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14. On aljup, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 137; Alcover, Diccionari, I, 505--506; Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 150. 15. On almenara, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 148; Dozy, Supplément, II, 728 (citing Makkarî's use of manâhir, meaning "canals"). 16. Çabacequies, Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 245. 17. Cequia, Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 84-85, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 21; Alcover, Diccionari, IX, 851-852. 18. Marjal, Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 252; Alcover, Diccionari, VII, 254. 19. Noria, Corominas, Diccionario, III, 522--523; Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 131--132; Steiger, Contribución, p. 287; R. Dozy and W. H. Englemann, Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais derivés de l'arabe (Leiden, 1869), p. 195; Leopoldo de Eguílaz y Yanguas, Glosario etimológico de las palabras españolas de origen oriental (Granada, 1886), p. 465. 20. Safareig, Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 44-45; Corominas, Diccionario, IV, 791; Alcover, Diccionari, VII, 254. 21. Sinia, Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 34-35; Corominas, Diccionario, I, 21. 22. Tanda, Corominas, Diccionario, IV, 365-369. A word marked with an asterisk means that it is a hypothetical, but probable, form which has never been documented. 23. Tarquim, ibid., 387 24. Açarb, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 348, Alcover, Diccionari, I, 110; Dozy, Supplément, 1, 644; F Valls Taberner, Los privilegios de Alfonso X a la ciudad de Murcia (Barcelona, 1923), p. 59 (Apr. 8, 1272). See n. 62, below. 25. Ador, Chabas, Distribución de las aguas en 1244, p. 6; Corominas, Diccionario, 1, 41 (Aragon). In Yemen (Wadi Dahr), dauriyah is the modern word for turn (Rossi, "Irrigatione nel Yemen," p. 354). 26. Albala, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 81-82; Alcover, Diccionari, 1, 412; Altamira, "Mercado de agua," p. 150. Albalá is more typically the Castilian form; the Catalan variant albará was the common medieval term for a payment voucher. 27. Almahacen, Musso y Fontes, Riegos de Lorca, p 30, see also Corominas, Diccionario, I, 138-139. 28. Almatzem, Chabas, Distribución de las aguas en 1244, p. 6 The term was still in use 2 centuries later, in an inventory of divisors in Gandia (e g., "hun almatzem o partidor"): ARV, Gobernación, 2287, 14th hand, fol 2r, July 10, 1456. Maqsam is still a common term for divisor in Iran (Kerman); see Hans E. Wulff, The Traditional Crafts of Persia (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1966), p. 255. Compare the south Arabian expression maqâsim al-mâ', in the sense of diversion channels (Serjeant, "Some Irrigation Systems in Hadramawt," p 37). The other meaning of partidor -- an official in charge of dividing water -- is also found in southern Arabia in a word from the same root. For the muqassim aldayri or "divider of the water" of Wâdi Dahr, Yemen, see Thomas J. Abercrombie, "Behind the Veil of Troubled Yemen," National Geographic Magazine, 125 (1964), 427. 29. Azumbre, Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 205-206, Corominas, Diccionario, I, 354; Rafael Altamira, Derecho consuetudinario y economía popular de la provincia de Alicante (Madrid, 1905), p. 80, Compare the forms tumen (1435) and tomin (1461) from Elche (Ibarra y Ruiz, Riego de Elche, pp 242, 238) and açumen (i 173) from Veruela (Aragon) (González Palencia, "Riegos de Veruela," p. 84). 30. Dula, Chabas, Distribución de las aguas en 1244, p. 7; Corominas, Diccionario, II, 206-207; Ibarra y Ruiz, Riego de Elche, p. 206. In modern Yemen (Sho' ûb) the turn is called daulah (Rossi,
"Irrigazione nel Yemen," pp. 352, 354), the expression used by the eleventh-century geographer al- Bakrî to describe the irrigation turn at the oasis of Touzer (now in Tunisia); Dikr bilâd Ifrîqîya w'al- Magrib, M. de Slane, cd., 2nd ed. (Paris, 1913), p. 48. Dula means "turn" in the Canary Islands (Oliver Asín, Historia del nombre "Madrid," p. 200 n. 1). As a synonym of hila, see Altamira, "Mercado de agua," p. 149. Dula as a measurement was also used in colonial San Antonio, Texas, whose irrigators had emigrated from the Canaries in the eighteenth century, see Memorandum on the Spanish and Mexican Irrigation System of San Antonio (Austin, 1959), a pub. of the Water Division, Office of the Attorney General of Texas. 31. Jarique, Musso, Riegos de Lorca, pp. 57, 82. Jarique is related to the Medieval Castilian exarich, sharecropper (Neuvonen, Arabismos, pp. 128-129). For this social class see Eduardo de Hinajosa, "Mezquinos y exaricos," in Homenaje a Don Francisco Codera (Zaragoza, 1904), pp. 523-531, and González Palencia, "Riegos de Veruela," p. 83. Eguílaz (Glosario, p. 312, under axarique) cites an irrigation turn of the Oznar Canal (Granada) in 1575 providing that: "El tercer Domingo es de Benamohat y de los axariques. El cuarto Domingo es para Beni Muzahe y sus xariques." Benamohat and Beni Muzahe appear to be either place names or branch canals named, as in Murcia, for tribal groups. It may be, therefore, that in this case xarique is not a sharecropper but a sharer of water. 32. Jarro, Musso, Riegos de Lorca, p. 36; Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 171. In Yecla the official who times the turns is called the jarrero, i. e. the man in charge of the jarro. The jarrero uses a watch now, but his title recalls the original water clock. The jarro of Jumilla is divided into twelve horteras (from the Latin fortera, cup, bowl), a measure that also recalls the clepsydra, which usually emptied in 3-7 minutes (Ruiz-Funes, Derecho consuetudinario, pp 188, 190-191) See Glick, "Medieval irrigation clocks," p. 426. 33. Martava, Altamira, "Mercado de riego," p. 149. Martavero, an official, is the practical equivalent of acequiero, but literally it has the same meaning as atandador (from tanda), one in charge of regulating turns See also Alcover, Diccionari, VII, 268, and (for Novelda) Markham, Report, pp. 57-- 58. Markham observed (ibid., p. 58n.) that "the word is also used in Persian and Turkish to signify a time or turn, and in India." 34. Merancho, Diaz Cassou, Ordenanzas y costumbres, p. 56 n. 3. 35. Rafa, ibid., p 64, n. 2. 36. Sistar, in Cueco Adrián, La Font de la Vall de Segó, p. 42, n. 7. 37. Tahulla, Musso, Riegos de Lorca, p. 36; Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 250; Corominas. Diccionario, IV, 342. It was not unusual for a land measurement unit to be converted into a water unit, inasmuch as water was supposedly apportioned according to the superficies of land irrigated. Thus in Libnilla (Murcia) the water unit is the caballeria, the equivalent of a day's water (Ruiz-Funes, Derecho consuetudinario, pp. 178-179); as a measure of land it was the amount of land granted to a knight (cabellero). 38. Neuvonen, Arabismos, p. 305. Measures, of which tahwila -- tahulla -- is an example, comprise 1 of the 2 categories of general exceptions to this rule (Arabismos, p. 306, n. 1) 39. The interior z was, in fact, pronounced as d in Andalusí Arabic, but the transition im to a is hard to explain (Corominas, Diccionario, IV, 368). 40. A more basic problem of tanzim into tanda is a conceptual one. The only form of n-z-m even remotely connected with irrigation is naztm, a series of wells dug in a line. Nazama, to put in order or arrange in a series, has a linear sense, whereas most of the other commonly used words for turn in Arabic -- daula daur, nûba ('addân, from 'adda, "to count," is an exception) -- have the sense of
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Page 3 and 4: 2) albellon, "sewer, drain," Arabic
Page 5 and 6: Arabism Meaning Major variants açu
Page 7 and 8: Outaïa a dâr is, similarly, twelv
Page 9: een standard in Mediterranean irrig
Page 13: 1959), pp. 18--19. 57. "Molinería

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