Report Feasibility study organic bitter tea Cao Bang - Helvetas
Report Feasibility study organic bitter tea Cao Bang - Helvetas
Report Feasibility study organic bitter tea Cao Bang - Helvetas
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<strong>Helvetas</strong> Vietnam Swiss Association for International Cooperation<br />
CB GEM – Community based Governance, Extension and Market project in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Office: N003 Ly Tu Trong, Hop Giang Qr.,<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Town, Vietnam<br />
Tel: ++84 (0) 26 853 263 / 26 858 111, Fax: ++ 84 (0) 26 856 944<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> <strong>study</strong> for<br />
Organic Bitter Tea Production and Marketing<br />
in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Province<br />
a collaboration between CB GEM and the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter Tea Company<br />
Koen den Braber (External Consultant)<br />
Hoang Thi Thu Huong (CB GEM staff)<br />
December 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NAMES v<br />
SUMMARY vi<br />
1. INTRODUCTION 1<br />
2. BACKGROUND 1<br />
2.1. Context of <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Province 1<br />
2.2. Background information on <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> 1<br />
2.3. Current status of <strong>organic</strong> agriculture in Vietnam 3<br />
3. WHY ORGANIC BITTER TEA FROM CAO BANG 3<br />
3.1. Assessment of the Bitter Tea Market 3<br />
3.2. <strong>Feasibility</strong> <strong>study</strong> 4<br />
4. BITTER TEA VALUE CHAIN 5<br />
4.1. Supply Chain 5<br />
4.1.1. Producers 5<br />
4.1.2. Input supply 6<br />
4.1.3. Collectors 6<br />
4.1.4. Bitter <strong>tea</strong> company (BTC) 6<br />
4.2. Inputs 6<br />
4.2.1. Variety and planting material (including nursery management) 6<br />
4.2.2. Fertilizers 7<br />
4.2.3. Pesticides 7<br />
4.3. Production 8<br />
4.3.1. Field selection and preparation 8<br />
4.3.2. Collecting, yield, timing, etc. 9<br />
4.3.3. Biodiversity 9<br />
4.4. Collection and transport 10<br />
4.5. Processing 10<br />
4.6. Marketing 11<br />
5. ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND MARKETING REQUIREMENTS 16<br />
5.1. What regulations to follow when exporting? 16<br />
5.1.1. Food Safety Regulations 16<br />
5.1.2. Product traceability 17<br />
5.2. Organic regulation and procedures 17<br />
5.2.1. EU <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures 17<br />
5.2.2. Japanese <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures 18<br />
5.2.3. Korean <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures 18<br />
5.2.4. Group Certification 19<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
6. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 20<br />
6.1. Costs of external certification 20<br />
6.2. Costs of operating the ICS 20<br />
6.3. Cost - benefit analysis 21<br />
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 21<br />
7.1. Production and processing requirements 21<br />
7.2. Certification and ICS 22<br />
7.3. Market development for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> 22<br />
7.4. Conclusions 23<br />
8. ADDITIONAL LITERATURE USED 24<br />
ANNEX 1 - LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED 25<br />
ANNEX 2 - NOTES FROM DANIEL V.'s FIELD VISIT 27<br />
ANNEX 3 - MAIN ORGANIC STANDARDS CONSIDERED 31<br />
iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NAMES<br />
ACT Organic Agriculture Certification (Thailand)<br />
ADDA Agriculture Development Denmark Asia<br />
BT Bacillus thurengiensis<br />
BTC Bitter Tea Company (<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>)<br />
CB Certification Body<br />
DOST Department of Science & Technology<br />
EFA Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (Japan)<br />
EM Effective Micro-organisms<br />
EU European Union<br />
GEM Governance, Extension, Marketing project<br />
GMO Genetically Modified Organisms<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germany)<br />
ICEA Istituto per la Certificazione Etica e Ambientale (Italy)<br />
ICS Internal Control System<br />
IFOAM International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements<br />
JAS Japan Agricultural Standard<br />
MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)<br />
MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam)<br />
MDG Millennium Development Goals<br />
NAQS National Agricultural Product Quality Management Service (Korea)<br />
NPK Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Kalium (chemical fertiliser)<br />
PPSD Plant Protection Sub-Department<br />
RMA Rapid Market Assessment<br />
VND Vietnam Dong (1 USD = 16,020 VND)<br />
v
SUMMARY<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> (Ilex kaushue) is an evergreen tree species that grows in the natural forests in <strong>Cao</strong><br />
<strong>Bang</strong>. Because of its potential as a healthy and unique beverage, the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> provincial<br />
authorities started a <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantation project program and set up the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter<br />
Tea Company (BTC) for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> processing and marketing. In 2006, the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> market chain was assessed using the Rapid Market Appraisal approach (RMA) as part<br />
of a project supported by <strong>Helvetas</strong>. One of the topics of the action plan identified by the<br />
RMA is to focus on product diversification. Since some foreign companies, mainly from<br />
Korea, have shown interest in <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, <strong>Helvetas</strong> and the BTC agreed to carry out<br />
a feasibility <strong>study</strong> of <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>. An external consultant<br />
specialised in <strong>organic</strong> agriculture and certification and one <strong>Helvetas</strong> staff conducted the<br />
<strong>study</strong>. The <strong>study</strong> included a document review and a field trip to <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> (November 6-10,<br />
2007). The results of this <strong>study</strong> should then be used by the decision makers to decide if it<br />
would be worth to start a certified <strong>organic</strong> production for specifically identified markets.<br />
Technically there do not seem to be any obstacles for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production.<br />
However, a number of measures have to be taken to conform to the <strong>organic</strong> standards.<br />
Although there is no immediate demand for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (since the Korean buyer is<br />
more interested in "low chemical" than <strong>organic</strong>) it would be useful to consider conversion<br />
to <strong>organic</strong> at an early stage. Since some chemical inputs are being used in the current <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> production, a conversion period of two years has to be considered before the product<br />
can be sold as <strong>organic</strong>.<br />
Organic <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> should be seen as part of the diversification process of the BTC so that a<br />
larger variety of clients can be reached. It would therefore not be recommended to convert<br />
the entire production of the BTC to <strong>organic</strong>. It would be easiest (and most simple to<br />
manage) if for example a certain area will be converted completely and a processing unit<br />
set up there which is dedicated to the <strong>organic</strong> products. Since the processing of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is<br />
relatively simple and no expensive machinery is being used, the investment for this second<br />
processing unit would be rather low. A good area for <strong>organic</strong> production would, for<br />
example, be The Duc commune of Nguyen Binh district.<br />
In terms of certification it would be easiest to select one certification body that could<br />
provide all necessary certificates through one inspection visit. To further reduce costs a<br />
certifier with local or regional inspectors should be chosen. To eliminate the need for an<br />
inspection visit to all <strong>organic</strong> producers (and thereby greatly reducing the certification<br />
costs), a group certification system should be set up. This would require an Internal Control<br />
System (ICS), which, if managed by the BTC, would have the added advantage of<br />
providing a good tool for managing the <strong>organic</strong> supply chain and the training of farmers.<br />
Furthermore, the responsible staff of the BTC should develop a good understanding of<br />
concepts related to food safety and certification requirements. This would include <strong>organic</strong><br />
production and certification but also GAP, HACCP, etc. Secondly, the existing overseas<br />
contacts, particularly from Korea and Japan, should be approached to find out what their<br />
requirements are in terms of adherence to specific standards.<br />
To develop a market for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> it is essential to develop some <strong>organic</strong><br />
production. This will allow potential clients to check the product and its specifications.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Having some <strong>organic</strong> production (with an ICS) already will also speed up the process of<br />
certification since the conversion period could be reduced at least for the pilot area.<br />
As mentioned in section 4.6, it would be interesting to also explore the possibilities of<br />
creating some new products on the basis of (<strong>organic</strong>) <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. In many markets <strong>organic</strong><br />
products are successfully introduced as new products and not just to replace a traditional<br />
product. This could really attract new customers who would otherwise not take <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in<br />
its original form.<br />
vii
1. INTRODUCTION<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> province is known as being a poor, remote, mountainous area with 77% of its<br />
total area covered by forest. 86% of the area’s population earns its livelihood from<br />
agriculture and forestry. However, <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> has a favourable climate and forest area<br />
suited to the development of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, a high value medicinal plant.<br />
In the frame of its community based Governance, Extension, Marketing project in <strong>Cao</strong><br />
<strong>Bang</strong> (CB-GEM), <strong>Helvetas</strong> Vietnam supported the Bitter Tea Company in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> to<br />
carry out a rapid market appraisal which identified many strengths and weaknesses of the<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> market. The CB-GEM project then supported the company to establish an action<br />
plan to improve the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> market situation. One of the identified topics of this action<br />
plan is to carry out a feasibility <strong>study</strong> of <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>. The<br />
results of this <strong>study</strong> should then be used by the decision makers to decide if it would be<br />
worth or not to start a certified <strong>organic</strong> production for a specifically identified market.<br />
2. BACKGROUND<br />
2.1. Context of <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Province<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> is a mountainous province with diversified agro-ecological conditions located in<br />
the North of Vietnam. It borders China along more than 300 km. It has a total area of some<br />
6700 km², in which about 77% is covered by forested hills and low mountains (500–1000<br />
m, with some reaching 1900 m). Therefore, <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> possesses great potential for the<br />
development of natural resources and high-value agricultural and forestry products.<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> has a total population of 513,700, where ethnic minority communities make up<br />
more than 95% of the total population across seven different ethnic groups (<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
Statistics Office, 2005). It is one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam, ranked 60th in the<br />
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) index and the 50th in the poverty index out of 64<br />
provinces of Vietnam (UNDP, 2005). Agricultural production is the most important and<br />
dominant economic sector. It provides the main livelihoods of the population and it is<br />
considered that it will be the province’s economic foundation for the next 20 years (IFAD,<br />
2006).<br />
2.2. Background information on <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> is the name for a beverage obtained from various species of the plant genus Ilex.<br />
In Vietnam, <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (or "cha dang") is obtained from Ilex kaushue, which is distributed in<br />
the North of Vietnam, mainly in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> province but also in Ha Giang and a few other<br />
provinces. In China, two groups of plants were traditionally being utilized for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (or<br />
"Ku Ding Cha"): several Ilex species and the wax tree (Ligustrum robustum). Today, it is<br />
estimated that more than 90% of the Ku Ding Cha used in China is from an Ilex, mainly<br />
Ilex kudingcha (though other Ilex species, such as Ilex latifolia, may be used), while several<br />
species of Ligustrum are substituted in Sichuan Province and in Japan. (Dharmananda,<br />
2002). Both in Vietnam and China the leaves of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> are prepared and consumed in a<br />
way similar to green <strong>tea</strong>.<br />
In South America many species of Ilex are used for several popular <strong>tea</strong>-like beverages. Ilex<br />
paraguariensis is used to make yerba mate. Drinking mate with friends from a shared<br />
hollow gourd is an extremely common social practice in many South American countries<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
but also in Syria and Lebanon. Ilex guayusa is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture<br />
to the hallucinogenic <strong>tea</strong> "ayahuasca". The leaves of I. guayusa have the highest caffeine<br />
content of any known plant in the world. In North and Central America, Ilex vomitoria was<br />
used by the Native American Indians as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as the<br />
"black drink". As the name suggests, the <strong>tea</strong>'s purgative properties were one of its main<br />
uses, most often ritually. (Wikipedia)<br />
Research at the Triet Giang Agriculture University in China found that there are 16 amino<br />
acids belonging to saponin compounds in fresh <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> leaf. These amino acids strengthen<br />
the metabolic process in the human body and are closely related to the body’s nutrition<br />
structure. Other scientific investigations defined that leaves and buds from <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> contain<br />
many ingredients that can effectively:<br />
reduces blood lipid and cholesterol levels<br />
regulates blood pressure<br />
enhances bile excretion<br />
has a tranquillizer effect<br />
assists heart function, and inflammation relief<br />
has a detoxifying effect, and alcoholic toxin relief<br />
stimulates digestion<br />
have a diuretic effect<br />
In China, Ku Ding Cha has been known for hundreds of years and was first described in<br />
1765 in the "Bencao Gangmu Shiyi". One of the main growing locations for Ilex is in<br />
Guangxi Province of south-western China. The oldest Ilex tree is found growing there: it is<br />
about 30 meters high and has grown for centuries. Guangxi has about 1,400 hectare of Ilex<br />
kudingcha trees under cultivation. In 1997 an Institute was established in Guangxi to<br />
research and develop Ku Ding Cha and other local medicinal plants (Dharmananda, 2002).<br />
Ilex kaushue is an evergreen tree species that grows in the natural forests in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>. Its<br />
height varies from 20-30m and the diameter is up to 0.6m. The moist, limey and rocky<br />
mountain areas above 600m are suitable for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> growing. In 1996, Chinese buyers<br />
purchased a vast quantity of fresh <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> leaves and young branches collected from the<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> forests, and started intensive production campaigns in China oriented especially<br />
to local and export markets. In Vietnam, national and provincial researchers started<br />
investigations on the medicinal properties of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. Moreover, large cultivation and<br />
reforestation with this evergreen tree could help protect watershed areas, the soil and the<br />
environment. Since <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> has large areas of forestland and a favourable climate for<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> growing, the tree has been considered as a potential cash crop to help <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
farmers escape from poverty.<br />
The Vietnamese government, particularly the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> provincial authorities,<br />
then started with a <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantation project program (under DOST) and the<br />
opening of a factory in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> (the BTC under DOST). The province has<br />
invested in the development of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantation, processing and marketing.<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> has gradually become well-known particularly in the local<br />
market and apparently also has a high potential for the export market (EU,<br />
Japan and Korea). However, these markets have not been targeted very<br />
intensively yet, mainly because of a lack of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> supply (which does not<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
even satisfy yet the domestic market) but also because of a lack of knowledge<br />
of these markets.<br />
2.3. Current status of <strong>organic</strong> agriculture in Vietnam<br />
Although it can be said that, as in all other countries in the world, all farmers were growing<br />
crops <strong>organic</strong>ally hundred years ago, <strong>organic</strong> farming according to the international<br />
understanding is quite new to Vietnam. Around 10 years ago some foreign companies<br />
started working with local companies and farmers to grow crops <strong>organic</strong>ally for export.<br />
After many years with only a few hundred hectares under <strong>organic</strong> management, there is<br />
presently an estimated 6,475 hectares of <strong>organic</strong> land (Willer & Yussefi, 2006). However,<br />
according to additional information collected by the consultant an additional 6000 - 7000<br />
ha has not been included in the report. The main <strong>organic</strong> products are herbs such as<br />
cinnamon, star anise and ginger, fruits, <strong>tea</strong>, cashew, shrimps and basa fish. These products<br />
are certified according to the standards of the importing countries, such as Europe and the<br />
USA, and foreign certification agencies carry out the inspection and certification work.<br />
The local market has not been developed at all, although one company tried to introduce<br />
<strong>organic</strong> vegetables to consumers in Hanoi some years ago. Few international and local<br />
organizations are supporting <strong>organic</strong> agriculture (main exceptions ADDA and GTZ). The<br />
Government also has no specific policies to support the development of <strong>organic</strong> agriculture<br />
in the country and as a result there is still little attention for <strong>organic</strong> farming from research<br />
and the extension service. However, in December 2007 the Ministry of Agriculture and<br />
Rural Development (MARD) issued national basic standards for <strong>organic</strong> production, which<br />
can now be used as a reference for producers, processors and others interested in <strong>organic</strong><br />
products for the local market. MARD is planning to set up a certification system for the<br />
local market but a timeframe for this activity has not been developed yet.<br />
3. WHY ORGANIC BITTER TEA FROM CAO BANG<br />
3.1. Assessment of the Bitter Tea Market<br />
In 2006, the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> market chain was assessed using the Rapid Market<br />
Appraisal approach (RMA). The main objectives of the appraisal included:<br />
To analyse the actual state of the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> market chain;<br />
To identify appropriate intervention actions in order to improve the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> market chain;<br />
To elaborate the concrete plan for the intervention actions.<br />
The RMA estimated that <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> has a share of about 10% of the domestic<br />
market, with the majority of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> coming from China. With regards to the national<br />
production, the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter Tea Company (BTC) is the largest producer, with an<br />
annual return of around 1 billion VND per year (on a total turnover of around 4 billion<br />
VND). There are, however, also many smaller processors, who use the name (<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>)<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> while allegedly they source their <strong>tea</strong> from China. (The shape of the BTC's <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> is quite specific and very different from the shape of the Chinese <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>.)<br />
Market demand for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> started to decline in 2004. As a result, the number of BTC<br />
outlets and distributors has declined across the country. Bud <strong>tea</strong> is still in high demand but<br />
the <strong>tea</strong> bags (using cut <strong>tea</strong> leaves and left-overs from the production of bud <strong>tea</strong>) are more<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
and more difficult to sell. At the time of the feasibility <strong>study</strong> the production of <strong>tea</strong> bags was<br />
already stopped completely.<br />
According to the RMA, <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is mostly bought as a gift, with the highest demand in<br />
winter, during holidays, festivals and in particular the Tet holiday. A small group of people<br />
buys <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> for personal consumption, mainly because of its health properties.<br />
Some of the reasons for the low sales volume include the fact that consumers are not<br />
convinced about the health qualities of the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> or even have a negative feeling about<br />
the <strong>tea</strong> (since it has been reported that <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> has a negative effect on fertility and<br />
reproductive health) 1 . For the BTC in particular, the price of their products is relatively<br />
high while the packaging is not so attractive. However, despite the apparent health benefits,<br />
many people are not very interested in <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> because the product is just too <strong>bitter</strong> and<br />
they would prefer drinking green <strong>tea</strong> or some other beverage.<br />
The RMA concluded that the following solutions should be prioritised in order to improve<br />
the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> value chain:<br />
To mark the boundaries of growing materials according to cultural and<br />
ecological conditions and habits of each region;<br />
To determine the origin of the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> tree's origin;<br />
To invest in and protect existing growing areas continuously;<br />
To (set up strategies and implement research to) diversify the product;<br />
To change some products into functional products; and<br />
To design the product and its packaging in accordance with the targeted clients<br />
and in a more professional manner.<br />
(Pham, 2006).<br />
3.2. <strong>Feasibility</strong> <strong>study</strong><br />
In parallel with the RMA, <strong>Helvetas</strong> had some discussions with the BTC on activities to<br />
improve the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production and marketing. One of the topics of the action plan<br />
identified by the RMA is to focus on product diversification. Since some foreign<br />
companies, mainly from Korea, have shown interest in <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, <strong>Helvetas</strong> and the<br />
BTC agreed to carry out a feasibility <strong>study</strong> of <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>.<br />
Main objectives of the feasibility <strong>study</strong>:<br />
To review the existing <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> value chain (inputs, production, processing,<br />
marketing) by emphasising the most important topics in regard to the<br />
conversion to the <strong>organic</strong> farming system;<br />
To review the standards for <strong>organic</strong> products for some of the main markets<br />
(Japan, Korea, and EU)<br />
To make a cost benefit analysis to assess whether or not a conversion to the<br />
<strong>organic</strong> standard is profitable<br />
To analyse the changes or modification in the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> value chain (inputs,<br />
production, processing, marketing) necessary to met the standards and propose<br />
approaches and strategies on how to do it<br />
1 : A more recent <strong>study</strong> has, however, demonstrated that this in unfounded and there is no negative effect of <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> on fertility and reproductive health. (Bui and Bui, 2006)<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
An external consultant specialised in <strong>organic</strong> agriculture and certification and one <strong>Helvetas</strong><br />
staff conducted the <strong>study</strong>. The <strong>study</strong> included a document review and a field trip to <strong>Cao</strong><br />
<strong>Bang</strong> (November 6-10, 2007). The field trip, in which staff from the BTC also participated,<br />
included visits to:<br />
Nguyen Binh district: meet farmers planting <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> on sloping land, local<br />
collectors, and district authorities.<br />
Na Giang village, Ha Quang district: meet farmer households planting <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
in paddy field and on sloping land, meet Mr. Nhan – specialist on <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
Visit <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter Tea Company: meet company management and visit<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> processing workshop and nursery at Km 3, <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>.<br />
Debriefing with <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> company management and product quality<br />
management office in DOST<br />
Visit market places selling <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> and Chinese <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and interview<br />
clients<br />
Note: the visit to Dong Khe district to see the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> processing workshop and to meet<br />
farmer households planting <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in the forest was cancelled due to bad road conditions.<br />
A list of the persons met is given in Annex 1.<br />
4. BITTER TEA VALUE CHAIN<br />
4.1. Supply Chain<br />
The <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> supply chain in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> is relatively straightforward, with a limited number<br />
of actors involved. The supply chain is summarized as follows (distributors are not<br />
included since they were not part of this <strong>study</strong>):<br />
Inputs<br />
(NPK, seedlings)<br />
Producers<br />
Collectors<br />
Processing<br />
(km 3 unit)<br />
Packaging<br />
(BTC head office)<br />
4.1.1. Producers<br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> production in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> takes places throughout the entire province. A total of<br />
around 4000 households is currently producing <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, with a total area of 1380 ha..<br />
Originally, <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> was harvested from wild stands growing in the forest. However,<br />
currently production is almost entirely from cultivated <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. The older <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
gardens (around 1000 ha in the whole province) are characterised by a low density of<br />
planting, with some 3,200 trees/ha. There was not much investment in these fields and, as a<br />
result, production was low. Farmers harvested mostly leaves.<br />
In 2007 the provincial <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> project started to encourage farmers to intensify<br />
production. The density of planting was increased to 10,000 trees/ha and the level of inputs<br />
was also increased. Both seedlings and fertilisers was subsidized by the project. Farmers<br />
are now mostly harvesting buds (or better said "two leaves and a bud", just as in "normal"<br />
<strong>tea</strong>).<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Farmers from all districts in the province supply to the BTC. Focus of production is<br />
currently on three districts, in particular Nguyen Binh. Farmers are not organised but sell<br />
directly to the BTC as individuals.<br />
Total production sold to the BTC during 2007 was nearly 10 tons of fresh leaf (bud). Farm<br />
production is in the order of 1 - 1.5 ton of buds/ha/year for the low density plantings. For<br />
the high density plantings this is higher, up to 3 - 4 ton/ha/year. Prices received by the<br />
farmers from the BTC for one kg of buds is 15,000 VND/kg.<br />
4.1.2. Input supply<br />
Limited external inputs are used in <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production. From data collected in the survey<br />
it seems that these inputs (mainly chemical fertilisers and planting materials) are also<br />
almost entirely provided by the BTC. Planting materials is coming from the nursery set up<br />
as part of the provincial <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> development project. Input support to farmers is only for<br />
the first year. After that, farmers are supposed to buy all inputs at full cost price .<br />
4.1.3. Collectors<br />
Farmers deliver the <strong>tea</strong> directly to the BTC or through a collector. In each of the districts<br />
there is one collector. BTC staff estimated that 60% of the <strong>tea</strong> delivered to the company<br />
goes through the collectors.<br />
4.1.4. Bitter <strong>tea</strong> company (BTC)<br />
The BTC has a head office in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> town and a processing unit at km 3 in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>.<br />
Previously, there was also a processing unit at Dong Khe but at the time of the feasibility<br />
<strong>study</strong> this unit was being closed down and equipment was moved to the BTC head office.<br />
Processing of the <strong>tea</strong> is being done at km3, while packaging is done at the head office.<br />
The BTC collaborates with the local extension service to contact farmers and to get<br />
information which farmers are interested in planting <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. Training and other support<br />
to <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> growers is done by the BTC directly and here the extension service does not<br />
play a major role.<br />
4.2. Inputs<br />
The following section focuses on the use of inputs in the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production, with<br />
particular reference to their application under the <strong>organic</strong> standards considered for this<br />
report (EU, Japan and South Korea). This section is based on information collected during<br />
the survey as well as on data from the field visit by Daniel Valenghi to <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> in May<br />
2007 (see Annex 2). A summary of findings is given in Table 1 at the end of this chapter.<br />
4.2.1. Variety and planting material (including nursery management)<br />
There are no specific varieties for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. However, the material used by the farmers<br />
supplying to the BTC is rather uniform since it for a large part originates from the nursery<br />
set up under the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> project.<br />
Under the <strong>organic</strong> standards considered, seeds and planting material used for <strong>organic</strong><br />
production should be from <strong>organic</strong> origin. This requirement can easily be met once <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> is being grown <strong>organic</strong>ally. Nurseries could be set up that produce planting material<br />
from <strong>organic</strong>ally grown "mother" trees.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
In the current nursery a number of chemical inputs are being used. Fungicides are regularly<br />
applied to control diseases. Also, a growth hormone is being used to stimulate root<br />
formation of the cuttings taken from the "mother" plants. It could not be established<br />
whether this hormone was of a synthetic or natural origin. In <strong>organic</strong> farming natural plant<br />
hormones such as gibberellic acid (as long as it is made from the fermentation process<br />
without the use of GMOs and has not been fortified with prohibited synthetic substances),<br />
indole acetic acid (IAA), and cytokinins are generally allowed as long as they do not<br />
contain prohibited synthetic substances (WSDA, 2006). However, gibberellic acid is not<br />
allowed under the EU <strong>organic</strong> standards.<br />
4.2.2. Fertilizers<br />
During establishment of the seedlings, most farmer use chemical fertilisers (NPK) and<br />
animal manure. The BTC has the following recommendation to the farmers for the planting<br />
and establishment of seedlings:<br />
Year 1: Apply NPK and manure at planting, followed by a second NPK application<br />
later in the year<br />
Year 2: Apply NPK two times<br />
Year 3: Apply NPK two times<br />
From Year 4: Apply NPK one time + weeding<br />
The <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> project provides the NPK (5-10-3) at a subsidized rate to the farmers during<br />
the first year and farmers are expected to buy the fertiliser at the full cost price from the<br />
second year onwards. Most farmers interviewed did not continue to apply the NPK when<br />
they had to pay it fully themselves and applied manure only.<br />
In <strong>organic</strong> agriculture, synthetic (chemical) fertilisers are not allowed. Organic soil fertility<br />
management should include a variety of materials, for example compost, aged animal<br />
manure, green manure and possibly additional mineral inputs from natural sources. Mineral<br />
fertilizers may only be used as a supplement to other practices implemented to ensure longterm.<br />
Compost may be difficult to apply on sloping land but here green manures will be<br />
very effective, also to control erosion.<br />
Animal manure can only be used when it is aged or hot composted. Ageing and hot<br />
composting are normally not used for manure applied in the current <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantations.<br />
Some farmers say that their manure is composted but not by hot composting. In some<br />
cases, EM is used in the composting. EM is allowed in <strong>organic</strong> but not an essential input.<br />
4.2.3. Pesticides<br />
Some farmers use insecticides (Trebon, Bassa) to control pests in the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantations.<br />
Pests targeted were aphids and some kind of leaf rolling caterpillar. Diseases do not seem<br />
to pose a problem in the field, but fungicides are regularly applied to control diseases in the<br />
nursery. One farmer was observed to have used a herbicide in his <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantation.<br />
In <strong>organic</strong> agriculture, chemical plant protection chemicals are prohibited. Organic pest and<br />
disease management should be based on growing a healthy crop and the application of a<br />
variety of preventive measures. In emergency situations, botanicals or biological sprays<br />
could be used, for example Bacillus thurengiensis (BT) against caterpillars.<br />
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4.3. Production<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
4.3.1. Field selection and preparation<br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> is normally planted as a single crop in a field. Sometimes, maize is grown among<br />
the small <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plants during the first year. In cases where other crops are grown in the<br />
same field as the <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, then these other crops should also be grown <strong>organic</strong>ally.<br />
Most farmers have also other crops then <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and these normally grow in separate<br />
fields. In these other crops (rice, maize, fruit trees, vegetables) farmers commonly use some<br />
chemical inputs, such as urea fertilizer and pesticides, although the level of use is not very<br />
high. The use of chemicals in these fields could contaminate the <strong>organic</strong> fields.<br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> fields with adjacent rice fields. Use of chemicals in the rice field would pose contamination risk to <strong>organic</strong><br />
production of the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. (Picture left at The Duc, Nguyen Binh. Picture right at Nam Tuan, Hoa An.)<br />
According to the <strong>organic</strong> standards, if prohibited substances are used on adjacent fields, the<br />
<strong>organic</strong> field must have a buffer area to prevent chemical contamination. Since most of the<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> field observed during the survey are quite large, this requirement should not pose<br />
any problems, except that farmers may have to cut down some <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> trees that are too<br />
close to the field border. Alternatively, farmers could always decide to stop using<br />
chemicals also in their other fields.<br />
Another important aspect of <strong>organic</strong> production is the prohibition of parallel production,<br />
which means that it is not allowed for a farmer to grow a crop in one field <strong>organic</strong>ally and<br />
in another field with chemicals. The emphasis is on the field, which means that even when<br />
a crop is grown <strong>organic</strong>ally but other crops in<br />
the same field not, then this plot cannot be<br />
considered as <strong>organic</strong>. Therefore, farmers<br />
should not be allowed to convert only part of<br />
their <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. If they convert, they should<br />
convert all their plots with <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and, where<br />
applicable, grow all the crops in those plots<br />
<strong>organic</strong>ally.<br />
Clearing primary forest for <strong>organic</strong> farming is<br />
prohibited as well as the burning of stalks,<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
straw and other materials. During the survey, it was observed in one plot that trees were cut<br />
to plant <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and that the field was burned. (See picture on the right.)<br />
No forest should be cut for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> planting and burning should not be practised.<br />
Available plant material should be composted or used as mulch.<br />
Farmers in The Duc commune of Nguyen Binh district mentioned that in their commune a<br />
lot of land was available for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> planting. The soil in large areas of the commune is<br />
too poor to grow food crops but still suitable for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. However, it was also noted that<br />
there is now not enough maize in the commune because the land is used for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. To<br />
compensate for the loss of income from maize farmers now have to go and work sifting soil<br />
in the gold mine.<br />
Two remarks have to be made here. First is that <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> planting should not go at the cost<br />
of planting food crops. Although there is no <strong>organic</strong> standards specifically forbidding this<br />
practices, it is definitely against the spirit of <strong>organic</strong> production. Therefore, care should be<br />
taken in selecting what land to use for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> planting. Secondly, the river that flows past<br />
the gold mine and through the commune seems very polluted. This river is a major source<br />
for irrigation of the commune. No water samples were taken during the survey but the<br />
water is very muddy and full with soil. Farmers also said that the water is very polluted. If<br />
this water is to be used for irrigating <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, it should be tested and not contain<br />
any contaminants in the form of heavy metals, pesticides or other chemicals.<br />
4.3.2. Collecting, yield, timing, etc.<br />
Farmers collect buds by hands regularly during the year. Farmers interviewed said that they<br />
use new bags (bought in the market) to bring the <strong>tea</strong> to the BTC. There is almost no storage<br />
at the farm since the <strong>tea</strong> has to be at the processing unit within 24 hours after plucking.<br />
Bags and container used for transporting and storing <strong>organic</strong> product must be clean or new.<br />
Synthetic fertilizer bags are not allowed.<br />
4.3.3. Biodiversity<br />
Bitter <strong>tea</strong> is originally a plant from the forest. However, cultivated <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is mostly<br />
grown as a monocrop. Conservation of biodiversity is an important aspect of <strong>organic</strong><br />
production, although few regulations have specific rules on how to conserve biodiversity.<br />
However, the IFOAM Basic Standards (which serves as the reference for many national<br />
and private <strong>organic</strong> standards) requires relevant measures to be taken for the provision and<br />
improvement of biodiversity.<br />
Improving biodiversity should, however,<br />
not only be seen as a requirement for<br />
<strong>organic</strong> farming alone, but also as<br />
something to enhance the "natural" image of<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> which may be appreciated by a<br />
number of customers. (As already expressed<br />
to the BTC by a Japanese company<br />
interested in buying <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> from <strong>Cao</strong><br />
<strong>Bang</strong>.)<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
In South America, <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (mate) specialists claim that the taste of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> grown under<br />
shade in the rainforest is much better than <strong>tea</strong> made from plants grown in full sunlight as it<br />
has more flavour, vitality and nutrition (www.guayaki.com, accessed December 8, 2007).<br />
Biological diversity could be improved through the use of various practices, such as:<br />
Establishment or preservation of non-agricultural areas, such as hedgerows and<br />
woodlands, adjacent to or adjoining the <strong>organic</strong> field;<br />
The planting of plants, adjacent to or between cropped areas, that provide<br />
habitat for beneficial organisms;<br />
Introduction of diverse species into any field or farm parcel planted with a<br />
perennial crop;<br />
Cover cropping; and<br />
Soil building practices.<br />
Good examples for enhancing biodiversity would be growing a green manure in the <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> field (which is also beneficial for maintaining soil fertility) or to plant <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in a<br />
banana field as done by one farmer visited during the survey.<br />
(See picture.)<br />
4.4. Collection and transport<br />
Farmers bring <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> to the factory themselves or through a collector. In some situations,<br />
staff of the BTC will come to the farmer's house to pick up the <strong>tea</strong>.<br />
As described by one collector the process is as follows: Farmers bring <strong>tea</strong> in the afternoon,<br />
the leaves will be taken out of the bags and put in a layer on the bed (to keep the <strong>tea</strong> cool),<br />
the following morning the <strong>tea</strong> will be packed in bags again and put on the bus for<br />
transportation to the factory.<br />
Farmers use their motorbike for transportation or send the <strong>tea</strong> by bus. The collectors also<br />
mostly make use of the bus service to bring the <strong>tea</strong> to the factory and there is no control<br />
over what is happening during transportation.<br />
Bag and container used for transporting and storing <strong>organic</strong> product must be clean or new.<br />
Synthetic fertilizer bags are not allowed. Care should be taken that during transportation<br />
the <strong>organic</strong> products are not contaminated or mixed with non-<strong>organic</strong> products. As<br />
mentioned under 4.2.3 farmers could use new bags for transporting the <strong>tea</strong>. However,<br />
transportation by bus is risky since there is no control over what happens with the <strong>tea</strong><br />
during the time on the bus or during loading and unloading.<br />
Materials used in or produce from <strong>organic</strong> production must not be stored in the same area<br />
as materials/produce from conventional production. Therefore, appropriate measures<br />
should be taken to avoid mixing in the case when a collector handles both <strong>organic</strong> and non<strong>organic</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong>.<br />
4.5. Processing<br />
The processing of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is quite a simple process. It includes the following steps:<br />
Washing of leaves and cleaning out bad quality leaves<br />
Boiling of the leaves in a wok<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Drying in the open air (for up to 4 days, until dry enough)<br />
Spraying water on the leaves (so that it can be rolled)<br />
Rolling (by hand)<br />
Drying<br />
Quality check (remove badly shaped or coloured <strong>tea</strong><br />
No additives are used in the process, which will make the processing conform to most<br />
<strong>organic</strong> standards.<br />
However, basic sanitation of the<br />
processing unit is limited. Besides, there<br />
is a risk of contamination from the outside<br />
environment. Most of the steps in the<br />
processing take place in the open air and<br />
there is a risk of contamination with dust<br />
and dirt. Also, motorbikes of staff are<br />
parked right next to the drying area, which<br />
also poses a risk. This problem could<br />
easily be solved with some investments to<br />
create separated drying areas, use of<br />
drying tables, etc.<br />
In <strong>organic</strong> production and processing care should be taken not to mix <strong>organic</strong> and non<strong>organic</strong><br />
products in case the processing unit processes both products. The simplest solution<br />
would be to set up a separate processing unit just for the <strong>organic</strong>. Alternatively, one has to<br />
create separate storing areas for <strong>organic</strong> and non-<strong>organic</strong> and to create a system to<br />
physically separate processing of the <strong>organic</strong> and non-<strong>organic</strong> materials, for example by<br />
processing them on separate days. However, this would require the routine cleaning of all<br />
equipment and machinery before starting the processing of the <strong>organic</strong> batches.<br />
4.6. Marketing<br />
Currently, the BTC sells almost exclusively bud <strong>tea</strong>. The production of <strong>tea</strong> bags and instant<br />
<strong>tea</strong> have stopped due to the lack of a market. Organic production is one way to diversify the<br />
product range offered by the BTC through which a larger range of customers could be<br />
reached. Organic <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is already being offered by some Chinese companies as well as<br />
from South America (mate). There are several companies selling <strong>tea</strong> through the internet.<br />
One of these companies offers an <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> from China for 26 USD/lb (or around<br />
57 USD/kg) (www.twohills<strong>tea</strong>.com, accessed on November 23, 2007). Below are some<br />
pictures of <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>s from China sold in the USA:<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
However, it would be interesting to also explore the possibilities of creating some new<br />
products on the basis of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and this could be especially interesting when combined<br />
with the <strong>organic</strong> product. In many markets <strong>organic</strong> products are successfully introduced as<br />
new products and not just to replace a traditional product. This could really attract new<br />
customers who would otherwise not take <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in its original form.<br />
The South American mate <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is sold <strong>organic</strong>ally by one company both in flavoured<br />
form and traditional (unflavoured). Mate is commonly flavoured with mint, orange and<br />
grapefruit skin, etc. Tereré is an infusion similar to mate but prepared with cold water<br />
(rather than with hot water). The vast majority of people in Paraguay take their tereré with<br />
water infused remedial herbs such as mint or lemongrass. When not prepared with plain<br />
cold water, citrus or pineapple fruit juices are usually used (http://en.wikipedia.org/,<br />
accessed November 16, 2007).<br />
Examples of other interesting products are "Materva", a mate soft drink produced with<br />
herbs and <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> chewing gum from the China Hangzhou Tearrow Foodstuff Company.<br />
The Materva Soft Drink Company was founded in Matanzas, Cuba, in 1920. There is also a<br />
diet brand called Diet Materva.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Table 1. Assessment of improvements to be made to comply with <strong>organic</strong> standards in comparison with the current situation<br />
Applicable Organic Standard Current Situation Improvement to be made<br />
1. Synthetic fertilizers are prohibited. NPK is being used by farmers who planted <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> in their fields as well as in the nursery<br />
2. Chemical plant protection chemicals are<br />
prohibited.<br />
Some farmers use insecticides (Trebon, Bassa) to<br />
control pests in the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantations.<br />
Fungicides are regularly applied to control<br />
diseases in the nursery. One farmer was observed<br />
to have used a herbicide in his <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
plantation.<br />
3. Synthetic hormone is prohibited. A rooting hormone is used in the nursery. It<br />
could not be established whether this hormone is<br />
of a synthetic origin.<br />
4. Farmer must maintain records of sources of<br />
all farm inputs as well as of harvested<br />
products. Records include sales records.<br />
Annual production plans are also required..<br />
5. Parallel production is not allowed: crops in<br />
<strong>organic</strong> fields must be different from crops in<br />
conventional fields.<br />
6. If prohibited substances are used on adjacent<br />
fields, the <strong>organic</strong> field must have a buffer<br />
area to prevent chemical contamination.<br />
At present, farmers do not keep any records.<br />
However, the BTC has a quite detailed system<br />
for keeping records of farmers it is supporting<br />
with establishing new plantations.<br />
Most farmers grow <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> as monoculture,<br />
with a limited number of plots.<br />
Many <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantations border fields with<br />
maize, vegetables or rice. Especially in rice and<br />
vegetables chemical fertilisers and pesticides are<br />
being used.<br />
- 13 -<br />
Soil fertility management should include a<br />
variety of materials for example compost, aged<br />
animal manure, green manure and possibly<br />
additional mineral inputs from natural sources.<br />
Compost may be difficult to apply on sloping<br />
land but here green manures will be very<br />
effective, also to control erosion<br />
Organic pest and disease management should be<br />
based on growing a healthy crop and the<br />
application of a variety of preventive measures.<br />
In emergency situation, BT could be used against<br />
caterpillars.<br />
Seedling production without use of synthetic<br />
growth hormone should be studied.<br />
Once farmers start <strong>organic</strong> conversion, they<br />
should start to keep records. BTC's current<br />
system of record keeping could provide good<br />
basis for and ICS.<br />
Farmers should not be allowed to convert only<br />
part of their <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. If they convert, they<br />
should convert all their plots with <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>.<br />
Farmers should create buffer zones and plant<br />
border crops where required.
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
7. Clearing primary forest for <strong>organic</strong> farming In one plot it was observed that trees were cut to No forest should be cut for <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> planting<br />
is prohibited.<br />
plant <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>.<br />
8. All farm inputs containing GMOs are<br />
prohibited.<br />
This appears not to be a big issue. None at the moment.<br />
9. If available, <strong>organic</strong> seed and plant material Not an issue at present. Once <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is being grown <strong>organic</strong>ally, plant<br />
should be used.<br />
material can be taken from these trees.<br />
10. Organic fertilizers should include a variety of Presently only manure is being used by most Organic fertilisers used in <strong>organic</strong> production<br />
materials for example compost, aged animal farmers.<br />
should include compost, green manures, animal<br />
manure, green manure and possibly<br />
manure, mulches and, in certain situations,<br />
additional mineral inputs from natural<br />
sources.<br />
allowed mineral fertilisers.<br />
11. Animal manure can only be used when it is Ageing and hot composting are normally not All animal manure should go through an aging or<br />
aged or hot composted. When manure is not used for manure applied in the plantations. Some hot composting process. (Hot composting would<br />
composted before use, it should be applied at farmers say manure is composted (but not by hot be easier to check and manage.)<br />
least 120 days before harvesting.<br />
composting). In some cases, EM is used for the<br />
composting.<br />
12. Burning of stalks and straw is prohibited. Although this was not observed during the <strong>study</strong>,<br />
it is a common practise among Vietnamese<br />
farmers.<br />
Just follow the rule.<br />
13. Night soil and urban compost are prohibited. Not an issue at the moment. Just follow the rule.<br />
14. For brought-in poultry (ducks, chicken and Some farmers buy in poultry manure from Since in Vietnam there is no commercial free-<br />
birds) manure only the manure from poultry outside.<br />
range poultry production, this means that it is not<br />
raised in free-range farms is allowed.<br />
possible to use poultry manure from outside<br />
sources.<br />
15. Farmer must have measures to prevent top No particular measures against erosion are In areas sensitive to erosion, hedgerows could be<br />
soil erosion and soil salination.<br />
currently being taken.<br />
planted.<br />
16. Measures shall be taken for the provision and Bitter <strong>tea</strong> mostly planted as a single crop. For example, grow green manure in <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
improvement of landscape and biodiversity<br />
fields, grow <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> with other crop, such as<br />
banana, or plant hedgerows and border crops.<br />
17. Bag and container used for transporting and Farmers visited used new bags. However, Establishing processing unit close to production<br />
- 14 -
storing <strong>organic</strong> product must be clean or new.<br />
Synthetic fertilizer bags are not allowed.<br />
18. Materials used in or produce from <strong>organic</strong><br />
production must not be stored in the same<br />
area as materials/produce from conventional<br />
production<br />
19. Spraying of prohibited pesticides in storage is<br />
prohibited.<br />
transport itself is mostly by bus and farmer has<br />
no control over what is happening during<br />
transportation.<br />
Not an issue at the moment.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
site makes it possible for producers to deliver<br />
themselves so that the process can be controlled.<br />
Set up separate processing unit for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>tea</strong> or<br />
create separate storage areas for <strong>organic</strong> and non<strong>organic</strong><br />
when only one processing unit used for<br />
both.
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
5. ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND MARKETING REQUIREMENTS<br />
One of the observations of the survey was that the BTC has a limited understanding of the<br />
requirements and standards related to food safety in overseas markets, including <strong>organic</strong><br />
production. The reason for this survey was an apparent interest from a Korean buyer in<br />
<strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. However, during our interview with the BTC management it became<br />
clear that this was merely an interest in "clean" production, not in <strong>organic</strong>. This confusion<br />
was caused because the BTC management was of the impression that "clean" production<br />
(which is production with limited use of chemicals) was similar to <strong>organic</strong> production.<br />
Therefore, before going into more detail on the requirements for <strong>organic</strong> production, some<br />
more general information will be given on international for food safety regulations;<br />
5.1. What regulations to follow when exporting?<br />
When exporting agricultural products, either as raw material or processed, to another<br />
country the exporter has to be aware of two main areas where the importing country will<br />
have regulations for the exporter to follow. The first are food safety regulations and the<br />
second requirements on product traceability (FAO, 2007). For the main markets,<br />
European Union, Japan and Korea, which are considered for this report these regulations<br />
are compulsory and have to be followed by exporters or producers who want to sell their<br />
products into these markets. These are the basic regulations to follow for any product to be<br />
exported.<br />
On top of these compulsory standards, additional requirements will apply when the<br />
exporter wants to sell the product under a specific label required in the importing country,<br />
such as <strong>organic</strong> or "low pesticide". These standards are usually called voluntary standards<br />
since they only need to be followed in case an exporter wants to sell under that specific<br />
label (FAO, 2007). Voluntary standards are normally specific for a country. For example,<br />
Korea has a label for "low pesticide" products but a similar label does not exist in the EU<br />
nor are there any international "low pesticide" standards. Also, there is no system for<br />
recognition between "low pesticide" standards of different countries that have such<br />
standards, for example between Vietnam's "safe" vegetables standards and the Korean "low<br />
pesticides" standards. On the other hand, Korea, Japan and the EU have standards for<br />
<strong>organic</strong> products but these are not the same for the three countries. However, there exist<br />
some system for mutual recognition of <strong>organic</strong> certificates between the different countries.<br />
5.1.1. Food Safety Regulations<br />
Producers need to ensure the quality and safety of their produce and avoid all potential<br />
hazards such as risks from contaminated water or from other microbial or chemical<br />
contaminants. Regulations on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides an<br />
herbicides are effective both at national and international levels. Producers and exporters<br />
must comply with both the regulations of their own country (in this case Vietnam) and the<br />
regulations of importing countries. They may only use chemicals that are registered for use<br />
on a particular crop and must strictly follow the directions indicated in the instructions<br />
leaflet or on their containers (boxes and bottles) (FAO, 2007).<br />
In the European Union, there are now common limits for many pesticides that apply to the<br />
entire European Union. However, for some pesticides the residue limits vary from country<br />
to country. Each country verifies that regulations are met (usually through the Ministry of<br />
Agriculture) at its point of entry. When European Union countries have not set up<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
maximum limits, exporters are required to obtain an import tolerance. It should be noted<br />
that the EU continues to lower the maximum limits of pesticide residues permitted in<br />
products (FAO, 2007).<br />
In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Environmental Department<br />
are responsible for establishing and testing residue limits. These limits are based on the<br />
Food Sanitation Law (FAO, 2007).<br />
5.1.2. Product traceability<br />
In response to recent problems about food safety (e.g. mad cow disease) and global<br />
terrorism, many governments are increasing control over all stages of food production,<br />
processing and distribution to protect consumers against the biological, chemical and<br />
environmental contamination of food. Traceability (product tracing) is the ability to follow<br />
the movement of food through specified stages of production, processing and distribution.<br />
They also enable efficient recall in case of the products' contamination. Furthermore, they<br />
help determine the origin of a food safety problem, comply with legal requirements and<br />
meet consumers' expectations for the safety and quality of purchased products (FAO,<br />
2007).<br />
The EU regulations on traceability entered into force in January 2005. In order to comply<br />
with these rules, it is important that EU importers identify the origin of products. As a<br />
consequence, the latter could require exporters to comply with traceability requirements<br />
even if the exporter in trading partner countries are not legally required to fulfil the<br />
traceability requirement imposed within the EU. No traceability requirements for exporters<br />
exist in Japan yet (FAO, 2007).<br />
5.2. Organic regulation and procedures<br />
5.2.1. EU <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures<br />
In 1991 the EU passed a regulation about <strong>organic</strong> farming. This regulation EEC Regulation<br />
2092/91 contains the legal provisions regarding farming, labelling and monitoring of<br />
<strong>organic</strong> farming for the whole European Community. The Regulation provides the basic<br />
standard for <strong>organic</strong> plant and livestock production and, at the same time creates specific<br />
requirements regarding farming, processing and importation from third countries. All farms<br />
and processing units are submitted, at least once a year, to a programmed inspection. As<br />
well, unannounced random inspections are carried out. The costs of inspection and<br />
certification are to be paid by the company requesting the service.<br />
A European logo for <strong>organic</strong> products exists since February 2000.<br />
However, the use of this label is not mandatory and for now is still not<br />
commonly used.<br />
If an operator in a country outside the EU wants to export <strong>organic</strong><br />
products to the EU, then a certification body (CB) must perform on-site inspections. In the<br />
case of Vietnam, where local <strong>organic</strong> certification bodies do not exist, an international<br />
certifier has to be selected. This could either be one based in Europe or one with a branch<br />
office in Vietnam. Currently, there is only one CB with an office in Vietnam, while several<br />
other CBs use local or regional inspectors.<br />
The EU does not have specific environmental or "low pesticide" food labels and<br />
regulations (although some regulations exist at the national level of the individual EU<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
member states). However, major EU importers are increasingly using more general food<br />
safety regulations, such as EurepGAP.<br />
5.2.2. Japanese <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures<br />
Environmentally friendly agriculture (EFA) is a concept used in<br />
Japan. It encompasses more than <strong>organic</strong> agriculture and this, to<br />
some extend, creates some confusion. The total of EFA certified<br />
farms comprises 22 % of all farm households in Japan. In 2002, <strong>organic</strong> farmers accredited<br />
under the Japan Agricultural Standard law represented only 0.7 % of EFA farmers.<br />
Organic regulations took effect in Japan from 2001. The regulation was revised in 2005<br />
and this new regulation became effective on March 01, 2006. Organic production is<br />
regulated as part of the new Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS) under MAFF.<br />
Standards are very similar to the EU standards, with main exception of the list of permitted<br />
products. One specific, and very important, requirement of JAS is for a "Grading Manager"<br />
who acts as quality assurance manager. Grading means that prior to authorizing the use of<br />
the JAS seal the person in charge (the Grading Manager) checks that for the respective lot<br />
the <strong>organic</strong> standards and internal instructions were followed. The result of this verification<br />
has to be documented in a checklist, which has to be filed during at least one year. Like the<br />
person responsible for production, the grading manager has to attend a JAS seminar, prior<br />
to first JAS inspection (www.ceres-cert.com/en_jas.html, accessed on October 15, 2007).<br />
MAFF officially recognized the equivalence of EU regulation (EEC) 2092/91 with JAS<br />
standards. Due to this agreement on equivalence, JAS certification can be issued without<br />
additional inspection when the operator is already EU certified. (This process is called "recertification").<br />
However, the JAS certificate should be issued by a certifier, which is<br />
accredited by MAFF.<br />
5.2.3. Korean <strong>organic</strong> regulations and procedures<br />
The Korean <strong>organic</strong> labelling system for fresh produce and grains is called<br />
“environmentally friendly” with four variations of an <strong>organic</strong> seal. The first is Organic<br />
(green), Transitional (light green), No Chemicals (blue), and Low Chemicals (orange).<br />
In terms of inspection and certification, there is an important difference whether a raw<br />
material/fresh product or a processed product is being imported into Korea.<br />
Organic raw materials need to be inspected in the country of production by a Korean<br />
inspector, foreign certifications are not accepted. The applying company pays all expenses<br />
for the inspector to travel to the farm. However, the applicant can be the importer and not<br />
necessarily the producer. The certification lasts one year and the time frame to receive<br />
certification is one to two months after the application is received (Llandry, 2004).<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
For a processed product, the determination as to whether the product meets the Korean<br />
standards may be based on a certificate issued by an organization, which satisfies the<br />
qualifications to be a certifying entity under the relevant regulations of:<br />
a) the exporting country, or<br />
b) a reliable organization certified by a recognized international body, such as IFOAM.<br />
In the case of Vietnam, the second option would be the only one applicable.<br />
5.2.4. Group Certification<br />
Organic certification norms and regulations, e.g. the EU regulation, requires an annual<br />
inspection visit of every producer. However, for most smallholders in developing countries,<br />
it is impossible to pay for annual inspection visits by a foreign certification body (IFOAM,<br />
2004).<br />
To cope with this situation, smallholders in developing countries in co-operation with<br />
certification bodies have been developing systems to assure compliance to <strong>organic</strong><br />
standards for producers as a group. Different forms of quality assurance systems of smallholder<br />
groups have developed over time with respect to the nature of the operation and<br />
size, ranging from tens to thousands of individual producers. The systems have in common<br />
the following aspects (IFOAM, 2004):<br />
A central body responsible for marketing and the group's compliance to<br />
applicable standards: (This body can be the buyer, processor, or self organized<br />
cooperative/association.)<br />
One single certification for all individual production as well as processing and<br />
handling activities registered within the group. Individual operators within the<br />
group may not use the certification independently.<br />
Group members operate under contractual or binding membership requirements<br />
specifying the commitment to comply with applicable <strong>organic</strong> standards and<br />
permit inspection, etc.<br />
Presence of an internal control system (ICS), operated by the responsible<br />
central body or an external body contracted by the central body. The ICS<br />
normally maintains files on all members of the group and inspect each<br />
member's operation at least once a year. A list of all individual member<br />
producers is available.<br />
The ICS has two important components:<br />
Training the producers and anyone else who is responsible for processing or<br />
handling the <strong>organic</strong> product in their responsibilities for maintaining the<br />
<strong>organic</strong> integrity of the crop, and<br />
Setting in place the systems for measuring and inspecting the farmers,<br />
processors and handlers compliance to the <strong>organic</strong> standards.<br />
With an ICS in place, the external inspection process is then focused on evaluating the<br />
operation of the ICS and the inspection of a sample of farms not each individual farm<br />
(generally only 10% of the farmers in the group is inspected) as well as processing<br />
facilities.<br />
Coupled with an annual inspection of the operation cum evaluation of the ICS, group<br />
certification thus offers two tiers of control as opposed to just an external annual inspection<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
visit. Furthermore, the flow of produce from individual producers is under greater control<br />
with centralised marketing as a group (IFOAM, 2004).<br />
Several ICS have been set up in Vietnam already, for example by the <strong>tea</strong> company Ecolink.<br />
This ICS includes over 200 farmers as well as a processing unit and several warehouses for<br />
<strong>tea</strong> storage. One staff of Ecolink is assigned to manage the ICS, while the ICS inspectors<br />
are government staff (from PPSD or extension service) that do the ICS inspections on a<br />
part-time basis. However, Ecolink is responsible for arranging training for these ICS<br />
inspectors. Some NGOs in Vietnam, such as ADDA, can provide training and assistance in<br />
setting up an ICS.<br />
6. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS<br />
6.1. Costs of external certification<br />
The cost of certification generally consist of two parts, the first is the certification fee<br />
(based on the kind of certificate needed) and the second the actual cost for the inspection. If<br />
several certificates are required (for example, both EU and JAS) it is most economic to<br />
select one certification body that can issue both certificates through one inspection visit.<br />
Recently, a regional CB (ACT Thailand) set up collaboration with a well-established<br />
European CB (ICEA Italy), which offers a very interesting menu of certification options to<br />
operators in South East Asia, i.e. IFOAM Accredited and BioSuisse certification through<br />
ACT as well as EU, NOP and JAS certification through ICEA.<br />
The cost for certification though this arrangement ranges between 350 and 450 Euro,<br />
depending on the certificate required. The two partners also give a discount if more than<br />
one certificate is requested. Based on the certificate needed there could be some additional<br />
costs, for example for samples to be analysed for chemicals (300 Euro per sample). Total<br />
cost for three certificates: EU (direct) 400 Euro, JAS 440 Euro, Korea (through ACT<br />
private standards) 350 Euro. Total: 1190 Euro - 20% = 950 Euro, plus 300 Euro for the<br />
sample. Total costs 1250 Euro.<br />
Inspection fees are 150 Euro per day per inspector, plus all local and international travel<br />
and food and lodging. With 100 producers there are 10 producers to be inspected plus the<br />
processing unit (3 days), plus 1 day for ICS check. Adding 2 days for travelling to <strong>Cao</strong><br />
<strong>Bang</strong> makes a total of 6 days or 900 Euro (6 x 150 Euro). Finally, we need to add the travel<br />
from <strong>Bang</strong>kok (300 USD) as well as food and lodging for 6 days (240 USD, 6 days @ 40<br />
USD/day).<br />
Adding the costs for certification (1250 Euro or 1750 USD) and the inspection (900 Euro<br />
or 1260 USD) and the travel, food and lodging (540 USD) gives a total of 3,550 USD.<br />
(Please note that the current exchange rate of Euro to US dollar is quite unfavourable.)<br />
6.2. Costs of operating the ICS<br />
There are initial funds required for setting up the ICS and training producers, ICS<br />
personnel and inspectors. However, since most of the costs, including for trainers, are local,<br />
total funding needs are not high. An estimated initial expenditure of 500 - 1000 US dollar<br />
may be needed, which could maybe be requested from <strong>Helvetas</strong> or provincial funding.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Once the ICS has been set up, the annual running costs are mostly limited to payments for<br />
personnel and travel. When the ICS is being managed by the BTC, staff costs will be<br />
minimal and the only costs will be the fee for the inspectors. When working with local ICS<br />
inspectors travel costs will also be quite limited. The requirement for the number of visits<br />
to each farmer in the ICS is normally two per year.<br />
The operation of the ICS should in principle be funded out of the additional income from<br />
sales of <strong>organic</strong> products, unless there is a general fund available for training activities or<br />
so. Farmers could also contribute to the operation of the ICS. Ecolink, for example, has the<br />
agreement with its producers that they pay 5% of the price of the <strong>tea</strong> bought by Ecolink to<br />
the ICS.<br />
6.3. Cost - benefit analysis<br />
Since there are no market data available for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>, the cost benefit analysis was<br />
made using a different approach. In discussion with the BTC, the director remarked that the<br />
Korean company interested in the (clean) <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> was willing to buy 1 ton for a price of<br />
250,000 VND/kg. However, the BTC was negotiating for a price of 300,000 VND/kg. So<br />
let us assume a premium of 50,000 VND/kg: possible for a better product, including<br />
<strong>organic</strong>. For an order of 1000 kg, this premium would generate an additional income of 50<br />
million VND or 3,100 US dollar. In section 6.1 the total costs for certification and<br />
inspection were estimated to be 3,550 US dollar annually.<br />
The break-even point for the cost of certification is as follows:<br />
1. With the three certificates required and at the current Euro - US Dollar exchange rate of<br />
1.40, the amount of <strong>tea</strong> required to recover the cost of certification would be 1,140 kg.<br />
2. When only two certificates would be required, for example only the Japanese and the<br />
Korean, then the break-even point would be at 995 kg.<br />
3. When the exchange rate would change in favour of the US dollar (for example, to 1.20)<br />
then the break-even point for three certificates would be at 1,000 kg.<br />
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS<br />
7.1. Production and processing requirements<br />
Although there is no immediate demand for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (since the Korean buyer is<br />
more interested in "low chemical" than <strong>organic</strong>) it would be useful to consider conversion<br />
to <strong>organic</strong> at an early stage. Since a variety of chemical inputs is being used in the current<br />
<strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production, one has to consider a conversion period of some two years before the<br />
product can be sold as <strong>organic</strong>. However, during the conversion period all <strong>organic</strong><br />
requirements already have to be met.<br />
Technically there do not seem to be any obstacles for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production. As<br />
discussed in Chapter 4 a number of measures have to be taken to conform to the <strong>organic</strong><br />
standards.<br />
Organic <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> should be seen as part of the diversification process of the BTC so that a<br />
larger variety of clients can be reached. It would therefore not be recommended to convert<br />
the entire production of the BTC to <strong>organic</strong>. Thus, a system has to be developed to manage<br />
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two types of production without threatening the integrity of the <strong>organic</strong> production. As<br />
mentioned in Chapter 4 no farmer should be allowed to convert only part of his/her <strong>bitter</strong><br />
<strong>tea</strong> production. However, managing two production systems will be most critical at the<br />
processing level.<br />
It would be easiest (and most simple to manage) if for example a certain area will be<br />
converted completely and a processing unit set up there which is dedicated to the <strong>organic</strong><br />
products. Since the processing of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> is relatively simple and no expensive machinery<br />
is being used, the investment for this second processing unit would be rather low.<br />
A good area for <strong>organic</strong> production would, for example, be The Duc commune of Nguyen<br />
Binh district. There currently are 98 farmers registered with the BTC here and production<br />
conditions are quite similar among these farmers making it very suitable for setting up an<br />
ICS. Commune authorities are also quite positive about the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> project and seem to be<br />
supportive to the idea of <strong>organic</strong> production. A small processing unit could be set up in the<br />
commune that is dedicated to <strong>organic</strong> processing. This number of producers will allow for<br />
the production of reasonably sized batches of <strong>tea</strong> (one ton). A processing unit close to the<br />
producers would also make it possible for the producers to bring their <strong>tea</strong> directly and<br />
personally to the processing unit, eliminating the use of the bus services during which there<br />
cannot be any control over what happened with the <strong>tea</strong>.<br />
7.2. Certification and ICS<br />
In terms of certification it would be easiest to select one certification body that could<br />
provide all necessary certificates through one inspection visit. To reduce costs a certifier<br />
with local or regional inspectors should be chosen. To eliminate the need for an inspection<br />
visit to all <strong>organic</strong> producers (and thereby greatly reducing the costs for certification), a<br />
group certification system should be set up. This would require setting up an ICS, which<br />
would have the additional advantage of providing an excellent tool for managing the<br />
<strong>organic</strong> supply chain, including the training of farmers.<br />
7.3. Market development for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
First of all, the responsible staff of the BTC should develop a good understanding of<br />
concepts related to food safety and certification requirements. This would include <strong>organic</strong><br />
production and certification but also GAP, HACCP, etc. Secondly, the existing overseas<br />
contacts, particularly from Korea and Japan, should be approached to find out what their<br />
requirements are.<br />
To develop a market for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> it is essential to develop some <strong>organic</strong><br />
production. This will allow potential clients to check the product and its specifications.<br />
Having some <strong>organic</strong> production (with an ICS) already will also speed up the process of<br />
certification since the conversion period could be reduced at least for the pilot area.<br />
As mentioned in section 4.6, it would be interesting to also explore the possibilities of<br />
creating some new products on the basis of (<strong>organic</strong>) <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. In many markets <strong>organic</strong><br />
products are successfully introduced as new products and not just to replace a traditional<br />
product. This could really attract new customers who would otherwise not take <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in<br />
its original form.<br />
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7.4. Conclusions<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
The key conclusion from the feasibility <strong>study</strong> is that there is excellent potential for the<br />
production of <strong>organic</strong>ally certified <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>.<br />
BTC management and local authorities, through the DOST, appear to be very supportive to<br />
<strong>organic</strong> production. The DOST also indicated that the province could support the<br />
conversion to <strong>organic</strong> provided that it can be demonstrated that <strong>organic</strong> production will<br />
bring benefit to the farmers.<br />
To achieve <strong>organic</strong> certification the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and any other crops should be grown to<br />
comply with <strong>organic</strong> standards.<br />
The use of fertilizer and pesticide inputs is relatively minimal and could be substituted with<br />
acceptable <strong>organic</strong> inputs and farming practices.<br />
In many cases the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> and other crops are grown in such close proximity that the risk<br />
of contamination from the other crop to the <strong>tea</strong> is too great. If it is not possible to convert<br />
the entire farms to <strong>organic</strong>, appropriate measures should be taken (in the form of buffer<br />
zones) to avoid contamination of the <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> from chemicals used in the other<br />
crops.<br />
The most cost effective way to organize <strong>organic</strong> certification for small holders is through a<br />
group certification programme that requires all the farmers in a group to be farming all<br />
their crops <strong>organic</strong>ally.<br />
It is most practical to set up a unit that will only process <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong>. All the farmers<br />
supplying to this unit must be certified <strong>organic</strong>. Otherwise a parallel production issue will<br />
arise which is difficult to manage in an ICS.<br />
Costs for external certification are relatively high when three certificates are needed.<br />
However, it seems possible to recover the investment through a reasonable increase in the<br />
export price for the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (20%). Volumes of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> required to recover the cost of<br />
certification are between 1000 - 1150 kg based on the number of certificates needed and the<br />
Euro - US dollar exchange rate.<br />
Since the demand for <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> from the BTC is not very clear, it may be good to<br />
start with a trial on <strong>organic</strong> <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> production. Key aspects of the trial would be to test<br />
the use of <strong>organic</strong> fertilisers, particularly compost and green manure cover crops, and<br />
<strong>organic</strong> pest and disease management. It would also be worthwhile to test whether <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
would grow well under shade.<br />
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8. ADDITIONAL LITERATURE USED<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Bui Thi <strong>Bang</strong> and Bui Thi Dieu An (2006). Nghiên cứu về hoá học, độc tính và sản phẩm<br />
mới từ lá chè đắng <strong>Cao</strong> Bằng”, Dec. 2006. (This research was presented in the National<br />
Workshop on medical materials held on 26 th October 2007 in HCM city and published as<br />
workshop material (page 131-140).)<br />
Dharmananda, Subhuti (2002). KU DING CHA. Itmonline article retrieved November<br />
23, 2007 (www.itmonline.org/arts/kudingcha.htm).<br />
IFOAM (2004). Smallholder Group Certification: Training Curriculum for Producer<br />
Organizations. International Federation of Agricultural Movements, Bonn, Germany. 2004.<br />
Landry consulting (2004). OTA Market Overview South Korean Organic Market. Landry<br />
consulting, llc., April 2004.<br />
Pham Tuan Khuong (2006). Rapid Market Appraisal on <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter Tea Product.<br />
<strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> Bitter Tea Company and <strong>Helvetas</strong> <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>. October 2006.<br />
Rundgren, Gunnar (2001). Organic Standards in importing countries: differences and<br />
similarities. FAO conference on Organic Horticulture, Trinidad and Tobago 8-10 October,<br />
2001.<br />
USDA (2004). Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards - Republic of<br />
Korea, Country <strong>Report</strong>. GAIN <strong>Report</strong> - KS4039, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. July<br />
2004.<br />
Willer, Helga and Minou Yussefi (2006). The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics<br />
and Emerging Trends 2006. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements<br />
(IFOAM), Bonn Germany & Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick,<br />
Switzerland.<br />
WSDA (2006). European Organic Verification Program Producer Additional<br />
Requirements. Washington State Department of Agriculture Organic Food Program,<br />
document AGR 2204 R/4/06 retrieved November 30, 2007 (http://agr.wa.gov)<br />
- 24 -
ANNEX 1 - LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Mr. Trieu Dao Son Farmer, Nam Un village, The Duc commune<br />
Mr. Dang Dao Phau Farmer, Nam Un village, The Duc commune<br />
Mr Hoang Bich Vien BTC staff responsible for The Duc commune<br />
Mr Say The Duc commune chairman<br />
Mr Cuong Chairman Farmer Union, The Duc commune<br />
Mr Van Head of Nam Un village, The Duc commune<br />
Mr Hoang Van Trang Husband of collector Mrs Nguyen Thi Phuong<br />
Mrs Nong Thi Hue Quality controller, BTC processing unit at km 3 <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
Mrs Nong Thi Huong Staff in charge of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> nursery, km 3 <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
Mrs La Thi Hoa Staff of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> nursery, km 3 <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
Mrs Nong Thi Thin Farmer, Na Giang village, Nam Tuan commune, Hoa An<br />
district<br />
Mr Nguyen Van Nhan Bitter <strong>tea</strong> expert and pioneer, former vice-director DOST<br />
Mr Chu Duc Ngoc Director BTC <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
Mr Hoang The Tung Vice-director BTC, in charge of production<br />
Mr Nong Trong Thang Head of Planning Section, BTC<br />
Mr Phuong Chinh Tuong Staff of Materials Section, BTC<br />
Mr Trieu Vice-director DOST<br />
Mr Hung Staff DOST, Intellectual Property Department<br />
Several <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> sellers at the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> central market were also interviewed.<br />
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ANNEX 2 - NOTES FROM DANIEL V.'s FIELD VISIT<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Meeting with Bitter Tea Company, in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> on 14.3.07<br />
• The meeting, attended by the director of the company accompanied by some staff was<br />
an occasion to review the main findings of the RMA which assessed many difficulties<br />
for the <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> (BT) from <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
• The BT Company, which is underway to become a joint stock company (Vina<strong>tea</strong> or<br />
Vinatobacco ?) counts on the <strong>Helvetas</strong> support to: diversify the product, introduce GAP<br />
or <strong>organic</strong> standards, and support for marketing<br />
• Mr Nien, one of the pioneers of the Bitter Tea promotion in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> also attended the<br />
meeting<br />
• China exported <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> some years ago from <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> and started huge export<br />
oriented plantations<br />
• Bitter Tea became famous abroad via the Chinese marketing and received also an<br />
award in New York<br />
• The Vietnam Government wanted also to start the promotion of BT and opened a<br />
factory in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> (the BT company under DOST) and with a <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> plantation<br />
project program (under DOST)<br />
• The assessment is that the marketing is a problem and also the production is not well<br />
established (too much leave production and not enough buds)<br />
• The action plan of the company contains following:<br />
Plantation campaign with a density of at least 10,000 tree/ha (now 3000/ha)<br />
Higher density, higher bud production (closer plantation and cuttings of the<br />
trees)<br />
Research on planting material/varieties and launch info campaign among<br />
farmers<br />
Scientific and commercial promotion of BT on VTV<br />
Collaboration with Institutes and Medicine Departments to prove that BT has<br />
no negative effect on health and to repeat that BT has very good effects<br />
Reduction of <strong>bitter</strong>ness with mixture with another herbal medicinal plant (to be<br />
identified and tested)<br />
Need more capital (equitisation is underway)<br />
Re-organisation of the distribution channel (see RMA report)<br />
Develop marketing (design, size, form, etc.)<br />
Collaboration with elderly people organisation<br />
Knowledge on how to grow <strong>organic</strong>ally <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong><br />
Developing clear technical guidelines for farmer<br />
Research and development on <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> growing, especially in regard to the use<br />
of Effective Micro-organism (EM)<br />
• Prices at farm gate: 15,000 VND/kg (buds) and 7,000 VND/kg (leaves)<br />
• Support for contracting farmers (95%): 65% of the price for seedlings and 50% for the<br />
chemical fertilizer prices<br />
• Cost for seedlings is 2362 VND/seedling (normal density is 3000/ha but now<br />
recommended should be 10,000 = 2362 x 10,000 = 23.6 millions/ha as initial<br />
investment !<br />
• Yield 3-4t/ha (?)<br />
• Production accessible for ethnic minorities? Yes (?) How?<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Meeting and visit to Mr. Toan household in Na Giang village, Hoa An districton<br />
15.5.07<br />
• She is harvesting buds in this 3 years old plantation with BT trees at an average high of<br />
150-170 cm. She can harvest during all the year but the production is reduced during<br />
the summer (rainy season) because of the attacks of the aphids on the apical leaves<br />
• 40-60 kg/week in spring (50 x 10,000 = 500,000 x 4 = 2 millions per month x 10 = 20<br />
millions/year on 4000 m2). Per ha: 2.5 x 20=50 millions/ha (rice in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> is only<br />
10-12 million/ha)<br />
• Harvested leaves must be in the BT Company 24 hours after harvesting (transport!)<br />
• Sometimes she brings the leaves to the company sometimes the company picks up the<br />
leaves<br />
• She is the only in the village who tried BT because the other have not enough land<br />
• Before she made tobacco and rice<br />
• Capital 19 millions for seedlings (5 million own and rest from company)<br />
• No insecticide spraying<br />
• NPK (subsidy from BT Company during the first 3 years) plus compost<br />
• Income with BT is higher than before<br />
• Company pays cash: she made a 5 year contract 2004-2009<br />
• Plantation is for ever. The only labour is to cut the trees and to collect the buds. Wants<br />
to keep the contract when is finished and if company still pays<br />
• Irrigation 2-3 month a year<br />
• For marketing 100% dependent from company. There are no other market issues<br />
• Processing is complicated<br />
• Does not believe that BT can grow in the forest and on sloping land because it needs<br />
irrigation<br />
• Harvest during the first 3 year is very low<br />
• Replace chemical fertilizer by <strong>organic</strong> fertilizer is very difficult. She has compost but<br />
it’s not enough<br />
Visit of <strong>bitter</strong> <strong>tea</strong> nursery on 16.5.07<br />
• The nursery is owned by the BT company and is located in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> town<br />
• Production is around 1 million seedlings per year (10’000seddlings /ha =100ha)<br />
• The objective of the BT company is to increase the acreage of BT in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> by<br />
1000ha (need 5 years)<br />
• The farmer can grow BT via the participation in the project<br />
• Planting material:<br />
35-40 cm<br />
7-8 leaves<br />
Planting time is during rainy season (beginning is better)<br />
No need for irrigation (???)<br />
Nursery uses 2 chemical fertilizer, 1 hormone and 2 pesticide (Fugaran and<br />
Trebon)<br />
Transplantation rate is high (around 90%)<br />
Price is 2362 VND/seedling<br />
May is best planting season<br />
Farmer pays only 35% (800), not cash but can pay later<br />
• The production is concentrated in 4 districts: Nguyen Binh, Hoa An, Thach An & Tra<br />
Linh. Comparison between the <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> and China BT origins: the VN grows faster,<br />
has red buds (China green), has higher saponin content<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
Visit of processing unit in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> (3km) on 16.5.07<br />
BT Company employs 10 staff in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong><br />
• Processing consists in: washing, pre-heating, drying, curling, drying, packaging<br />
• Production is around 300 grams/day/person<br />
• Unit produces 3kg/day in a 6 day week<br />
Visit of processing unit in Dong Khe town. Thach Anh district on 16.5.07<br />
• Has the equipment to produce <strong>tea</strong> bags and instant <strong>tea</strong> but stopped production of both<br />
• Reasons: instant <strong>tea</strong> is too expensive to produce and for <strong>tea</strong> bags there is no market<br />
• Bud production is very same as in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong> (12 people working)<br />
• Normally needs 5,3kg of fresh leaves to get 1 kg of processed buds<br />
• Price composition:<br />
10,000 of 12grams buds (packaged)<br />
830,000 /kg<br />
100,000 /packaging and handling<br />
100,000 /raw material (12% should be higher)<br />
100’,000 /labour<br />
100,000 /processing material and equipment<br />
430,000 /selling margins (50%)<br />
• The processing is simple and easy and could be decentralised. The BT company<br />
already started to decentralise (but which step exactly?)<br />
• Processing at HH level is possible but HH need to be trained and monitored<br />
• The BT Company has a list of the producers and registers all the purchases made by the<br />
processing unit (which information is registered?)<br />
• Normally farmers bring the buds to the processing station. Sometimes the collection is<br />
made at the district market and then the bulked production of different farmers is<br />
brought to the processing unit<br />
• Farmers normally are paid cash<br />
• BT Company has all 1300 farmers registered (data?): area, number of trees, villages,<br />
production, monitoring<br />
• The BT company has 7 technical staff<br />
• Visits to the farmers: 2 visits/year<br />
• Are there registration of farming techniques<br />
• Normally farmers are not using pesticides with the exception of some big farmers (7?);<br />
what is big? Farmer who has 7-10,000 trees<br />
• All the farmers are using NPK, but only because this chemical fertilizer is subsidized<br />
by the BT Company in the first year<br />
• After the first year only the big farmer keep buying NPK, not the smaller ones. Bt there<br />
is no experiences what happen to the trees with no NPK fertilizer application<br />
• There is no experienced farmers in <strong>organic</strong> techniques<br />
Visit of a second farmer in Dong Khe town, Thach An district on 16.5.07<br />
• Plantation on a smoothly slope land; 2-3000 trees but the trees are definitely too high<br />
for any bud collection (farmer needs now a ladder)<br />
• Plantation supposed to produce leaves, but now leaves aren’t anymore needed by the<br />
market<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
• Farmer has now to cut down all the trees and then wait again until the trees produces<br />
buds (will most probably loose one year)<br />
• There is a lack of technical guidelines on how to grow BT.<br />
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ANNEX 3 - MAIN ORGANIC STANDARDS CONSIDERED<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
The following section, based on Rundgren (2001), outlines the main characteristics of the<br />
<strong>organic</strong> standards of the EU, the US (NOP) and Japan (JAS) and major differences between<br />
these three sets of standards. Some information is also given on the IFOAM basic standards<br />
since these are relevant for the Korean situation.<br />
Scope<br />
The <strong>organic</strong> regulations are typically regulating the marketing of a product with the claim<br />
"<strong>organic</strong>" or similar. That is the case both for the US and EU regulations. The Japanese rule<br />
is limited to labelling; other market claims (advertisements, etc.) are not regulated.<br />
Terminology<br />
The US rule is regulating the claim that the product is:<br />
"100 percent <strong>organic</strong>"<br />
"<strong>organic</strong>" (>95% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients)<br />
"made with <strong>organic</strong> ingredients" (70%-95% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients)<br />
The rule also regulates the use of the word "<strong>organic</strong>" in ingredients panel. Other words<br />
(ecological, etc.) are not regulated in the rule and therefore permitted to use.<br />
The EU regulation is regulating the claim that a product is:<br />
"Referring to the <strong>organic</strong> production method"<br />
Includes also synonyms like ecological, biological and diminutives bio and eco.<br />
"Organic" (>95% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients)<br />
"Made with x% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients" (70%-95% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients)<br />
No statement is allowed for products below 70% <strong>organic</strong> ingredients.<br />
Categories of production<br />
The EU regulation applies to:<br />
Unprocessed agricultural crop and livestock products<br />
Processed agricultural crop and livestock products for human consumption<br />
Feed stuff<br />
What is not covered under these categories, i.e. textiles, wild fish, wild animals etc. is not<br />
regulated, i.e. <strong>organic</strong> claims can be made.<br />
The Japanese regulation includes agricultural, marine and forest products and processed<br />
products thereof excluding liquors, drugs and cosmetics.<br />
The US regulation covers "crops, livestock and other agricultural products". Some<br />
categories of production are still missing detailed regulation, such as apiculture,<br />
aquaculture and mushrooms. Cosmetics are not included in the rule. Raw materials in<br />
textiles can be referred to as being <strong>organic</strong>.<br />
Conversion periods<br />
"Conversion" is the terminology used in the EU, while "Transition" is used in the US.<br />
Conversion requirements can be split in different parts:<br />
a. Length of the period<br />
b. Start of the period<br />
c. Verification of start<br />
d. Verification of period<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
a. Length of the conversion period<br />
US: a crop shall come from land that has been free from prohibited materials for 36<br />
months, no exception mentioned.<br />
Japan, EU: the principles shall normally have been applied for at least 2 year before sowing<br />
of annual crops, or 3 years before harvesting of a perennial crop. Exceptions are possible.<br />
b. Start of the period<br />
US: When last prohibited material was used.<br />
EU: <strong>organic</strong> management<br />
c. Verification of start<br />
US, EU: not specified, i.e. conversion can be retrospective.<br />
d. Verification of period<br />
EU, US: No specific requirement other than that an initial inspection must be made before<br />
certification.<br />
Approved inputs<br />
The US rule has a different approach than the EU, Japanese and IFOAM regulations. The<br />
principle in the US is that natural is OK unless specifically prohibited and that synthetic is<br />
not OK unless a positive listing.<br />
Japan and the EU: All inputs need positive listing<br />
The most controversial difference is that Sodium nitrate is allowed for up to 20% of the<br />
crops nitrogen requirements in the US rule. It is prohibited in IFOAM and EU rules.<br />
Manure<br />
EU has limitations on the origin of manure. Not composted conventional manure may be<br />
used if it originates from "extensive animal husbandry". Composted conventional manure<br />
may be used unless it comes from "factory farming".<br />
Japan requires that all manure to be composted.<br />
US NOP has requirements for composting (with some exceptions) of manure regardless of<br />
origin. No limitation of origin of manure.<br />
Seeds and planting materials<br />
Both the EU and US regulation as well as the IFOAM standards have a basic requirement<br />
for <strong>organic</strong> seeds and transplants.<br />
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)<br />
JAS and EU prohibit the use of organisms or products derived thereof that are produced<br />
using recombinant DNA technology. The NOP states that recombinant DNA technology is<br />
considered not compatible with <strong>organic</strong> production.<br />
Parallel production<br />
The EU regulation is restrictive in relation to parallel production, i.e. production of the<br />
same crop both <strong>organic</strong> and not <strong>organic</strong> in the same holding. Only crops of different<br />
varieties may be grown, exception for perennial crops. Inspection must cover also the non<strong>organic</strong><br />
part of the holding.<br />
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<strong>Feasibility</strong> Study Organic Bitter Tea in <strong>Cao</strong> <strong>Bang</strong>: 2007<br />
The US rule does not address parallel production, i.e. there are no special restriction or<br />
limitations for this scenario. However the "<strong>organic</strong> plan" must relate the management<br />
practices to prevent "commingling".<br />
Contamination<br />
Contamination from outside<br />
The EU has no regulations regarding contamination from the outside. NB: it is proposed by<br />
the EU Commission to implement “zero tolerance” in the EU regulation.<br />
The US rule: Products may not contain prohibited substances (read pesticides) at levels<br />
greater than 5% of EPA tolerance. The rule requires defined boundaries and buffer zones.<br />
GMO contamination is not clearly regulated in any of the systems.<br />
Contamination within the farming system<br />
Heavy metals are regulated in a number of EU approved inputs (e.g. Cadmium in<br />
Phosphates). There is no such regulations in the US. Irrigation water is not regulated in EU<br />
and US regulations.<br />
Environmental aspects<br />
Conservation of biodiversity is mentioned in the definition of <strong>organic</strong> in the US rule and<br />
environment is mentioned in the preamble of the EU regulation. No specific rules exist in<br />
the regulations. IFOAM requires relevant measures for the provision and improvement of<br />
landscape and biodiversity.<br />
Social aspects<br />
Not regulated in EU, US or Japan standards. IFOAM has general provision, which are<br />
supposed to be considerably expanded in the new draft.<br />
- 33 -