Book of Medical Disorders in Pregnancy - Tintash

fetal hydrops with monosomy X, or
Turner's syndrome, gross and Cystic
hygroma with monosomy X, or Turner's
syndrome, gross. XXY: Klinefelter's
syndrome; features include elongated
lower body, gynecomastia, testicular
atrophy (incidence: 1/500 males). Klinefilter’s'
syndrome karyotype, diagram.
Triploidy: There is often a partial hydatidiform
mole of placenta. Fetal features
include 3-4 syndactyly, indented
nasal bridge, small size.
Triploidy karyotype, diagram, Partial
hydatidiform mole gross and 3-4 syndactyly
with triploidy, gross. A host of
other chromosomal abnormalities are
possible. In general, fetal loss earlier in
gestation, and multiple fetal losses, more
strongly suggests a possible chromosomal
ab-normality.
Neural tube defects:
The maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
(MSAFP) is useful for screening for
neural tube defects, but the gestational
age must be known for proper interpretation.
The frequency of neural tube
defects has been shown to be reduced if
women supplement their diet with folic
acid (before and during pregnancy).
Anencephaly: There is absence of the
fetal cranial vault, so no cerebral hemispheres
develop. Anencephaly is the most
common congenital malformation about
0.5 to 2/ 1000 live births. Other neural
tube defects are as frequent, but the
incidence varies with geography.
Anencephaly, gross and Anencephaly,
gross. Iniencephaly: Imperfect formation
of the base of the skull, with
rachischisis and exaggerated lordosis of
the spine. Iniencephaly gross. Iniencephaly,
gross Exencephaly: Incomplete
cranial vault, but the brain is present.
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Exencephaly, gross. Meningomyelocele:
Defect in the vertebral column allowing
herniation of meniges and spinal cord;
location and size determine severity.
Meningomyelocele gross and Meningomyelocele
gross. Ence-phalocele: Herniation
of brain through a skull de-fect.
Occipital encephalocele, radio-graph and
occipital encephalocele with iniencephaly,
gross Spina bifida: A de-fective
closure of the posterior vertebral column.
It may not be open (spina bifida
occulta).
Hydrops fetalis:
There are many causes for fetal hydrops,
and in about 25 to 30% of cases, no
specific cause for hydrops can be
identified. Multiple congenital anomalies
can also be associated with hydrops,
though the mechanism is obscure for
everything except cardiac anomalies that
produce heart failure.
Hydrops can be classified as immune
and non immune. Immune causes such
as Rh income pati bility between mother
and fetus are now uncommon.
Non-immune causes can include:
Congenital infections, Cardiac anomalies,
Chromosomal abnormalities, fetal
neoplasms, Twin pregnancy, fetal
anemia and other ano-malies (pulmonary,
renal, and gast-rointestinal).
Congenital infections: The hallmark of
congenital infections is fetal hydrops
along with organomegaly. Diagnosis can
depend upon: TORCH titers, Tissue culture
and Histologic examination.
Disruptions: It is becoming increasingly
recognized that many fetal abnormalities