ISS 25 (1995).pdf - The International Council of Museums

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ICOFOM Stavanger 1995 ment, hence the term 'community museology'. Presentation and preservation of the heritage are considered within the context of social action and change. Heritage is a resource to be considered and developed within the context of community improvements. The people of the community themselves have to take care of their own heritage, hence the term 'popular museology'. Key-concept is the 'reappropiation du territoire, du patrimoine, pour I 'autodeveloppement individuel et collectif. Characteristic is the view that the concept of museum is not confined to a building. The museum can be anywhere, and is anywhere and everywhere within a specified territory. For this museum concept the term ecomuseum has been coined, hence the term 'ecomuseology'. It is the French concept of ' museologie nouvelle' that gradually became recognized as one of the main streams within museology. The term has been monopolized by two, related, organizations: the Association ' Museologie Nouvelle et Experimentation Sociale' (MNES)', and the Movement Internationale pour la Museologie Nouvelle (MINOM). During the ICOFOM meetings in Mexico (1980) and Paris (1982) the position of ecomuseums and new museology within the committee was discussed. A group of members attempted to make new museology the focus of the committee's policy. As a result the principles of ecomuseums were discussed during a special seminar at the 1983 conference in London. During the 1983 meeting the Canadian 'ecomuseologist' Pierre Mayrand proposed forming a working group on 'museologie communautaire'. During its first meeting the newly elected board 'decided to establish only function-oriented working groups and not constitute any permanent working groups to deal with the different problems within the field of museological research'. Moreover, the board considered that ' in a situation, where the principal matters concerning museology, as such, are still being studied and discussed, and where the justification of museology - and consequently of ICOFOM - is even called into question, constituting working groups for detailed mUSeDlogical matters, and especially for different " museologies " , could cause not only a split in limited personnel resources but first of all interference in the committee's work in its entirety'. Nevertheless, Mayrand was asked to establish a temporary working group to prepare a special session on ecomuseums and new museology during the 1984 meeting of ICOFOM wich was to take place in Canada. The 1984 meeting of ICOFOM did not take place in Canada. Thus the temporary working group had nothing to prepare, nor did it take any other initiatives regarding ICOFOM. Instead something else happened. Disappointed by the lack of response during the 1983 meeting in London and by the failure to organize the committee's annual meeting in Canada, the Canadian museologists organized the First International Workshop for Ecomuseums and New Museology in Quebec. At this meeting a policy statement was adopted, known as the 'Declaration of Quebec"o. Founded in 1982 in France. 10 Published in Museum 148 (1986), p. 20 1. 136
ICOFOM Stavanger 1995 The 'Declaration of Quebec' expressed 'the will to establish an organizational basis for joint reflection and experiments'. ICOM was requested to accept the creation of a special international committee for ecomuseums. The creation of an international federation for new museology was also proposed. The first request was rejected by ICOM. At the second international meeting of this group (Lisbon, 1985) the Movement International de Museologie Nouvelle (MINOM) was founded , an organization that was eventually accepted by ICOM as affiliated organization. Throughout the years new museology and ecomuseums kept a dominant position on the agenda of the committee. For example, all French authors contributing to the ICOFOM Buenos Aires 1986 symposium belonged to the new museology movement (Bellaigue, Deloche, Desvallees, Evrard, Nicolas, De Varine). Special meetings on ecomuseums were organized in connection with the ICOFOM conferences in Leiden (1984) and Zagreb (1985) . In 1992, during the ICOM General Conference in Quebec, a JOint meeting was organised between ICOFOM and MINOM , followed by a second meeting in 1995 in Stavanger. ICOFOM and new museology Although new museology was often discussed within ICOFOM, it was always considered as one possible approach rather than the main perspective. Each symposium is seen as an open forum, with a free exchange of ideas. Conclusions are never considered as final statements. Apart from matters concerning the aims and policy of ICOM, ICOFOM never published 'official' statements, not even about the definition of museology. All contributions are taken seriously -and included in analyses and summaries. As chairman Sofka wrote: 'The decisive contribution of the committee lies in its collecting function: it brings museum workers and museum researchers together, and by providing an international forum for discussion and a place for publication of ideas and opinions about museology, it leads to systematic studies and deepening museological questions'''. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the rhetoric of new museology has spread beyond MINOM and similar organizations, and had become a dominant force within ICOFOM. When we consider Deirdre Starn's description of new museology it seems to reflect the opions of the majority of ICOFOM members: 'Theorists of The New Museology, who regard museums as social institutions with political agendas because of inherent shared biases and assumptions, advocate integrating museums more closely with the multicultural social groups which these critics believe they should represent and serve. The New Museology specifically questions traditional museum approaches to issues of value, meaning, control, interpretation, authority and authenticity .. 2. II 12 V. Sofka, 'ICOFOM: ten years of international search for the foundations of museology' , Papers in Museology I (Umea/Stockholm 1992) 20-49. D.C. Starn, 'The Informed Muse: the implications of "The New Museology" for museum practice', Museum Management and Curatorship 12, 1993, (2) : 267-283. 137
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Symposium MUSEUM AND COMMUNITY II J
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IV MUSEUM AND MUSEOLOGY IN NORWAY A
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SYMPOSIUM MUSEUM AND COMMUNITY, Par
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heritage as community appropriation
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and its plurality. Continuing on th
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Dr. Eurydice in the paper 'Museums
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For museums this would mean -among
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Given the fact that museums have an
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5. CuraLOr 37. no 4 (1994), p. 227.
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"pauimoine" de tous. n s'agit de re
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La troisieme communaute - qui aujou
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Heritage, Museum, Territory and Com
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to promote communication and educat
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''The museum must openly embrace th
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MUSEUMS and COMMUNITIES: a powerful
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have many of the great museums adop
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first immigrant housing. The first
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plantation and harvesting times. Af
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Museums and Communities - case stud
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climate around them, and once this
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Fuller, Nancy J 1992 The Museum as
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The nature of museums MUSEUMS AND T
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to all. It appears that history can
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fees for services and admissions in
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"Les musees. interoretes du oatrimo
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II ne s'agit plus d'un patrimoine o
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des courants tres divers dans leur
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Construction d'une identite nationa
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La culture nationale est fabriquee
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Le La pan - l' etranger de l'interi
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An Industrial Community and its Her
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and the curator has the role as a s
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and what we lost when the air and t
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Fig. :i 209
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ICOFOM LAM REPORT 1990 - 1995 Durin
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AUTHORS Per-Uno AGREN, Umea Univers
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ISS 25 (1995).pdf - The International Council of Museums

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