Carl%20Sagan%20-%20The%20Demon%20Haunted%20World
Carl%20Sagan%20-%20The%20Demon%20Haunted%20World Carl%20Sagan%20-%20The%20Demon%20Haunted%20World
THE DEMON-HAUNTED WORLD explanation lie much more inside Blake's head than outside? And is not the truth of the Sun's nature as revealed by modern science far more wonderful: no mere angels or gold coin, but an enormous sphere into which a million Earths could be packed, in the core of which the hidden nuclei of atoms are being jammed together, hydrogen transfigured into helium, the energy latent in hydrogen for billions of years released, the Earth and other planets warmed and lit thereby, and the same process repeated four hundred billion times elsewhere in the Milky Way galaxy? The blueprints, detailed instructions, and job orders for building you from scratch would fill about 1,000 encyclopedia volumes if written out in English. Yet every cell in your body has a set of these encyclopedias. A quasar is so far away that the light we see from it began its intergalactic voyage before the Earth was formed. Every person on Earth is descended from the same not-quite-human ancestors in East Africa a few million years ago, making us all cousins. Whenever I think about any of these discoveries, I feel a tingle of exhilaration. My heart races. I can't help it. Science is an astonishment and a delight. Every time a spacecraft flies by a new world, I find myself amazed. Planetary scientists ask themselves: 'Oh, is that the way it is? Why didn't we think of that?' But nature is always more subtle, more intricate, more elegant than what we are able to imagine. Given our manifest human limitations, what is surprising is that we have been able to penetrate so far into the secrets of Nature. Nearly every scientist has experienced, in a moment of discovery or sudden understanding, a reverential astonishment. Science - pure science, science not for any practical application but for its own sake - is a deeply emotional matter for those who practise it, as well as for those nonscientists who every now and then dip in to see what's been discovered lately. And, as in a detective story, it's a joy to frame key questions, to work through alternative explanations, and maybe even to advance the process of scientific discovery. Consider these examples, some very simple, some not, chosen more or less at random: • Could there be an undiscovered integer between 6 and 7? • Could there be an undiscovered chemical element between 310
No Such Thing as a Dumb Question atomic number 6 (which is carbon) and atomic number 7 (which is nitrogen)? • Yes, the new preservative causes cancer in rats. But what if you have to give a person, who weighs much more than a rat, a pound a day of the stuff to induce cancer? In that case, maybe the new preservative isn't all that dangerous. Might the benefit of having food preserved for long periods outweigh the small additional risk of cancer? Who decides? What data do they need to make a prudent decision? • In a 3.8 billion-year-old rock, you find a ratio of carbon isotopes typical of living things today, and different from inorganic sediments. Do you deduce abundant life on Earth 3.8 billion years ago? Or could the chemical remains of more modern organisms have infiltrated into the rock? Or is there a way for isotopes to separate in the rock apart from biological processes? • Sensitive measurements of electrical currents in the human brain show that when certain memories or mental processes occur, particular regions of the brain go into action. Can our thoughts, memories and passions all be generated by particular circuitry of the brain neurons? Might it ever be possible to simulate such circuitry in a robot? Would it ever be feasible to insert new circuits or alter old ones in the brain in such a way as to change opinions, memories, emotions, logical deductions? Is such tampering wildly dangerous? • Your theory of the origin of the solar system predicts many flat discs of gas and dust all over the Milky Way galaxy. You look through the telescope and you find flat discs everywhere. You happily conclude that your theory is confirmed. But it turns out the discs you sighted were spiral galaxies far beyond the Milky Way, and much too big to be nascent solar systems. Should you abandon your theory? Or should you look for a different kind of disc? Or is this just an expression of your unwillingness to abandon a discredited hypothesis? • A growing cancer sends out an all-points bulletin to the cells lining adjacent blood vessels: 'We need blood,' the message says. The endothelial cells obligingly build blood vessel bridges to supply the cancer cells with blood. How does this come about? Can the message be intercepted or cancelled? 311
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THE DEMON-HAUNTED WORLD<br />
explanation lie much more inside Blake's head than outside? And<br />
is not the truth of the Sun's nature as revealed by modern science<br />
far more wonderful: no mere angels or gold coin, but an enormous<br />
sphere into which a million Earths could be packed, in the core of<br />
which the hidden nuclei of atoms are being jammed together,<br />
hydrogen transfigured into helium, the energy latent in hydrogen<br />
for billions of years released, the Earth and other planets warmed<br />
and lit thereby, and the same process repeated four hundred<br />
billion times elsewhere in the Milky Way galaxy?<br />
The blueprints, detailed instructions, and job orders for building<br />
you from scratch would fill about 1,000 encyclopedia volumes<br />
if written out in English. Yet every cell in your body has a set of<br />
these encyclopedias. A quasar is so far away that the light we see<br />
from it began its intergalactic voyage before the Earth was<br />
formed. Every person on Earth is descended from the same<br />
not-quite-human ancestors in East Africa a few million years ago,<br />
making us all cousins.<br />
Whenever I think about any of these discoveries, I feel a tingle of<br />
exhilaration. My heart races. I can't help it. Science is an astonishment<br />
and a delight. Every time a spacecraft flies by a new world, I<br />
find myself amazed. Planetary scientists ask themselves: 'Oh, is that<br />
the way it is? Why didn't we think of that?' But nature is always more<br />
subtle, more intricate, more elegant than what we are able to<br />
imagine. Given our manifest human limitations, what is surprising is<br />
that we have been able to penetrate so far into the secrets of Nature.<br />
Nearly every scientist has experienced, in a moment of discovery<br />
or sudden understanding, a reverential astonishment. Science<br />
- pure science, science not for any practical application but for its<br />
own sake - is a deeply emotional matter for those who practise it,<br />
as well as for those nonscientists who every now and then dip in to<br />
see what's been discovered lately.<br />
And, as in a detective story, it's a joy to frame key questions, to<br />
work through alternative explanations, and maybe even to<br />
advance the process of scientific discovery. Consider these examples,<br />
some very simple, some not, chosen more or less at random:<br />
• Could there be an undiscovered integer between 6 and 7?<br />
• Could there be an undiscovered chemical element between<br />
310