 

1430 eo. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

lb. lariatioar of V.ntilation 11ste with Tino In Still 

Air .ad in imrbnl.nt Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6'9 

uw::~ RI 


0 

V


3oble, am 

i. .NGa t i9nM of tM Vaxpl.d i1eSJq .w.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z/ 

IL IlaCkr ORnd Tnfo!lation Lboilt ta. R..id.lra s.a pl.a 28 

III. lb.ition of Osons and Carbon lfonoxld . S.n.or. 

in 3..pp1.d Ffonss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

IT . Csrbon lbnozid . Conc.ntration ...rats . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

V. Oson. Oonc .ntration a.s.gos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

TL A.aue . 8onrly 4uta.obilo 'iraffia T1ov . . . . . . . . . . . . " 

TII. Carbon ?fonexid. Conc .ntratien l..nps at 

Various Locations In tb. 8o.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

TIII. Pt.dict .d and ncp.rio.ntal Cone .ntr+ations of 0D 

on Carp.tint Fib.r and Gyp.= Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

II. CLlanlat.d Yala.s for ?.ntilation 14t. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4'f 

t. Co.pnt.tion of D.co.po.ition R.te for oson. . . . . . . . 50 

.i


INDDOClDDX 

Air pallatien is .irtoal.ly always d.fia.d in sir pollution 

Aeatrol ls9islation ia tois of oatdoor air. /bst eftoa ta. lars 

aro statad SA t.ras of duration and/or ooae.atratien of a pollotant 

or oosDiaation of pollutaeds with r.gatd t. tb. dal.tarioas aff.ata 

on b .an, anis.l, or ..g .taD1o life or on p.opsrty in tse outdoor 

ai: only. 

L1ika, ot a1 ., ha.o astirt .d that the a.urats parsoa .pseds 

aPproximatel7 eight7 Peraent of Sis day indoors 1 Tor the .ar> >oend. 

the sielc, and the old.rly. tLL psrcantaa .q w.11 bo eon.idorably 

aisb .r . On days when the outdoor air pollutant eonc .atration is 

aseoptiondly IIigb, tAe local or stat. air pollution aatsority n.aaW 

uwrss tDe popnlaco to r..ain iadoor. as .ueb as poisiDl.. Although 

this wsnin` Ss proDably asasl]y justL'i.C, tb.r. is littl.•batd 

sap+riasntal orid.aacs asilaDls to support it. In fact s+as data 

indioate that the i:door air ry ea., a siabss pollutant load than 

the outdoor air in .up instana.s .2 

Smalising th. S.porRsace of obtaining .mt.eris data on iedeor 

air, it is surprising that rarT littls .apsr3a.atsl .ork has D. .e doss 

S. tMs aras .3 ldis .ort ws dMisnad to aaain. rolations3ips bat.osn 

the Indoor air and the outdoor air of urban and sobnrban da .astio 

swid .aeM, to d .t.rains otb.r aouroM of Sadoor air psllation . and 

to Io0at1 silkS of air pollutants In th. hol.. The ratM of 7antilatSOA 

and d.co .position for salact.d sir pollstants, as rall as the dfsets 

of ait ooeditionind and indoor aati.ity . rar. aaaissd . 

(-M 

~~ 'L 

0 

1


Carbon .onozide and esons Yere elwsea for this in.estitation. 

Carbon .onoside was oBoaen beoawe of its relati.aly non-r .acti.o 

aat.rs as an air pollntant and becaase of its .biquity." !be .ain 

siternal antlropopnic carbon s,onoride wnroe is tbe iateraal oos- 

D .stion engine which aocounts for about 58% of tae peoduotion .6 

Gsboa .omzida is a eolorle .s, odorless,- tasteless, srod .nt.1y toiic 

bst .ary ha .ardons das that is tbe product ef tM basning of earbon- 

aeeos luela In an mqRen defioient en.iroaa.nt . It bonds with 

1.nglobin in tAe blood to foris oarboxqb ..odlobin .? ?se effects of 

Iew le.d sipoaare of OD ranga i1ron ab.rration. In .isaal acuity to 

eLaps in cardiac and pnlaonary funetion d .psndini od tLe oonoentra- 

ti0a and duration of the aaposar. S B.aiter and Goldsmith found that 

left tss+ axposure to CO at oonc .ntrationJ of 10 to 15 pp. is assoQistei 

with increased s,ortalitY.In by .ans,9 

Osues ws oLosan b.causs it is an artraely r.aoti.e air pollutant . 

It Sa a asoondary product In tLe foraation of pbotoebeiiaal smo` .10 

lbis is aloo tb. .ain anthropopnio sonree of osons . It is a eolorlas, 

pngeat s.ellins ps that is strssely toxic . tbe recodnis.d issdiate 

efferts of oaone ezposars range frot dry taroat to pal .onary sde,a 

dependin` on oonC .ntration and duration of esposnre .22 Ior 1.Td, 

Lw duration osonO sxposnre of .ice bas b . .a sAovn to inorease litter 

aortality. inoreass tM incidence, of heart and blood da .aie . aa v.11 

as Seethase the incidenoe of palwnary daaage .u•l3 !be effeots of 

sesr esposare are so.wrAat si .ilas to tae effoots of lonisinf radiation 

2


maw 0f ?8i LIliAiTCYr 

tff.ct of outdoor Air on Ldoor Air 

8.+.ra1 r . ..arob.rs ba .e r .portd that tb. outdoor pollutant 

1.. .1s aro oonsidss+ably bitb .r awr downtown aad/or iadostrial ar+as 

than In tb . eon-itduatri.l .uburb..24'1S Bow+.r ..ry little data 

are a.ailabl• oonc .rnin: tb. qu.litf of indoor do.atie air or tbo 

p.a.tratioa of pollatant. into tbe bo ...3 Georgii iadlea:d that 

itdoor-outdoor s=}wigo vas aff.ct.d bT vlsd, t..ps.tn», rall 

porosity, and oracks In xindovs and door. In b~..., bat be off.r.d 

so quantitati.e r..nlta .16 lbst of tb. rtr1i.s rwi.r.d d .a1t with 

offic• aed laboratory .nriroe. .nt.. Li .aeV aa.o., oooelwions wre 

drawn frou an szt .r+ .ly . .all amb .r of sa.pls . 

Carboc .oeozid• is a r.lati ..ly aoe-r.aeti. . pa and is directly 

aa.ooiatd ritb auto.obil• traffic . ?be itdoot eonc .atsatioos as 

..11 as tb. outdoor oono.ntr.tions of earbon .enazide ba.e bsn found m 

d .oroa.o with di.tano• froa its wnre.. 17•28 '86f. . .r the indoor- 

to-ontdoor oonc .ntration ratio• r.rt found to b. ratbar constant at 

about 0 .60 to 0 .70. 

Probably b.can.e of ita ubiquity, aar0on .omsido bas boaa found 

to pa»trat* r+adilf all .truotnr .. = Li a .bort t.ao study basd oa 

esly tw bo..., Yoom., .t al ., ba.o .barA that tb. ratio of indoor to 

e .tdoor eazbon .otnzido eono.atratioa . is araallt b.tw..n 0 .80 to 1 .00 

assn tbe outdoor 1. . .1* are b.lor 10 yp. .nd btvs .a 0.60 to 0 .80 Vbae 

tLe ottdoor l...ls ar. abo .. 10 ppa.19 lboir ooncl..ioas are ratb.r 

dabioas booauo of tb. liaitd a.ount .f data eoll.et.d . 

3 

ell 

r 

I


r 

Onons as an indoor r..id .ntial air pollatant ws not sxasin .d 

until ..ry r.eantly. S .oause oson. is vsry rsoti .e and b.oaua• its 

soQOS are virtually all stornal, s .asur.blo a .ounts ha.a bo.n found 

osaj rhon vindovs vore op .n. In tho two studios availablo, tho rati6 

.f Indoor to outdoor air ws oonaistontly botvo.n 0.60 to 0.70 .20,21 

Pollatant G .naration Due to Internal Loti.M 

Indoor activity or lack tharsof bas boan susp .ctd of probabl2 

3aflnoaoint indoor carbon .onozid* lo.ols.22 8onson, ot al ., ha.o 

.au.stad that Indoor activity pro,babl2 accounts for suoh of tho soat- 

t.riag of data usd to oorr.lato i:door pollutant lo.als with out- 

door l .vds .3 

ihe running of auto.obilos In garagw, partioular7.2 In attaohd 

prsps, was shovn to b. a sajor ssooroo of carbon sonozido for tho hosw 

In a31assian study of six rosidanoos, tboss hosa with an attachd 

garaga haE a significantly highar carbon sonozid . 1..a1 than thosa 

dtho.t a gars. .23 ib.n vh.n .utosobilos vara put Into nnattaohd 

pratos locatd 5 to 17 s .tora avay fros tho housas, lnoroasos In tho 

Sadoor oarbon somzid. ls+als v.ro obsor.d . 

Sk.ortaova haa indioatod that hoisa hMtd with natural cas htvo 

a eoasiataatly hishor carbon .wnozido 1 ..01 than hnaas b..td by 

othar, saw . 28 Sov.vor In a study of ths oaibon sonoriQo lovals In 

l+.o hoaas, 7ooos, ot al ., could find so inaraaso In carbon sonozido 

lw .ls dae to baating.2 This saao conclusion Daa bo .n alluad to by 

ota.r rosaarohars as ro]1.3 

7oam oonsidorod tho gas raap to be a r3or souroo of indoor 

aarbon swnoaido .2 In a study of 1061 gas barniig applianoas, Ltoa 

n


lbrad that 23% di .OAsrg.d .ossarsblo aaoeats of earboa .aaozido .tb 

Six paroeat emitted earboa .oaosldo In tb. tono of 200 ppo or bUbar . 

ldrt,f pero .at of tLe rNid.ats of 'o.es ritD earbDa .oaosido-.aittiad : 

appllsaoes bad eliaioal si.teri« taat eo.Le be aaoolated with 

earboa aiomsLdo sao :la . !be ea*oa aoao:ido lnals foaad esn]d Ls.e 

bse a peedisposiK esue of soae .adis8aosod illasssw o 24 

aotieg Lu also be.m .iwiee by awasl s.tLars as a easo of 

a.asrrablo iadoor eareoa aoaosldo le .y is. L.sls In the rsado of 

80ppa Ss.e be .a raported in anasaa7ly siola-fill .d roas :S Ia rooam 

oasro 'aorma1• ei8arstto saokiad bss eoe .rred . Io.als rsa8ia8 

l*1. S ppe to 25 pp Ls.o beea aoastir.d . 

ajestraad hss abora that earboa aoaoside is peod .eod In the b3ood 

by a.taral oataboli.a.26 Eo foaad .oiswrablo saoaats of earboa i.oaozide 

dariad the osldatioa of ousolo poflobia with asoorbio aeid .27 D9d, 

.t a1 ., ba.e sbo.a that baot.rial oatsbolLa of adst d..s ooapovads, 

prtieolarl,f b.aotlobia, reloa .d sisaitloaat a.oauts of earboa ooaosido .28 

This relo . .o of earpoa aoaozido .as .ost proaosaeed rader ssrobla 

ooaditioas . tbarafor. Mao-coatsialat lbods eoald be a soaroe of 

earboa aoana3do In tho bo.o . 

b r .psrts of iatoraal rsidoetial soareos of sea, eon]d be lbaad 

!a tLo litorst.ro. 

8ttural f.atilatloa of tL. BoN 

Osldoor p.alc eoseeatratioas of earbea aoaeaddo, ss M.11 ss oth.r 

Yoll.taaU, are, In aap esso ., sharp aad of sbort a .ratloa. aoeawo • . 

of tho tia+ rpsirod for p.aotratiea of tbo poll.tsat ps iato the bo., 

tbare io a's.oothinq• etfeot 29•30 Ceas .q..aay iadoor 1e .o1s eLaado 

• 

5 

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0 r 

00 

v+ 

`

f '_-:` :': 

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aors alorly and raain wora e.nttant. 1 dsfLAto ti .e lad b.br.en 

an sRt.rnal oonoontration oAango and tbe eorr .apsadias intorn.l ohango 

in pellatant oonoantrstion has b.on ebaer.od.='t6'" Thia las 

obvioasl, r.fl.cta the tiwe required for the pollutant to pon .trate 

tAe stnuotar.. ThL ti.e Ld Is typioally ona to pa bonrs@ 

ldllstaat gas ventilation rat .., as wll aa d.n.ration ratos, 

can b. anantitati.olT detatsia.d by winR a diffwaitial oqoatioa 

deri.od in JUnt and Proeets Tentilation by Dsaaoas 

,dC • Gdt - a:dt Cl) 

ati.rs A Is room volv.., r, Is eonaeatration, fL Is rate of deneratioa 

ef tbs pollat.nt p . . Q is . .ntilation rato, and j Is tiae.31 it 

L asaum.d that tb. rates of ..ntiLtion aad denaration are constant 

during the period sazplsd . It Is also assumod that as soon as tM 

pollutant Is rel.as.d . it b.eo..s instantly aad boaagonsonsly aix.d 

tdrooiLont tbo rooa'a .olum. . ltsaalts obtain.d fro. thU aqnation 

are tnor.foro good ayproxlsationa . 

J,6Liations xith Tin. 

Dai17 carbon aonozide variations eorrespond to .ornint aid e.onint 

y .alic aaLa .obilo traffic with appeopriate tiae lags for p .n.tration of 

th. W lato the structure. This trenA Na not observed on tadC.ada 

.bsa pewumnbl,T rns bonr traffic uwal+d be eoa.idarably redaa.d . 

O.oaa .as f+sunA to be lor..t at aidbt ritb 1o .als dradu.lljr ineroaaint 

to a p.t at about alo .en !a tA. .orains.32 Sord.ae, et a1.* fomd that 

ladoor 1..aL of eatboa aoaaddo wro aldLs ia tba lall of the Y .ar 

than Is tse sa.er.33 8e did not offer aaw ssplanatioa for tba obaer.tl 

6


variation . Littlo obsor.ad that arotago osoas la.aL wro ant sis- 

siffaaatly different darieg aqf sossoa brt dnriat tbs riatar .oatbs 

awao abov.d bisbar p.a1c oalaos.34 

AdldiacRMisn ard Construction 

,.oaasa pe+.doos at.adias r.ra bas.d oa a .art aa.ll wmbar of 

boosos aad oar7 for aaapla . par borsa, 1t !O diffisalt !e dotatsim, 

* .tbor t"s of ooa.tructioa bas snob b.arLK on the Sadoor air 

QoalitY. In a ro.iar of tbo warks of several aatbora. naTraja, ot a1 ., 

aoa0l.daa that construction type does ba7a a0N .ffaot .SS Za a1V 

o. .at. a aors as.AY Oairytisbt' boao sboold obsiotislj bo p.astratad 

by a:taraal air pollotants at a slowr :uto. 

wf.etu of Air Coaditioninr 

Qtbsawb air conditioning aadinaars ba.o rL+taiad for laara that 

an air oonditioaiaa ayst.a oaa be do .isaads built, aad oparatod ia wcb 

a fasbioa as to r..o .o air polltitants froa ladoor air, ta131ra sMosts 

that air conditioning qst.s ba.a bs.a !a .ost ea.as a.ploy.d with 

11tt1o regard to air quality or pollstaat d .a.xtlea .l•36 !bs tr.ad 

bas b.a to consider tbs air conditioning sfst.r aa ass4y an air 

.eol3as ay.t... 

Oatdoor ps.ov air pollotaats bas b..a tomd to oetor buildings 

taroasb tbs air conditioning aqstm .x =onao foued that dassos 

pll.t.ats entered an offieo Daildiat tbsovsb the aaebsaioal venting 

qata. .r In a otardtj ef tbr .e air eoa3itloaed offleo bdldiads in 

Bsatoa, Littlo foaad tbat ladoor osoa. loraL ua~a abost y0j of esLAsor 

l .. .ls•32'34 Air eoaditior.r oporatioa bad littlo affoet on indoor 

o .eas lo.als. SY.t~ .itb oloatrastatla pmipdt.tors aotoally sbou.d 

\idlwr osoa* eoae.ate+atioa.. 

7 

P 

t-n 

m 

CO


In two aoparato atudios of air ooaditioned offioo bai]diaga, 

oaiboe mrozido w . .Mwn to not bo roao.od otfooti.al,f by tba air 

ooaditioaieg ay.ta..1•78 i'ho oateoe .oeosido 10..1s wro in .o.o 

osaw fo .id to bo eowi .tantly Li~ar iidoors taas oaMoora. talilca, 

.t a1 ., roaasn.d tlat this wa dw to the vaetiK of the atalo ofrioo 

air d.riud tb. .oraiad rush hour rD.e •hoas air' wa drawn Sa froa 

poaad 10.01.39 !bo abo.a at.dias doalt with oftiao buWima priyp .Q 

with ratb.r oLborato air oonditloainf q .toa. . tavw boaoaaita aro 

aqaipp.d with n.t aQrtibbara or alootroatatio praoipitator. . lborotora 

strapolatioAs l3an tb.ao data to bo.e air qwlit? .a.t bo au .yaot. 

33dn• for Iadoor Air lbllntaet . 

!sa otf.ot ot the o .tdoor air on Uo irdoor aM the atfoot of 

iataraal a0tifity on the iadoor po111taat load ara of grNt importaOO . . 

Of aqaal i∎partaaoo ia .Isat eapp.e ; to the pollrtaata oaao tby ara t 

po.ratoa . 

!bo .ajor praco.s for raoral of carbon aonosMo !!om outdoor air 

1.s baa aLora r.ooatly to bo tipt .ko b7 alersosraala.a in the aoil .00 

lb.ra aro ao otDor Ldoor aida of oarbon .oiwzido roport.d iu the 

litorataro. Xado, ot a1 ., roport.d aa af.rado balf lift of 2 .1 loora 

for carbon waosid. ia tbrro toat bosor 17 It is poasiblo that the :- . ;r 

say .oebaai.a for oarboa .onaaLdo roao.al ia natural .entilatioa . 

ao.oral raeost pap.ra ba.o b..e pewoetod oone.reieg o.oaa dooq. 

Yh .e tbe wiedow aad doors of a Lovo aro o3oaod, tb.re ia a rapid 

rad.etiea is o.oas lo .ol.20 the typical eseea bal.t-lm is ais 

aieato. . Iaeraaa .d 6sidity aad t..paratva wra torud to iaoraaao 

tb0 rat. of d.eay bst air oeaditioe .rs oQvipped with glaaa tibar 

lriltora wra aot otfooti.o .39 ?be rato ef daoay Maa aLova by 

a


Sab.rdq. st .1. . to tel]ev t1r.t erder tiAetlo ..so S.oa. .e of esoa .•e 

pwt eb.wiod r.acti.ity, eelll.lonw with .lp aoa-t]aa . or ms- 

•rtal wtsoe vSll eane aeo.qr to seoar. Il..Sler . .t al., 

and i Ma00, et al . • 11ave /b"A tdt the rlte et OcOM de00fpoi1tiOD 

Dy ..rfeoM ia eolaee .d Dy .43SK of tb. a1r.tt•39 Nw.er umd.er 

aiailar .xp .ri..elal eeaditiou. . iab.rd4.•.t .1 . . r.porled tbat sisiK 

brd ae .tleat .=0 

9 

VN 

C% 

t.n 

~ 

v


caLrta iu 

ZWXRnmau. 

Grboa soeaNdd., aitroR.n, ard aiteoion dio3ddo v.ro obtainsd 

froa Matbason Gas Psodaots . Iacorporatod . ill oarpstia2 fibsre r.ro 

Ls Carp.ts bewd obtain.d fro. Burlington Iodwtrios, Incoryoratod . 

OtLar rsiants rs .d In this stady v.ro ebt.in.d !1w oossiorcial saiau- 

faotirars . 

Swalment 

I.-houo ososo ws aaasnr.d wing tvo Past lbdel 7244 Osoaa 

Eaasors ebtainsd iloa tA. Kaat De.elopsent CoapsW . • dia2r.a of the 

instrasaat•s aiaroeouloab oson . s.nsor is slovn In Ti2ure 1 . !bo 

sansine solation nsod is a n.utral baffarsd 2% sI solution vitn 5% 

®r addod to iner+as• solntion eondaetivity . aull aaoonts of Duviaido 8 

aro addd to provant fungus growth In tb . solution rasarsoir or on 

tba .l.ctrod.s . 

!ba opsratint yrinciple of tAo instru ..nt is a wierooonlaa.trio 

ps titrat.ion . Ttio gas pbaso osoao 1s riaotod vitl tba LI near tba 

eatbado of tM instruwont according to tLe roaatioao 

03e2[I•820'4 O2•IZe2DD8• (2) 

Zodiaa In consqwntly lorsd . it tDo astbedo, a thin ly .r ef ludto- 

goe ps L ibi..d by a polarisatioa eurronte 

22*e2e'-~ 282, ~) 

Mbaa tba voltate of about 0.25 volts io appliod to tbo alootrod .s tLo 

10 

C~ ~ 

~ 

L

a 

~ : W 

. fij..-,._. , w ~ -~~ 


Plgws 1# Tbe Iliaroaovlesb Osone aensor • 

'd ebaical sol.tion, containing the propsr s.ounts of 

sarint rea6enls, is netarod into the s .n.or by wS of 

the solation supely tube . Tbe solution fiovs in a thin 

fiL down over the electrode support 'E", tipan which are 

se ntd naro turns of a fine vire eathod . "C" and ti-v tarns 

ef a virs anode "A", .aud is depoaited '!n the vaste resersoir 

V". Tbe air saaple eet.rs through "0", is pvaped 

through the sensor by way of the narrov snnulus "11" vhere 

it eoe.s into intiaate contact vitb the solution contained 

on the electrode support, an.d exits at "J". A saall 

potential is supplied aeroas the catbode and anode by a 

. . . D .C, pover_suFp2y and the cursent is deasusad by the 

sticroa~o.eter.'.41 

bydrog.n layer builds to its mazlaum and the pclarisation current 

ceases. Th. iodine rd.asd by the esone vill r.aet with the WroSent 

sjou-• .2ffi. (4) 

Decaus* of this bydrod.n loss, the catbede vill r.-stablisb quilibrium 

and a repnlerisation curr .nt viil flor. Consquetitly aaob oson. sale- 

eale decayina ultisataly releases tMO eleotrons and the current flow 

is direotly proportional to the es,one coneentration .JJ2 

!be outputs of tbe two oson. m .ters wre oonneeted to a lfast 

lfodal 725-3CS Strip Chart Seoorder, obtaind froa the FAst Dsvelop- 

sy .at Co .pany, by .wns of a bomemade eas,-driwn siicrosvitob. Tbe eaa 

sbaft was powered by a one half r ..olution per winute synchronous


aotor. this syst .m allowod .irtually si.4tsawns r.eordiK froa 

tbo tno osos,, stors wisd only one recorder . 

!s. osoas w .tor is snb3.ct to intorlor.raos froa ote.r dasos . 

Sultnr dioxido aM nitrapa diozld, aro of gr .ato.t oos,oore. anlf4r 

die~ddo can also rsct vitb tbo iodiss lois .d to Ci.o a lor ronslt. 

It is affieti.oly remor.d from tDs intaho air by passing tbo air ovor 

a filtar oostaiAiK pap .r ].pr.`eatod vite a solution of obsoaium 

tsiosido and sulfuric aeid .43 ?bis doos not aff.ct tbo osona oonooa- 

tration. xitrog.n diorido doos show a asull positive Sntorfaroneo 

b.oaos . it too can r.act with the potassium yodido to r .losao lodim. 

aovo. .r ta.so latorf.r.noos bs.o b.ou sLavn to bo s.all onoagb uot 

to bo of great oona .rn.#A lbttor, at al., studied this p:obls at 

so.. length and oonolnd .d that nitrogen ozidp did uot seriously ietor 

faro in a.bi .nt air sonitoring. ?Aoy adopted the list Owns lSatos 

.aaelwi..ly for tLe osono aonitorin6 in tb . San Francisco Air iblltttion 

Control Distriot.4s h.o Sodin. in tb. s.nsind solution could load to 

~- - - 

. a C I 

1 

L . 

- f i~a 

. 

Tipr. pr sonsor Coll asd lbtontiostat for tAo 3Dlaor 

`s' 3a the auods ssui>d d trodst '7t" is a rofs .meo 

aloetrods dosorib.d by 2ss~ 1 •IC' is tbo eatMdo eonntv 

olootrodst 'P" is a pot.ntiostat. 

I 

u


t 

.arop.o.a swdta . 'lhis is ali.iaatod %w tbo additloe et saall 

a .e.Ats of tploa prso aLico tM iodiuo eoordiaatos vitb the as ;iao 

aitrotae ia the 1plae." 

re-baaa. earboe .o.ozSd9 s.a .ar...at ras posfoss.a by saiq two 

x.as 2200 tool?sora oDRai ..a tlos Marg.tsaa aaso.oo . IAaorporatod. 

iaa aoaitos oas qrippd with a si*psoe Modo1 2750 strip oUast 

rseard.r. 2 disp.i of tba lastsM .Rt•s awalad arsts i,s gir .a !. 

T isasa 2 . Csboa aoazld. ia slaetro•ozldis.d to aasboa diosldo at 

a platlaw as.iat .laetrod. Se aa aold aobtios aoaotdiK to the 

q.atioel 

OD +Lj0 -4 ODj • 2 He"i (5) 

!ba pnt.atioat.t .aiatalA.*a oowtaAt potoatial of abost osa volt 

bol.r .ae the anodo and tbo r.fataoae olactrodo. lhis Sa snffiaiant 

to prw.nt radoetion of o:n .a at the oatboda or oz3datioa of wtor 

at the aaod. . ?M aaodo and tDs oatbodo aro Toflon-boidad pLtimm 

dithaioa alsotrod .a doaesibad by 8osra .46 • oarr.M tloriad botnaaa 

the tso pLtiain al .otrodoa is dao to the reaction d ..csibad abo.o 

atl L dis.ct.l,f paoportiou.l to the oarboe aoao:ido aoaoaotratiea . 

!5o sipnl ia aspQifiod aad read o.t on a•+Ilieon .tos. Atsiqg 

op.v tioa air is drave inte tbo san.os ea..bss ud al3ov.d to eoao 

isto isti.ata contact Ktb the aaoda . Qarboe dleslda !a ra.ovod 

lfoa the .lactrodo at tAe saaa sato it !a ton.d by tDs flor of tba 

system•149 

!So only aariov iAt.rtazvneas rspartod for this ..tbod of eareoa 

.a.asld. analtsis aro otldloa. . aaotploAS. aM witrle oaddo 3n the 

maitor.d air. It 3a aasaud that tbara ws no aipaityaant si .onsta 

of tbw* ws is the a.bi.et air sa.plod la this atedj. 

23


!'w 

Ia tD. laboratory a .p. .nt of tbia at.qr, t.o ltodal S6» XMX I 

2drarad Le.llsora. obtaia .d lroe the Ytlhs =ei.ntifie Corporatioa . 

w~a wd . ?har. Sa .trus.ata wre oqeippd vitD 0 .95 a•tot to zo 

aotor .ariaUO path 1.attb pa ea71a . Ia all ta .oe0 the 20 ueter 

path 1.aal6 we .ad. Loa we oQtipp.d vith a diapbrea p .p aad a 

1bd.1 165 Celaw Eit.ohi racord.r . b aaalyRi,eal tia.oleogtb of 

461 M (2328 e . 1) wa ..d fbr vattea aoaoaldo aealLis . 

An ot the iaetrunMlte ied . 1aQait the mFet a01N Katara . Vo!r 

e.librat.d vias atstfo calibration tsesalqe .e . Saraa bada wra filld 

with kaeva a.ounta of el .aa air or adtrorw asia~ aft.oiaioa teieatsfie 

•Nat ?o .t N.tar. • seaarr.d .olti.e of pollttaat pa ma iaj.etd 

i.eto tAe pa bag fram a lVpod .r.ie afriaro. !ba daaa. .ere ais .d for 

a eon.idorable 1angts of tine aed ved for Qalibratiea of the Lrtre- 

n .ats. Tb. r7011s.ra wra ealibratd Dv viae at 1.aat tt:w different 

'eoae.atratioas of easboa a,omsid.. 8. !M1 I aa.],s.ra aara 

ealibr.t.d ..ind at leaat fotr ditf.rrst eeaeeetrat3oas of earboa 

.oaozid. . Siaa* data iroa tba lQLf I sa to be aaalys .d anat,tiealx 

ratDis tbaa puAical]y, the liaaar repwalea 1Ssa aad sta eorsrlatioa 

eeaffieioat r.ro obtained fer each aet of ealibratiea d.ta a.iad iitbar 

an Cli.otti-IIdar.ood slaro-ea.petor er an Iat.rdats 18 eo .pat.z. Oak 

ea2iDa.tioa dab that lialdd eerraLtiea aeatfieleeta .f 0.99E or 

bett.r .ere .ed . Doriaf the r.a .e aia4e eoasoatratioa ealitastloa 

point eL.eka v.ra ..d aooordias to t3. .atbod doreribd by Yi1b .~ 

Calibratioa of tLe 1last 086" lf.Ros is .~coospli.a.d DZ a ealiDratiaa 

of tae r.oerd .r with a ltaat b. Vk Aroardar Calibsator. Ie addition 

to taia, the flor rate of the Isrts .r.aR,a sast be a.iat4lad botao.e 

120 aM 160 ai11i11tar . pr riarte to gi.i as aeeareto swpoaao . lPsr 

11 

I

k~: 

6s: 


tdSs at..dy. tdo osons a+.t.r flow rat .s wre oalibratad to 100 l.illi- 

lit.rs per aiaAO with a tolaranoo of ons si]lilitor par aiinrto . 

!be sl.tsss wro ealibratad tor fLor w .kay . .ind the sato of saoant 

ot a sinile b.bblo of soap np a 100 slillilitar b.rat .boso top bad 

bwa attseD.d to tLe air iatate of the ..tw. statio ealibration !s 

mt possible d.e to osoua'a roaoti.itt. D:a.aie eal3bratfoa vsa ..not 

possibl. b .ostts, of tbs aost of tLe apparatw . 

Doaoriotion of tDU ti .ld staly 

Iadoor and ontdoor lo.als of earbon womslds and esoas wro ooni- 

torad on a ooertianons tv.ntp-fonr bonr basis in tLis study. Stinnty- 

tw boas. . in all were stadi.d lor,pariods of ti.s ramiad from tluw 

.ontba to thr.. days . ?ba a..raje dnration of data-taiciig in a Aow. 

•ss tonrt. .n days . sist ..n boas .s yi.1d .d data tiorW of swiw. iwo 

Low.s w.r. .liaiaat.d b.cauae the awldoets obj.ot.d to tb. nois* of 

the iartrm.nts and discoamt .d tU.a. B.tL tios tonr Mnsoa Yare 

r.j.ct.d b.canse of initswnt pooblasa . 

a.apllng sitp ti.r" s.S.ot.d so that .dstw33t all d.oRrapbio 

ar.s in o .tropolitan .*tilvsnicN would be r.paw.at.d . Ooa liaitation 

oas tae arit .rion that rasid .nts must appro.o ooatlonow .onitorin= 

ia tb .ir boa... S.cause of this . sit.a cannot be oouldarad trn'ly 

rsdo.. Looations of tb . Lous .s sampled ar. .Down in l'lNrs 3. • In 

?abl. I aro liti.d tb. addiwsw and a~pro~daat. dittauos tirom 

lalwuk ..'s downtown doosraphio o.ntor (Wiroon.in l.ana. at the 

xilwvk.. Ri.ar) . Inforaation about type of bn9diad . ase of baildind . 

and typ. of loeal. In .hios it is sitaat.d 1a pw.nt.d In tsb1 . II . 

Considarablj nor* dat4 tban usual wr* obtainad trsm sitas 

and I b:canse they v.re the rsid .m .s of tDo author or elos. r.lati.s . 

In tb.se tw]d .nos, tDars r.r. ainiaal restrictions os tho pasitionim at 

ls 

m

.~, 

'r 


I 

50486 6597 In 

r,r° ,„-

mm 

00 


l.b1. T. L.oab.r .i LDs a.apt.d U..lJ .ae.. 

11s... Jdds..s Cify 

• bbt? 1t. ?otb str..t ftilwok .. 6 

D 8301 M. A...o t... tir..Adal . ?} 

c . ul 1ad.l lknd ?hi.rr.!]l. 14 

a t?CQ s . Lss.barpr t.r* xsirs.h.. 3 

L 19C1 IIa str..t 8000 Jsilwwk.. 8 

l 1014 V. iaapy St !(iLradc.. ~ 

G 1029 8 . J.ak .os St . /tilrmuk.. ~ 

! 19G? s. Uk. Dlett bl.d . SOoswaod i 

2 1M Y. Rck Pl.a. Kil.adc.. 6 

J 836 s . 113 str. .t ' V..t 1uio ?} 

tr 162AW ilal.tn ds. Dsookti:ld -- 

L 2635 V. Jaesu A... ltilwnk. . ! 

K 3255 X• ?ete ats+ .t xsl.adc« S} 

• Vlst' $63" Lrndd . pl llwk.~o ' 12} 

0 33x7 x. oak3saa a. .. lcila.k.. 3 

p 3269 1. lfsi.tt. 1. .. 1[ilraidc. . 3 

+ ldia r..id.ae* wwa a4aitor.d .aAy tos OC .aLNeur t+oi+. 8tW 

ilr.pl .a .. 

PP'~~• DistsuoS lm 

vnto~en C.ets (ai .)

•~ ~.,q.. . r . 

Takle IZ. S.ekreaM b+fbraation Abent tha .lbsidenosa Sa.plsd 

8ouse • De,i6n ASe Residents Neatin6 Arw tit2) Loeatlon 

A Briek 1 ster7 15 2 Adalts as lbraed 1200 ateb City NesidertLll Area 

OnsttacAed Qara6e , Air 

Side Drive ' ; 

S 2nd F1 Apt in a ~ 2 Adult. Steaw 1000 Quiet S&orban Area vith 

Briek e l1.wi1y Radiater. S1a Med.ratetr 1rareled 

Open Parking Streets Adjoining . 

C 2nd F1 Apt in a 1 2 Adolta Stev . 1200 Qniet 3uburban arsa 1 Hk• 

Brick 8 lkaillr Radiatom fraw a Heavily tra.eled lbys 

pnder3roond Aark- 

D Fra+e 2 Story 25 1 Adult as lbrced 1100 Quiet City 8esidential Ar.a 

Unattached araie Air Light Tratrio 

E, erick .l StorY 25 2 Adu1t . Gas Foreed 1j00 Quiet City Residential Area 

Attacl+ed Garage 3 Children Air Light Traffie 

lp 2nd n Apt in a j0 2 Adults Stea. . 700 Dovntom area ' 

Briek M.plti-lfuv. Radiators !liBh Traffic 

pederponnd Fark- • 

I6 

0 11tA !1 Apt in a Steaw 1000 Downto+rn Area 

Large Ni6h Rise 6 2 Adnlts Radiatora ' R%h ?rafiYe 

EtiS9 S6h05 ~; 


. 

I 

t

Ts1. II(..fted) 


'sr 

1lri . . D.d" llidd.nt. N..tim Ar.. (!'EZ) L...ti.. 

R fr... 2 Ster> >0 ~ Adrlt. 0. . Tbre .d 1900 O.i.t City lt..id. .ti.l Ar.. 

1br.. 1 Child Air 

I l.t 11 Apt .! . 10 2 balt. 0a. Pora .d 900 ddJ.ieLK f .qr Street ad 

Bri.k M.ltilM.SI2 Air Arki.c Lot 

d M.. Gp. O.d 25 2 kdalt. 0. . lbrs .d 1100 4ri.t 3vbote .A Ar. . 

2 Childr.n Air 

L 2rd !1 Adt .t . 30 1 Ad.lt at... 000 V.y %W CiRf 

fti.k lLltitlr.il,y wLt.r . 

ihderpeird A.*. 

M hw . I stsry 25 2 Ad.lL 0~~e.d 900 ~ ~~ Ar.. 

2 . lkisk Aaeeb ZO 2 Addt. 0.s hr. .d "00 .t gab"%.w Ar.. 

Att..b.d Oar.d. ~ CMidrre Air fle. Nf•• 

0 Ori.lt•2 Story ~S 2 Ad.lE. 0.. lbre.d 11i00 ~.iei~ 8...l12 4'ta..l.d 

1/n.tt ..b .d C.r.p 1 Cbild Air Cit,p Street 

r 2M n DNek Doolm r0 2 Adtilt . 0.. lkm.d I00 i.t City lb.id.eti.l Ar.. 

UM.tt.eh.d O.r.d. 1 Child Air an lft. Lk. Dr. 

Side Driv. 

0 Tbis lt..idaq. wu sMt.rd .e1y for CO .d ..iar ire. it. tir.pl ....


/ 

Y;. 

:S 

A '


© 

~ 

. I 

Redroos #1 ~ Living Roos 

.x i ' 

~. 

~* bsdroo. !2 ~ gsth ~ x4tohe~ ~ Litoh~ 

~ etsatte ~ 

r 

liRure'S . Honse 0 (111 Heidel Rd) Sempling Sites 

I

~~, M 

Y~'4 /0, 

y1r . .r' .r e.rdw 

© 

lsou.. Jndoer CO Indeor Ozon. 

Outdoor 

wirdo+r Windev 

D Kitchen M.~ter Bedraow Sonth E. .t 

S Kitoh.n.tf. . (1r) Kitch.nstt. (S) South South 

F Living lboa (SE) Livin/.1oom (SB) South. .s4 Setith.avt 

0 Kitebanatts (W) Kitahenstt . (W) W..t W..t 

M DininR Roos (W) DfnlnR Roow (W) We.t W.lt 

I Kitchen Dan (N) iPolLA MerlA 

0 F.nilr lbow pslly Aeuw Ea.t F.ot 

K tfr.pl.e . 

L Li .inR Ibow 

w..tr KileA" 

Livinr lbew 

e..r Kitchen 

West West 

~' Dan a~ W..t West 

K pr..awar fnlwM tst• 

,Mn .w/ Oar.Rs, 


ar.a.wr b .tv..n Kifr 

.Aam .ne OaraR. 

W..6 West 

e K1t.A.w K!leh.w Ibrtll IbrtA 

~ L1Nwt 4.. L1NwR 1l.. 30,00 ~tA 

iV#

Mi 

A fora wa dovalopod for the raaidont to indioato activity in 

asch ho .e dwi+g the p.riod sanpl.d . !ho oocdpant was askod to racord 

spooifia tia.s vhon the hOtlso was rnoccaDiod, tisos of cookirg, 

s.okind, clotho" wshinR, and tia.s wb.n an air conditionar vas in 

ws. 


?ho traftie donsity ontsido oach iasiplod howo was also dotorsinsa . 

!ba a.bar of aato.obilos passing aach bo.o botvoon 0s00 P.M. and 

6#CG P.II. on a voskday was racordod as an hourly avorad. . 

F,ollov-up Lboratorn Studiss 

lho.pson, ot al ., havo sstpstad that carbon sonu3do iL probably 

sorbod by virtnally nothing 1A the bo .a.22 Although this sud`ostion 

ws probably corroct, fbrthar in.astiption was cloarly r.qnirod . 

lhorsioro an attsapt tias aads to, dotoraina tiLatpor thoro was aW 

.ptako by carpotint or valls . 

Carpotind saaplas aad, of Acrf lon, Daoron, tplon . and wool vore 

obtaiasd . Ib att .ept was aado to wo si:od tibors . lboso saaplos 

voro oot into squar.s approsiaatoly one loot on a sido and wad ]n the 

tost chaabor tq bo doscribad latar. liftoon yysar old wad, soilod 

vool oarp.tisd was also obtainad boeawo, as indieatod aarliar, baetoria 

and thndi has boan associatad with the tiytako of carbon aonoxi .do .40 

It .as aot possiblo to obtain soilod saaploa of the aynthotic fibara. 

ssetioaa of dry vall (ppava board) wrs also obtaiAad to dototiins u 

tharo vas amy Yptako by r .lls in the hawo . 

!ho saapling train that was wad for the initial phasas of tho 

tptako st.dy oo .siat .d of a tost ahasbr, a diaphraa y+ap, a lQRLII I 

aaalysor with a tvanty aotor path longtb pa aall, a rotaastor flow astor 

(ollainat.d in the lat.r studi .s) . and a glass isj .ction '!' with a 

24 

o, 

~ 

v ~c


m .owono a.pttin. ?be oo.pon.nts wro oomm.otod with ?yton tubs 

into a rocircclatiad syst . . . !Ao sirstw ia diagramod in tiNro 6 . 

!M tst cAa.bor was a glass right psrallolopipod with dimonsioas 

26 .5 aw x 52 .0 oa :30 .5 on. It. .olumo vas 42 .7 litors . tbo .oluso 

of tae eo.pl.to systw with tb. cOs.bor 3naltlod was 49 .0 litors . 

Sides of the cLa.bor voro :.alod with aqusrirm c..ont and all oddos . 

wro lusthor scslod with collophans tapo and tbon rabbor 4po. Tbo 

Saside arrfaoos of the clr .b.r vare co.or.d with lVlar pSastic fiL . 

'!bo aba.b .r's inl .t and sit tubes ontor.d fYw th. top of the box 

5 as trrom oitb.r oad . ?be tubos' outlots were plaood sddaay batv ..n 

top and bottoa ot the oLssbsr . tn inJootioA port wss placad in the 

c.nt.r of the top co.or. r..tsl aaapl~.r aapports wro pLcod in such 

a sann .r as to er. .tm a qsta of baftia inside the cLabor to wa 

:isis. ps contact with the aanplos . 

IS carbon non0:ide iad sorbed onto the saplos . an att..pt iauld 

havo bo.n mado to d.sorb tlhe ps by heating tAo sa.plos . Thoroforo 

A.atina tapu v .re wrapped around the o.tal supports b.tv ..n the carpet 

wplos in tDe ehawbor . Tbroo Weston ltodol 2261 tM:wo.otora voro 

pnsition.d in front of and 1n contact with the carpst sartaoo . Oao 

tast.owotor was plac .d n. .r tb. cntranco ports one vss positionod in 

tDe contor of tae eLa.bars and the third was placd asar the cadt port . 

Sooauso of the cha.bar'a Lrto volumc . the tl .o srquirad for the 

injootod pollutant ps to reach constant lo .ols was .orir slow (a.oradind 

lt siinatos) . thorst+aro the oba .bot vaa replaced bpr a glass tnbo . 

• 2 .54 0n diaa.t.r pjrr.o : tubo, 122 as lotg . was rsod (1lsuro 7) . 

?bo trbo bad a .olumo of 0 .62 litors which p.o the antirc tyst.n a 

•oluee of 7 .1 litors nti.r. it roplacod the cba .bor. !bo tube was 

b. .t.d by vrappiig it with b .atini tape and oo.orini the tap. and tubo 

~ 

P 

O 

SU" 

=s


C.AMO .o .M .h wc. io IWad WoiioKNi 0*00. .aW s W. .a. ) 

"wp +r w»t pnug vu• wnwr u tdu a io waom on"Ga es 04oa 

~ . . .. .u.. _,~, . ~ 

1 

50465 6506


"W PqMY viiA M%aq ftulms io wrtfRQ o'iimqoi •4 eja ii 

mmm 

50456 6607

with alaaLnam toil as a laat r.tisctor. Vita tbL a~ th. 1i..tie 

t.pp ws .ectsrs .i to tlss srst.. . Sbe tio sa tlll.d wita rat essp.t3ft 

PU+ . P1sm.d at ..cb .zd vitD Class .aal, aa! atepp.r.dF lS.am..tsrs 

.ars pLe .a .t ..an aW . ie tb.s . .Wis sy.etseas wrs mde ass .et]y 

Sata tb. Tnoe lin.s aed t4o puncture vsa tb .a eo..rsd dt3 a.Uopb,ew t+ip .. 

1tj sdv tnis ..ali.r syrts. . tbo ti.. rsqa:r.d for tao iaj.et.d 

fouxUal ioao to rascb eoastant l ..als .as s.d.o .d !e thrso to tow 

daats. 


!!'


ClYR= lt 

ODOLtS /1m DIOC01 .lIDN 

Carbon monozido and osono coneontrations wra .nalysod b7 roading 

the strip cbart r.cordt at tivo siiento intarvals and taking hourly avar- 

ados for the ontiro .awplieg period. ?bs aritlaotie suaa ooucantratioas, 

the stsndaid d..iation of the s.ao, and the susbor'ot boars satplod for 

oacb gas in the indoor and the outdoor air ara prw .at.d 3n Sabl.s IY 

and T.A•52 lbwo data wa drawn froa .oro bouw of aonitorins than all 

otbsr stodis of this tMps eo .binod. In addition, the ..an ralws of 

auto.obilo flow y.r bour, as doscribod prwiouslt, aro iuelod.d in 

Tablo T!. 

dasoeiation P.tv.on ujo!pbilo Tratfic_ard,~Atdoo_,r.22 ConcgO,t,Qtlqns 

!bo a.arato concontr.tions of 00 outdoors vora directly associatod 

with the aeourt of autoaobilo traffic near the bo .o, as .bovn in iis- 

uro P . !b. Aarson produet-.o.ant eorralation co .ffieiont botvo.a outdoor 

00 eoncontrations and bourly avarag .s ot tkettic flow was 0 .789 (dt • 14) . 

This was stati.tically significant at tb . 1% lo.al . Ody saipling 

sito Q doviatod groatly irom tbo r.grossioa iLw . It tailod both tbo 

0 tost and stndant's 6d toat . It the data point is rojoet .d, a'oor- 

ralatloa coefficient ot 0 .998 (dt • 13) 1s obtained, vbiob 3Ldicatos a . 

.ary bidb 1lopw of statistical sisaitieanco at tbo 1% loTd . a .ary 

larp association tbar.foro .adsts botvoon traffic flon and ostdoor 

00 lo.als . Outdoor 00 is due al.est .vaelu.ivo], to auto.ebilo traffic . 

Iffoets of Outdoor CN Ia..ls on InOoor Lr.ais 

On dats vb.n tbors was ainiaal indoor acti .lty b7 the swidonts, 

iadoor 01D aoneantrations rafloctad outdoor ooae .atrations vitb a tima 

s9 

M l


UWA .Zt Arf An.1 +` 

t'lpre e. OmDb o! O"sr C.rbon lwaxSe . coro .ntratpuplen A.a+.wo 

Aatawee3l.m h. 

ww tLe vabo o! ' 

.inR tM !vsld.eee y.r Ibvr 

:. 

4 r


'raUe 1F. 'GSbOA lbIlOS1do CoIIONItZ'ttioll AveragN 

Ilo1t* 

CD Concaitntfon 

(OP) 

St.Mard Dr .iaLioe 

ot aM KMA 

Ldoo! 0atdeor mmdeo! O.fdee! 

Nomb.r of 

woOTs 

a 4 .0 0.2 O.lo 0002 1901 

s 7.3 0.8 0024 0.03 723 

C 10.7 2 .5 0.24 0.04 11+80 

D 0 .9 044 0.07 0 .06 166 

s 6.7 0 .1 0.10 0.C1 187 

7 0.9 0 .4 0.23 0.06 13e 

0 5.0 410 0 .3$ 0.ZS 143 

∎ : .k 0.5 0.10 0.04 141 

i 3 .s 0.7 0 .09 0.09 329 

j 2.7 0.5 0.13 0002 q3 

L !.a 502 0.10 0.1j 250 

r 1.0 0.6 0,0. 9 0.05 ~ 

• 0.5 0.1 0002 0.01 285 

0 467 1 .4 0.08 0.13 1" 

t 0.7 0.6 0.02 0.0j .140 . 

n .


l.b1. Vit : A..r.p lbw17 l.towb3l. Tr.ttle Tlor 

6w. 

Otta00t co 

Oaeo.atntloa 

(pp .) 

Af.M t. 

lratrie 

Aev 

ps bm 

s 0.! =o 

~ 0.d 120 

C 1.3 set 

D 0.i ~0 

s 0:1 60 

• 0 .4 yS 

6 0.0 1146 

s 0.3 59 

I 0 .7 175 

~ 0.s • 91 

L 5.2 ]260 

11 o .a 44 

s 001 e 

0 1 .0 2"6 

t 0.6 170 

39


T.O1* T. OioM Cone.otTatloA Ava+agN 

bN* 

a01N OOIICoflL!'iL30A 

(OPd) 

Standt!'d OR1atSOA 

of tD. M.au 

ZId00! 0utdY0T j11dCo ! OIItdCC! 

M{SboT of 

sawp 

~ 

aaao . ---- ~se 

D 0.16 0.56 0.00? 0,033 ]06 

2 0 .i3 0.47 0.~3 aar! 367 

7 o.lt 0.91 0.098 auS 23 

0 o.u 2 .05 0.053 0.065 143 

a 0.06 - 0.c13 ---- e6 

I 0.08 0.35 -0.004 0.0?5 I?2 

i 0.01 0.01 -~ ~- 93 

s a~2 0.99 0.0a8 0.049 283' 

0 aa 0." o.0ra aos7 i~ 

s ais a 9M aMif 0.os0 i~o 

32


O?00 0000 0900 1000 00 1200 1300 

?i.. (Losrs) 

Ti :ar. 9. CoaparLon of Outdoor with Indoor 00 Conc .ntrations In an 

Unoccttpi .d R.sid .nce 

lag. !Se tiae lag D.tv.en an outdoor llrctYStion and tb . corr.spond- 

ins indoor chanse was 1 hour to 1 Lorr 30 ainrnt .s when tLe windows w .re 

olos .d. Tixr. 9 . taken froa tLe strip chart r .cord of sit. !. dson- 

atrats this behavior . Th . Aoase was unoccupied on tbe day this data 

was recorded . )iornirg traffic caus .d tEe outdoor levels to Increase . 

This was r.f3 .ct .d indoors after a delay of approziswt.ly one LoYr 

b.caase of 00 p.n.tration Into tbe str+rctw . Nh.n outdoor l..e1s 

d.cr.as .d . tb . indoor l..als follov.d after a delay of on . hour t.n 

ain.t.a . This probably r .fl .cts tbe ti.* r.qalr.d for CO to diffase out 

of tse building. 

Correlation eoaffici.nts were oo.pate,d b.t :v ..n indoor 00 a ..rage 

eonc .ntrations and the a.oant of traffic flow and between indoor 00 

a..rago conc.ntaations and outdoor 00 a.ar.ae oonc .ntrations . tbs tiae 

d .lay was not considered In tb .se ealotitlation. O.catue tLe a..ra` .s ware 

obtaiA .d fros .or+ tBan a hundred bours of sa.ptin In each case. Tb. 

inolsion of tba one hour tiae delay world insid+nifioantly alt.r tbe 

results . !s. .al.s of r war. 0.204 to 0.1?2, rsp.oti. .ly. lleith.r 

34 

~ 

l

W14 


or tbos• .alnoa was statistically si`nificant at tb . 3% loval . Sbe 

avaras.s .sd in tM oo.putatlon of the oorrolatlon coefficients abovo 

var. .ostly taken ovar periods of•tiwo vbon tAoro was Indoor acti+dty 

!a tb. Iiosa . !bo lack of eorraLtion stroaglj .indicatos a sia}or 3idoor 

aareo of 00. A group t-tost to d .torsiae sipaifieaet diff .r.ncas D.- 

tw.n indoor and outdoor 00 eoac .ntrstion soans vas p .rforad . !!o dif- 

lor.nco was statistieally significant (t • 2 .86, df a 28, p 0.01). 

!lwr+atoro tDo a:istanco of other sourc.s of indoor 0D S+ strongly Ldi- 

sat.d. lb.sa soureas vi12 be discsss.d lat.r. 

Ffacts of Outdoo ,r~0- o Indoor ' 

Indoor oson* eoncantr.tion flwtoations sdrrord outdoor fiuctm.- 

tions vitD a tL* lag of typicallT one bour . . ?ndoor 1MS1s in sl1 ' 

poas studid v.ra l.ss than outdoor 1av.ls. When viadovs woro oloed, 

indoor eoncantrations vart betr..n 20% and 40% of outdoor levels . iiita 

the .indovs op.n, the irdoor lsvals voro DatvsaA ?Cf and 90 of outdoors . 

-- w Indoor O3 rinrlovs vlndors 

ip.a 

(' oload 

eee 

1300 1Z00 1300 1400 1500 1600 

li.. (eanrs) 

Titurr 10. Coaparison of Outdoor with Indoor 0' Concentrations


l . . . ion liae1 

I slepe ~ 0.320 

TInt+s'cept a - 0 .02ks 

I 

O 

0 

0 0 

0.20 0.40 0.60 0.e0 1.,00 1 .t0 

OatAoor Osoaa (PDba) 

Plgar. 11. A.eraRe Indoor Oson . Conceatrations vs . A.arage Outdoor 

05006 Coucentration . 

Figure 10 sbovs this beba .ior at site ft. As sNA In tbe fignre, the 

epeni~ of windows resulted In a rapdd Larease of tb . i :door otone 

levels . Closing tbe windows result .d In a drastic deor:aso da: pro- 

Dab1l to ozone's reacti.e natnre. 

!ke Pearson product-moa.nt oorralation co.ffioient b.tcaan indoor 

oaoae conaentration a.erages and outdoor osons concentration a.erages 

•as 0.70 (df s C). This was statistically significant at tk. 1t level . 

'1'ke data points along with their regression line are shown In 3'igare 

11 . !be aa3or sonrce of lndoor osone is tbersfore outdoor osone . 

A,tfects of IndRogACIivitr . . ~ 

!he aajor sonrce of carbon aoaozide Sndoors ls oooking . In all ~ 

kooses aonitor.d, irdoor 00 1o.als increased during the aookieg of 

asals . On o,ceasions when eitber cold a.als were prepared or no aea2s 

were prepared, the Sncra.se did not oooar . lbese inoreases vere eaased 

peiaarily by the preparation of aeats . Oagroued aeat gave off eonsi- 

dsrstlP aore .00 xbai cooked in aiyr aannar tAaa does ground aat . tAe 

--g.neration of OC by bacterial decay of haai* ao.pomds Las been reviewed 

x

W 

< ." 


o.rli.r264* . lals CD eoald b . trapp.d ia vgro.ad ss.ata aaa r.lossa 

dQias tb. ol ..at.d tasp.ratarw of oookint. Qroaad s.t ooas.qnontlP 

11011210 aot Do srp .ct.d to di.o off as .wL 00 d.riig prapsratioa siaeo 

oost af the OD vc.ld b. .a dif:b .ad ava: dysiat or sbortly aftor grindiag . 

mo pr.paratloa of ..d .taLlos aeeo .ats for .orir littlo oarboa Roa- 

addo saaoratioa. fo otbar ooskad food amittad oarpon soaozido . !bs 

NXUs.r vaa sa .C to aaie tL.so oDs.rvv .tioam and the XM7f I Safrarad 

4rlys.r wa as .d to coafia tLas . 

l3dar. 12 aDo.e a:boa anawddo d.aot.tioa dtirias the eooking of 

a bosf eb.ek roast at ait& j~. Tbo n701tsor vas laoat.d approziaat.ly 

sis fost tlam the .laete3a aaad. . Propsration of the roast e.pa at 

4sSS M ia a oo ..r.d Litteh o.aa . Carpoa aoaszldo 1ovals La .dlat.lP 

3aerw.d. At S@2S P.yw the Lbteh ovaa oovor vas ra+a .adi tbaro wa an 

tis.diato earbon aoaos3d . incroaaa to 32 ppa. ?Do DrtcL or .n vas qalek- 

ly ro-co .ar.d and t3. lo.a2a of oarboa sioaozlda f.ll to 25 ppa. this 

peoaoss vas r.psat.d s .var.l tiasa d.riad the A.tct bonr . Paon ti.o tb . 

e..n vas vnco+or .d . the easboa aoaosido lo.al laoroaaado aad each ti*o 

the ov.a vas s .-covar.d . the earboa aaaazido lo.al daor.aaad . As the 

a..t Dscaao i%11P oook.d, this ottoct lossan.d. TM s.al ws sar.d at 

WS P.lL . . !be oasboa aoawido ooae .atratioa doar. .sad slowly osr tb. 

srst sa.an Loars to aypemdartay the sa .o lo.at as boforo the a.al. 

Tirtaally all earpoa asaoaddo obsarr .d ia otdor roos of the boaso 

aoald Do tracod to d.naratioa ia the ldtoasa . lid+w 1, sAow a aiaal- ` 

taasos 14 Loar aoaitories of oartoa snosids losls ia a kitQboa, the 

1tsLM roo., and the t1QCDast bdrooa at sito ~ . mOlPsors wro wad 

to aoaltor the Idte3sa aad 1i.iaq room aad the IVAU I ws tisd !a the 

»

8t99 99hOS 

~ 


e o 

w 

1 

_t.rt.e 

N 

.N 

HNIIR RI- 

30 

Tl.e e! D.7 (As.r. ) 

"N*e 1!. C.tben Meresld. Owa+tien DuriM Oeskim 

I

a. 


1 

1000 u00 1400 1600 1800 Z000 Y200 

tSM (b014r.) 

1 iS1tr. M CirbOA HDnGIid . ZA7.l. SA the tit4h.A, Z.ivin[ Room, l.Ad 

BedlOot of RetideAC . £ 

bdPOom. TypSCal iACrqtM d{1SSAg brMkflst eAQ fujp .r M.rs obs.lv.d . 

d d .cr.as . in tb . late sttsnwoa vLile the 1i.isg raom siitdors Y.r. 

ep .o also occurr.d. !be aoctuations of oarboa aoenzld . 1...ls ia all 

tnr.e rooas h .d tb. sa.e d.n.ral p.ttoso, but tb. e.oeo.®tratious dr 

srras .d with dislaaae fYoa tb . kitsD.a. P.ak 1...1. in the b.droom x.ro 

1eMSr aud tse eos.. .as saoota .r tLaa in the otD.r sooas . simo psk 

oonc.ntrations in the 1dtsD.n wre digb.r aAd sbasp.r than tLose of 

ots.r rooes, tDe s,a3or sootce of 00 swt 3s.e b .w in the kitQL.a. 

M


8 .0 B.gr..sloe lin.s 

slop . ∎ -O.j04 

7-iatora .pt = 9 .S1+ 

~0 20 30 

DmstatPs troa tb. titcb .n Ratg. (l. .t) 

, ; Ti2ur. 34. F.latiensbip b .tve .n 00 Cone .ntration lt.ra6s and tb. 

Distuee iroa th. xitcA .n. 

Tabl . VII. Carbon ?3onoxid. Conc.ntration l..ra`.s at Various Locations 

in tb . So.. . 

Aoos 00 Oonoentsation 

L..rag.-(pp.) 

41.tanee lro. 

Litcb.a Itat$ . (ft) 

*j.bs of 

$auss Saspl.d 

Litcb.a 9.8 6 96 

Li.1eK lbo. 2.8 ?2} 90 

D.droo . #2 1.0 25 104 

D .droo . i1 0.8 30 98 

M

wy 


!be s .sse eoaa.atratioa. of 0D reoorded at eariotia po.itioa. In 

•ite A, the di.tarse from tbe kitsh.a raada of e.eb po .itioa, aad tbe 

an.b.r of bove .a.pled w di.ea In Table RI sad plotted In Tidxre lb . 

Ooaeaetratioa s.arad .s d.creu.d lia.arlT vitb dist.aoe froa the kit.bea 

aaas" sith a eorrelatioa eoeffiaieat of 0.991, statistieally sipnifioaat 

at the 2% lo.a1. TDe deer.ue ia eoaeaatntioa with diataaoo fram tho 

ldtnh.e Sstleates either s siak fer OD !a the bore or lo . . of 00 by van- 

ttlatioa. This topic .ill be diaewsad !a later sectioa .. 

Minor 3oeeoe of 2adeer Cattea lbnnside a~n0 Oeoee 

SNokLad !W re.id .mR. Ss a .ery siaor aoatoo of iadoor aarboa a,oa- 

.zIde. lo aldaificastl,f hl~s OO eomeatratioa a.essdes were ebtaia.d 

la bor sith oae er aore aooldad re .idents . In eao ia.taaoe at site ~, 

the 0D .oaiter wa operated ia the kitebea .tte d.riad a casd parly at Irhlab 

thare ws b..q a.okiad bY pwpte. Aoiad the party the iidoor 00 le .al 

taeraased e97 3 ppm. Tber.foro the aoaol.slow drarn by L. AatbeLie, 

eea=eralft the %awo .lly hith OD eoaQOatratioa. In s .oke-filled roo.s, 

..re peohsblj iaoorreet sad tbe blqb C0 eoaeeatratioas reported probably 

b.d etb.: easse. =S 

TieT saalt aao.aU of 0D and 03 wre sitted during the ida,dliK of 

faO flM . oa a ps range. Li't.e tbe 918010 bad rerab.d its aoraal qaiet 

1wra, a, .ita.r 00 aar 03 vw+s dotaeted. Op .ratiea ef a aelf-alosaiad 

w.m at a3t. j ro..ltad In aall a.o.ats of OD aad 03 being taasrat:d. 

W 3se.la iaeroud 20 ppr obile the 03 le .aL deor.ased to sero 3a about 

to. .3a.tos aad eatboa aoasside deoaTod to previous ealr .a ia se.eral 

b.QO. aiaeo the e..e oalf-eloas.r is vd eau priodisally, !t is not 

a sSpS!leaat oosoe ef easboa .oanaide or esoae . !ho tw iastaaeeo abow 

wra tbe oa],f Sadoor aa.roem ef esoa@ discovered . 

U


Catbos ..mXld* as sitt .d tr.. a1..b .1la b...ras... ?e.rft ws a,{ 

rapld iser.aq 1s ..tar rwdiat Whs...r aqf .loobslio b...rad. .aa IJ 

}.wd s .ar t1. MMjs.r. !M ~ al..lal is the b...nde ws pobab- 

1y partlaW .ire:idis.d t. .e .t.lddQdo abi.b oa. OD a. .a. of it. 

d.ewp..itios pr.d.et ..Q SS a. .p1 .. of ~ .e .tat.# d~ .tD.r. 

•a.tes., a3d ae .t.ld.b,d, wr. .s. !W se pl. ..d s.ar tb. Lit.:c, port 

.t the Mls.r. OaU .e .talddpdo aawd ai iw.r.a.e to tbe m .t.r 

r..di.d. Tb... ..a..rem.ats wrs r.pst.d vist tb. IQUM I adja.tt.d 

to tb. 4.67 s ab..rptios base. tbe r.nlto wr. id.stiaal to tbo.. 

.btais.d .ritA the B=ys.r. L. ..ai In lipr. 15, ses. .f tb. abe.e 

sws.ots ti ..e absorption band. Su the 4 .67 sa r.dloA iu tMir 1lqald' 

atat.. lhs . ia tb.r.tore so possibility tb.t both tb. NODi,js.r ssd 

tb. KM1 I .r.rI rs.p .sdist te t6. .arbeepl droap .r U a .arboa-osn.n 

.iudle b.nd . 

ds di.ca. . .d .arli .r . the dn0lJs.r .isbt r. .pmd to uitrapa .zid ... 

lbw..r, tb . !VU I do .. tet r..poad to sitro`s .xdd.. !u tb. 4.67 • 

region . Ritrie mMe ab.erbs at S." uw (1876 e. 1) and aitrops di- 

azids ab :orbs at 13 .1 w(7S0 a• 1). 7.y9 a(1318 .a 1) . aM 6 .16 I: 

~~ ei1).SE.S7 bs . of the .t6 .r nitrad.n osid.s absorb is tb. 00 

absrptins r.dles .'" Dotb ie .tronats tMsstore r.ro r..posdisd to OD. 

S.eas.e of d .cr.a. .. is ..ne .ntratios from diffulos, aleobolia b ...ra2.@ 

are a daor soare . of oarbos sonasid.. 

ftreist .f .o.d Li a fir.plae . is also a .o .r. . .t indoor .a:Des 

.amxld. . Carbon sosDZfd . l..alU at .it. L lseraaad 9 pp., dtiri+g 

baraist . Tb. moadt.r stis po.itiesd is front .t t1e fis.plsoo abovt 

ttirw f. .t tfaa tae tir.. aieeo the OD 1...1 is.r.a .* aae s .t ..r7 

pwt .ad aiaeo mo .t p.ople do not .p.nto tb.ir tir.plae .. .ontiaaal1y. 

412


I 

I 

~ • ._ s 

. 

a !ra .. 

C.rbon Iom=iEe 

.o 

s,r ,eee ua 

rev-~M 

I ~ 

e) tttA .aetste 

-- „r, 

- • .m~ 

e) aeeweei~ae 

i 

L..A I 

t) Aoetee. 

. , 

o...~s 

T1pre 1s . Infrared Sp.ctra of Carbon lonaxide, Sttyl LleoLol, hAyl 

Aoetate, Dd .tby'i Bth .r, Acetald .byde . ar~ As .tone b .tvaen 

2 .S aad 7.0 K3aro.eters (4000 - 1430 eii ) . S9 

! 

43


the tir .pl.eo do .e mt add s3pdfla.at aao .Als ot CO to the yollataat 

].ad ot the 3ndoor air. 

!,lL+ks' !or OG 1n the Bo .L. 

fb sladis r+niwnd earlier s .dpstd that tb .ro sw not be aW 

approeLhlo CO raora1 a .ebaniss in the bo.e otber than .entilatioA 17'Z 

lb.o.er, taese rwwch.ra did not in .estipte tbo posslble tptaho of 

ta IW aarpetlq or wllboard3 wasar 

.d 4naetities of 00 vare Iqj.cted lato the tabe syst.a lilled 

tith the earp.tieK saapies as desorlbsd Sa a pr ..l,oos seetios. ?be psa 

M .r: eiroalat.d tAroogh th. qste. for a aialwmm of two lmnrs . Satra- 

rsd a.saar. .oata w .r. .ade during the .Aire period . In soa* essas, 

eirealatioa tSses as lont as 32 bonra vare ved, ard !uilrared a .aaul .- 

suats v.rn aade paslodiaatly dnrift the eatiro saaplieK p.rlad . the 

ealoolatd concentration as voll as the concentration obtained by iA- 

taD1. TIIIM rr.dlotd and Dcp.rLe.ntal Cone .aR.rations of 00 oa Carpetiag 

lYDer and GYysui Board 

1fat.rial GbtalA.d 

i1ro. IR 

dbso 

iyR,~ tabo ~9 

79 

Aariloa 90 

G 

a 

P4 

n.v 91 

Yool 1S iz' 

oz 

CO Cono .ntratlan (PPa) 

Pe.diet .d 

iro. 'aaomnt 

e 

~6 

S


iftrsd absorptioa aro prsR .ntod 3a lablo rIII. It oaa hs, iooa fro. 

tho t.Dlo that both peedictod and aqto.l ooaooatratioa. aro tho a..e 

vitbia oocy.rlaoatal otror. A trlo.t fbr ai6aifiaaat diffor.aeos of 

tho saa we d .tor.iasd . lhoro we so statistio.l3,f aidaifioaat dif- 

foraaoo botvooa prodietoa aM ozp.risoatal valw (t a 0.01b6, df • 

16, Dv0.t0) . lhsroforo, oarprtiat and r .llbeard ars ont sidaitieaat 

'dahs• for 00 ia tbo ho .o . 

t'astilation Itats for OQ 

O .slts of the earpstiad st.dy tod.thor rith the resk of otbor 

ra .osrohorsl?•$ .tsomIr iadir.ato that tho ealy r.re.al asehsaism for 

00 is voatilatioa . !ho diff.roatial aqaatioa froa Bm.oaxi di.owd 

oarlior aas wplof.de 

psC a Zidt - 40At . (1) 

Di.ta for this aaalTsis wro obtained d .rind p.riods wh.a thors roro 

ao oDsorsablo outdoor lo .ols aad tid.n th.ro rss no iMoor doaoratioa of 

On by ooolcied or saoldM . ?borsforo .the doaontioa r.t. !s oqaal to 

soro aad tho oquatioa aU.* rodaeoO to1 

PC • - OOdt. 

!ho oelstiea of thio diff.:eatial equation is# 

~6) 

0•t1aC/C . (?) 

a rss d.tostiiasd for 55 iastaaow asiag 30 to 50 data poiata for osoh 

evaluation. !bo oontilatioa rate ms dot .raiaod for 11 diff.roat 

rsoas ia aW rosidoae .. . Data w.ro ebtaiaoa under varying aoaditioa ., 

aiadow positioas, and aoti.ity in the roo.. 

. as 

ln


io. .o2so ras dotor.Liod from 1la.ar .oassro.outa . d11 t.rai- 

tw wro aasa.od to 6o ridIIt par.ll .l0ipoda . lhos.f.ro, the oslotila- 

tion of stio. .olso aan Do e .n .idar.d to b. .n2y a'~roasonae2.t dood' 

sppeozirtion of tDe tr'o ..3so. Osnssqao.tlt, tLe tal.o ot the ~- 

t32ati4n rat, alse aut De eon .idoroa a'e+ .aoenabar good' approsi.a- 

!!.~ 

tldaro 16 sbow typleal ploto ot'.intilation rato nitl tl.o. Ls 

iadieatod !u Tlguro 16s, t1o ventilation rat . is a.n .taat lbon tbsro 

wa iaa activity and aon .oqoontly the sir wll aimod. 1ipr. 16D 

obs a a ttpleal plot for a tlso .A.a tDoro vss m activity and eon.qwnt- 

27 s!l1Li1 air SlzlK. 2t1 a00b lnstaNCM tbo falN of Q apprOaQbod an 

aq.ptatia constant .al.o altar a 2ond p.r7nd of tiao u the sir grod.al- 

1y boca.o ∎i:d . 

ta2.os of Q ara prosontod in Tabl . ?t. !'ho tontilation rato Sn a 

al.sod roo. is g.a .rally D.tvo.n 0.5 to 10 tt3/mie. (0 .014 to 0 .283 03/ 

ata .) . ?boso .aluos of voetilatlon rat. aro oonsid.raD1y losa than tLo 

donaraly 'ace .ptod' oontiLtlon rata of three rso" air ohaniN psr 

,.v .~O ler aao .Rplo, tM pr..iowlt aeeoptod .alp for .onti2ation Sn 

a ol.sod 1000 ft3 roa1 resld Do 3000 tt3/Ar . tNk.4 or 'jo tt3/ 

.1n. lbis staty dawnstntos that tbo aata .l ssto is 

considerably sl.wr. C2os.d res.s are tharatoro oontid.nDlt rro •air- 

tlsst' than pY.looslt ass.d ~O lhis rasait is of pwt laperfanno in 

the ltitare d«idn of roo .s and in the lhtdr, dosipn of air-oonditieaiad 

.rss.. 

• !bo .al.aa obtsin.d for tD. .ontilation rato ot On sbeald a1 ." bo 

wlid as r.ntilatlon rat.s tor .otMr psos . aaa in 'still' rooa air, 

tsa. is a lroat doal of tsbalonee dao to tb .r.al effects. Tb.rofor., 

46 

~ 

0 

r 

I 

? 

US 

0' 

Im 

N 

Cr


l.bl . It. CaleaLtd Yala.s ibr V.AtilatloA 8ata. 

Y1M.r r Ihs~b.r of 

~~• ~ Wsiti.A tin D.t.rslAatioAr 

A s.dr.oa il Closed 0 .144 5.1 10 

l.drsea #2 Closed 0.130 k .6 3? 

Op.A 0.767 t6 .k t9 

[ittb.a Closed 000" t.1 UD 

0p.n 0434 12 .s sz 

Li.lAt 8ao . Ciesd 0.1" 8.7 19 

OpsA 0.560 19 .8 6 

a s.arae. -Cios.d 0.108 3 .0 36 

titeb.A Closed 0.074' Z .6 71 

Ll.Sm A o. Closed 0.181 6 .4 ~ 15 

C Ddr.o. #2 Closed 0.105 3.7 68 

Op.n 0.702 24.t 5 

Zitsb.n .tt. Closed 0.062 2 .2 VS2 

D Litcbw Closed 0 .221 7 .6 12 

Op.A 0 .708 95.0 32 

t UttD.A .tt. Cio.d 0 .0?0 2.6 38 

r Lisw Abs. Op.A 0 .7ae 2k.8 36 

0 utzs.A.tt.. Qosd 0 .317 U.2 26 

S DiaiAg b.. Closed 0.124 4114 32 

i ;itQb.a Closed 0.1" 6.8 72 

![ D.~ Closed 0.30 13.0 21 

F_0_1 [iteb.a Ci.sd 0 .068 1.7 lA


lsb1 . It. Calealatd ralws for Vuttllatle∎ Pat . . 

~~~ ~ 

Wiider 

lhub.r of 

lb .StieA ∎ ∎ D.tsainatisn. 

A D .dloo∎ #1 Closed 01244 591 10 

Sdree∎ #2 Closed 0.130 4.6 ?'! 

Opai 0."! 26.86 29 

uto3.∎ Closed 00039 2 .1 M 

Op.∎ 0 .354 12 .5 12 

Li.ift ao∎ CLo.d 0 .133 4.7 19 

Oy.u 0 .360 19.8 6 

s Sdroe∎ Closed 0 .10e 3.6 36 

titeh" Closed 0 .074 2.6 71 

Li.iM 1be∎ Clos.d 0 .181 6.4 ~ 13 

C Wree∎ #2 Closed 0 .105 3 .9 68 

op.n 0.902 24 .8 5 

[itsb.p .tt . Closed 0.062 202 162 

D utee.n Closed 0.m 7.6 i2 

Open 0.9a8 25.0 32 

s uteb.n.tt. Closed -0.074 2 .6 58 

f LivIft lbo∎ Op .a 0.7~ 24.8 36 

0• titee.e.tta Closed 0.'319 11 .2 26 

• D!∎ift lb.∎ Closed 0.1?A 4 .4 32 

1 1itoL.e Closed 0.1914 , 6 .6 72 

K D.a Closed 0.30 13 .0 21 

0 [itebsu Closed 0.048 1 .7 24


asW ealaulation bsaad on diffusion quation., auob•sa . 11o1c'a Lvs, 

woald mt be valid . Tba sin fiov proeesa is ad.eetion. 

Daooaoosition of Osons 

La diseusaad sarli .r, tbere sra ao .ignifioant indoor aouroea of 

esons. Indoor 1os1s sre oussad by esoaa'a O .aatr.tion iato the build- 

in ffom the outside. Dooe.p.aition of osos» tollew aiaple first 

erder kiuetica . !bs aolution of the first erdor rsto equation for the 

daoo.position rate constant 1a di .en balan 

k • (1/t) 1% (C„/C) (8) 

4ta points wera eboaan during parioda vb .n outdoor eonesntrations fell 

to sero and durift p.riods vban indoor ooncantr .tiona wra fallint . 

!bs .alua of the d.eowposition rsta constant was doteswin .d in 12 

raoas with a total of 52 daterainations . For a aet of oaloulation., 

the .alue of the rata constant was constant vitbin .xpariaen,tal arror. 

Tbasa .alu.s alons with tb.ir standard d ..istion are prasont.d ln 

labla L 

!bs rato constant in nised air was ypi .oalll 0.4e ainato : 1 

and the rata constant in nnni :ad a1r was typically 0.02e aiautaa 1. 

lb..a eonstants oorraspond to lrlf li .as of 1 .5 sinut.a and 7.9 ain- 

•tef, r+ .sp.oti.elf. It ia asauaad that the .antilatioA r.te of otona 

3s e.santially the sawa as that of 00 in a gi.an rasidanos . !be 

ventilation rata bslf-lifa ia from ten tiwN to eno butdred timM 

lardar than tbe d.oo.position rat . balf-lif.. Consquently ventilation 

ia aot a aiRnifioant ..ob.nia for the remo.al of esona flww the 

bD.a. 

49


labl. Z. Dsesmpoaition at. Constant for Osons 

bs* 

Air 

xLvtuz%e 

Tisst Oid.r 

lhde Conqtant 

Standud 

DevLtlsn 

A !!3s.d 0.478 0.Os3 3 

r.ssd 

Unsix.d 

C kls.d 

DsS:.d 

0.E74 

0.144 

0.150 

0.077 

00025 

0.a19 

0.013 

0.007 

Lssixd 0.Of9 0.003 6 

t Os~itd 0.0x 0.004 6 

t a~.i:.a o.09P 0.0i3 3 

c lizd 

VVIRIzd 

0.2" 

0.059 

o.a4e 

0.009 

T Ctitix.d 0.179 0.012 3 

0 lt~.d .A4 

Dialsd 00.179 

0.019 

0.Q10 

lhsL.r of 

D.t.sninations 

a Data tak.n dnsint pssiods ot activity in the rooa res. assisid to 

oav* air ssi:iM vhile tb.- laok of activity was assvd to eaos . 

aiaiaal sIxieK of the air. I. an eas.s the vindors were e]osd 

dto~tnL the saaPlind Period . 

3 

3 . 

Dsdon sad kxwrlly resi.nd the Icinetia data eonceralK the 

bummPosoas tb.snal d.eoaposition of .son.. '!M d.oespositSon eaa 

to esla aLid by the tollorlnt st .ps e 

03 .x^+02 .0+x 

0 .03 --► z0Z 

9 

4 

3 

3 

2 

3 

so 

0 

zr


r 

.bere r. is a .aitably widLtad .um of all the stibstanoos pnw .nt iu the 

624 .61 aov.r .r it bas b..n sMrn that the Aalt-life fbr the first stap 

ia the So.ogansous tbormal daao.position at a∎biant ts .psratoros is 

on teo ordor of 103 Sonrs .62 Osans Aas also b.on sAora to bo ir.rt 

with srspsct to 00 and 802 63•" OtAor wrkars Aa .a soaastad that 

osos,a d.eoapssaa upoN contact with oirtnslly aay sorfao ..a .6s TLM 

as:ts+.ord3narily high daoo.positiou sato . .t osoae foimd !a this study 

strsn4y supports tais lppotDasis . '!bo oobtrollind faotor in the 

d.ooepositioa of osona is probably tAe transport of the daa to the ralls, 

eailieKe and fbrpitaro. 

Wfacta of lir Conditioninc 

!bs oparation of la.e air oonditionins sUrst ..s affaats earbon 

.onozida lo.als Ldiroetly. In yb s .parata oooasions iu the oonrsa 

of this atOdy. aban air aonditiolNrs Mara in opsratlons the itdoor 00 

la.ala incr.aaad during opsration and d.oraasd aftor the air oondi- 

tionar ws tornsd off and the Kindow op .nad . Sinc. vindows and doors 

of a Do .o ara aLost always alosad durin` the oparation of an air ooa- 

dition.r, the .antilation rato is at a∎inirun . ?Aar.fora, arq iLdoor 

sonaration of 00 aoeu.alatos Sn tbo Do.a and is raoyelad by the air 

oonditlonind q .t... Aftar the sy.t.m is sbat off and the Windovs 

opansd, the natmal .antilation rato of the booa is sisnifioaatly in- 

or.asad aad aonraQti.ntly 00 d.er.asas . 

Oaona eoncantntioes arft sidnifioantly r .dae.d Dy air eondition- 

ara . 7n 22 iestanow dnrinS the eoursa of this study Msoro tMra wro 

.aasnraLlo awomats of osoas in the lw .o eafbra tba qstem vas aoti.a- 

tad, op.ration of the air eonditionars rosnltod in rapid d .araasas in 

eoncantration. D.oo.position rato constants for osona in air oonditionsd 

roows ..ra appro:i .at.'1y 15-20% Lrdor than ritbont the syst ... 

T 

~ 

W 

~ 

51


!6e rw.ow why air oondition.r oporationm abould ra.ult in osono 

decr..aes aro ratb.r obvious . SiLro windows aro closed durind air 

eoMition.r operation, the ..ntilation rato of outdoor osono should be 

raduood . Sineo the oson. trapp.d iidoora 1a being reploniabod at a 

alov.r rato, the le.al• abou3d drop. Socondl,j . beoau.e of ita .atr..e 

r.aati.it', oson. is eff.oti.oly doqtroyod by oolli .iona vitb wlls 

irsido tbo air conditioner as the air paaae" tbrousb the a? .t. . . 

Iastly, tb* fan on the air eonditionor eaaaee oon.iderablo turenleeae 

of the raam air . ?ho rwultini inereaaod .ixint inoraa .os the rate of 

transport of oson. to the w.lle and e.ilind. . 

52 

L


. 

! 

!he ms3or sooro, of oarboo noaosid . la t!n ho. . Is tb. eooldug 

ef aud ...t, partiealarl,f oncronnd e.at. Cone .nttutioae of 00 in 

sost do..m d.cr.ase witb distaao* froa the kitab.n. Outdoor 00 

Aam aato .odlle traftio paatr.ts t6. Lo ... Tba ralati.. ispertara. 

ef thSs sooro . Is d .p.nd .rt on tbs location of tAe r.sid.noe . If the 

Ae.. L in a ralati. .ly aai.t adKbDorbeod, it rill aot b . av.ry 

l.portaat soarc.. aw...r. if tee lo.. Is lonat.d In a 1sigL traffia 

ar.a, penatratioe of OD isto tb. r..id .eea YillU be s.ry sisaifioast . 

Tdts stady abow.d tAat 6oas are oon.id .rsL1y .ore '.is-tisht' than 

rsa previously sssm.d. TA .r.fore OD g.n.rat.d inaide a elo ..d ln., 

will r..aie for looi y .riods of tisi.. dl1 other souro .r of 00 'i.e 

tDe so.e ar.-wimr. 1b significant siotcs for CO rere fomd in the 

So.e . T6. .aia reaoral proe. .s oedonbt.dlT Is . .otiLtion. 

Iedoor ottoes eo ..s .irtually .melwi..ly iroa t6e ontdoor.. It 

Is significantly r.dno.d by si .pl,f elosift* tAe rLdovs aud is lhrtD.r 

r.doe .d by t6e operation of tbe air eozlitioeind q .tam . Dooespoaitioa 

rut.s ef esosa are so larde that .entilatioA Is aot sipzifioaat . !he 

siaia r..o.al a.ehaaia. Is pmLab1, d.co.poaltiou on wa11a sad osil,iap . 

33 

M


f 

dRiGDlbR! "a fORtRIIt WII[ 

9tadi.a •iaiLr to tbia wrk .Aoald b. dose on othor Pa .a, 

partianlar]y dC~, JID, and 1D2 . ?h.ro ia ab.o evidoaeo that uitrod .e 

aadd.a are ganas.t.d tro. Ras raeo lla... UaR, It e. .da to bo iwtbar 

atodiad S 

In thia woric, the 2301ysas r..poadod to the psoa aaittod tfte 

a.roaol spey el .om.ra . tooaaa, of ti.o r..trictioew lLeth.r le..at!- 

ption ws aot ponu.a at t%o ti.w. 

!bo .antiLtioa rate stndy shoald b. r.p.atad ritb a traear gas 

•ooh as !!6. !bo v.nti]atioA rato baaod on OD rss dotwaia.d on the 

aanaption that th.ra tioaa so approciabto sirk for OD lAsido the ho ... 

If the trao .r ..atilatioA r .to is eo.parablo to tho rato obtained rith 

CC, tb. aasa.ptioA is valid . D.ao.yositioa rstos for oth.r pollntant 

pa .a .boald bo a1.o atndi .d . 

w F 

34


1. 41ika, P.V., 8olao.bs, J .[ ., and Coto, V.A ., Aasr . Soe . H.atina 

Jotlria . 43a- Cond . Rht . J . 2, 4b•b8, So.. 1990. 

2. Tsrvi, J .Z, . Clink, V.L., and Cot., 1d.1., J. Air ibll . Contr . Assoo . 

no 251-2'S90 ma7, 1971 . 

3 . Daeron, 1.D., B.nd.rson, J .J ., and Caldrall, P.S., U.S. Sh.ironu.rta1 

Protaotion k .noy. i.aaarah lrianwl. Park, 1.C . . ftblioation 

ls ._1P-112 . Aug. 1972. 

i. St.aa, L.C., 2b lution . 2nd 'M . . Yol . 1. Pw. Torks aoadaoio 

Prsa. 1w . pp 30-33 . 

S. ibid . . yp,. ae0•8R3 . 

6 . Dutebar. S.S . . and Charlson, 4J . . A.il ,,Iert d ution toAlr Chalstry . 

S.. Tosts Aeadasic Prss, 1972 . pp. 139-140 ., 

7. lbid., p. 141 . 

P. "Iff.cts of Chronie ncyosuro to low L..o1s of Carbon ?bnozida 

oa Bu•an H.a1th, H.ha.ior, aM Porfornanca .• llational Lead ..P 

if Sciaocos and lutional Acad .y of S+Einasring, 1969. 

9. B.at.r; A .C . . and Ho)dswith, J .R., Scianc• Mo 265467 . 1971 . 

10. F.rMns, C .P., Ait Pbllution lr.w Torice /SaGrar-Eill . 19?y. pp. 93 100. 

11 . St.re . op oite pp . 04f-068 . 

12 . 1Ea:ars, J .t., and Balolnsy O.J ., A.?! .A . Air Pollution Y..d . R.s . Conf. 

Loa Lagals, 19FF . 

23. BQ-ialaan. R, Ia .bsrts, L3 .9 and o.ninSa, _. S. ,I&nc .t I . 133, 1964. 

24. tanits, S., J. Src . Pr...nt . lr.d . (Ital .) . Is S7-6R . 1960 . 

ls. b.agwli, G ., Italian a. .i .v of lht . (Ital!r) Us h10-619. 1961 . 

16 . Gsor611, H.V.. b fs 8 G 

Is 191-214. 19540 

17. Vado, V.1., Cot., V.A., and Tocros, J.=. . "A Study of Iidoor Air 

OoalitP." Prasont.d at ths ETth Amnnl Ks.tins of ths Air lbllution 

Control AasocLtion, D.u.ar, Colorado, Jue. 9-13, 2974 

]E . Slc.ortso.a, 1.5., Hno and Sanitation (Koscor) 22s 3-9 . 19S'! . 

19. Toea•, J.L, Coto, V.A ., and Ciink, V.L„ "S~'eurF 1t.port of Indoor 

(Outdoor) Air Ibllutaat a.lationships in tbs !ll}CA ." Ths Traslors 

Sa .arch Corp., Bartford . Coan . Contract lto . CP1-22-69-14. 1969. 

35


20 . aaborskP. X ~ .8. " '~ ~ aiw .na, D .A., and Sbair, I.a., a.iron. 3ei, 

aed l .cb . r`y,0 347-353 . 1973 . 

21 . ?bo .p .on, C .It., B.nsal, t.G., aed Yata, G., J . Air lbllat. Ceats. 

A. .oc . 29(10)i Ee1-6E6. 1973 . 

22 . 

ir lbuat• 

Dubois, L., mro3.wk1, A ., ad lbdaan . J .L., J . A, 

Contr aoe ., ~,,,6,t3Zo 13y-319 . 1966. 

23 . LaaPort, f.7., Ic . and 8anit . (Moseov). I„4M' 74-7E. 1999 . 

24. ? aNa, 11.11., Dwiron. Baaltf+. I=s A13-U0 . 1967. 

23 . ibrthfina, R• lu .neb k.d. WseM. (1!nnieb) . 213(2e) 1 70??09. 1971 . 

26 . a3oatt+sAd, ? ., Aelt Ph..iol . Scand . L4, j1b-332 . 1951. 

27 . a3oatt+aM, ? ., leta Pb:siol . saaed . U, "0-337 . 1952. 

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29 . irtKlilao.a, ? .P., and Sf'iso.a . Y., Sn. and Sanit . USosooi) t,' . 

7S-7E . 193p . 

30. Pbair. J .J ., Sb.phard, 1t.J., Carq. G .C.R . asd tbosos, &L . 

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33 . Snrqasa . Mf . . BiB.randinis, L .e sad apslsar. P.L, Asc6. IIowiree, 

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36 . Bush A .T.e and Sagull, 1!. ' 

Air Conditiow!•_. Smt.ws, ni.a»itP of itornia, Los aa, 

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s7• 

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Dw . J ., (Proprint) !Lv York, . 

56


79. Polao .D., J .1l., and [alika, P.L., ?ha tff.ota of Air ConditioninA 

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42. !'.ast, G.?., and Samd.ra . E.t, Ir, los. Asar trana ., IL41# 

325-3m . 1962 . 

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151 lyti, 19E5 . 

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A@ . Boara, J.P. .ct cA .nis of O)n.n . hw ?ork, Intoraci.nco 

Pr.as . 196¢. PP 334 9 . 

49- 1 ar truction Y n• . D~arAatic Soionco Ino . W~61 Bronx 

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S0 . Yilts, P.A .. Ur Dac. 1979, pp E7 70 . 

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520 

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ted Stats partaant of toowarca . hatio 

196'9. pp 3"l-39. 

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34. 1ast, RL aid schnats . LD ., 

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OM 

19 36. 

-; pp. . 

SS. Paraonal eoasnnicatioa with Dr . sugana Ifagnnwn, nn.ironwantal 

saiwe. Ooordinator, rllwnkoo School of latinaaring. Kilwnkao, 

ifLeonsin . 

S7


i 

3E. Falc..oto, [ . a 

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t 

o% 

w 

to 

is 

L


RIILZOCiRLliR 

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th E .` .1 r a-d •r!o . ' tlo woadaa,y o Scl .noa 

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. Arthur D . Lit e, . C..bridge 14ss. , Feb. 19?Q. 

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191-214, . 

aart, s., and acla»ts, L&, o Bostono 

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0% 

~ 

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Holco.ba, J .i ., and 1413ka, P.W ., 'Tho fffocts of Air Coiditioning 

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6«-7. (1971) . 

tructs n .!iual for ra . Mod L-2 bgne M , 1or. C-30, 

rast D... psent CowpanJ, A. .onport, Iowa . 

2.oa, D .J .G ., and Jans, G.J., hfonneo EIlrtrod.s . llaw ?orks 

Aaada*ic Pr.as . 1961 . 

L1ika, P.K ., Joloo", J .t ., and Coto . M.A ., AOlt,_agr 11oatim 

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. 

Lnits, S. J. Ur. Pr...nt. lC.d . (=taly) I.# S7-6N . (1960) . 

tonno, I. J . Jaa.n Soc . Air lbl,lnl . Janae) . A(1)s 242, (1969) . 

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325-32P . (19E2) . 

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. 

cn 

o % 

n 

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0 


lbttar, L .e afd Dockwrt6, a., Air ft21ut . Contr. Aasoe . J . . Uwe 

1S1 154. (19E3). ' 

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lrs+r ?orks Danja.in . 1965. 

br6noli 0. Ita]lan lls .isr of li.e . (ltaly) . $I 410-#19. (1961) . 

saar~.h~7`~ i.lt. . si.ona . D .A . . and Sbair. P.& . D+riron. sci . and T.cD . 

7a,e 349 -353 . (19f3) . 

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6.dtls~ R.a.are~. . 

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33osttumd . 1t ., kats Plhsio. Sesne. j~4r 314-332. (1951) . 

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Yilla . P.A. Aa.r 1 tia . D.e . 67-?0. (1973)• 

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Coad. bc. J . . (Ptsprint) 1wr York, 197I . 

Isoos . J.L . Cot. . U.A ., and C1Lic,V.L., 9mmsry 1lsnort of 

wrooo~ et. h - . Ibo tra.alars 

fsa .rcTCorpef . nn, ntrrot . A 22-69-14 . f19E9) . 

tat.iorsldi, li. . Lontrstoa.. P., and Jolniadcora . s . . Js, Phs . Cb.. . 

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61

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