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Logotherapy aims at restoring health by drawing on the resources ofthe human spirit withwhichclients can combatthe blows offate. Finding meaning in a situation that in itselfis meaningless, such as an incurable disease, or an involuntarily ending ofa career,or addiction, is not easy. But it can be attainedby logotherapeutic help. Mo dification ofattitudes helps clients to turn fromthe negative, self-destructive, and pa thological attitude toward constructive, life-enhancing endeavors. The therapists, as in socialwork, cannotprescnbe different attitudes to life, but can suggestsome after trust is established. He/shecan help the clientto differentiate between healthyand unhealthy attitudes, and can attempt, at least, to influence clientbehavior,thinking, and feeling (see Guttmann 1996:123). Modification ofattitudes as a logotherapeutic technique means that the therapist uses knowledge, experience, and even intuition in assessingwhethera certaiii attitude dis playedby the clientis harmful or not. When the therapistdiscovers negative, dange rous and destructive attitudes on the part ofthe client,he/she does not shy away from openlydiscussing them. The therapist does not concernhimselfwithjudgments of "good" and"bad" attitudes. Rather, he seeks to weigh whetheror not an attitude is healthy. Ifa given attitudeis found to be unhealthy, the therapistwill not hesitate to enter the client's inner world. The body, psyche and spirit(the so-calledthree dimensions of the human being)ofhumans are closely interwoven, and each affects the others. If the therapist ignores or disregards the interrelationships among them, he may cause iatrogenic neurosis or harm to the client (Guttmann 1996:123). At the same time, any change in a positivedirection in any ofthe three dimensions ofbody, psyche, and spiritcan provideopportunities for growth(Guttmann 1996:123). 50
Takashima (1990) said that in diagnosis we must also consider the so-called "func tionaldimension." This is the fourth dimension (the body, psyche and spirit are the firstthree). An ulcer, for example, can be an organicillness. The symptoms ofthe illnesscan be the result ofprolonged anxietyor fear in the psychologicaldimension, it influences the functional, and causes harm in the somatic dimension. Logotherapeutic theory claimsthatthe human spirit cannot get sick and thatit plays an important role in the treatment ofsickness. The originofsickness can be caused by a conflictbetween values, or a lack ofmeaningand purpose in life. According to Takashima the attitude people take toward their illness is ofcrucial importancefor health, survival and death. He is ofthe opinionthatthere are six possibilities with respect to the results ofan illness: 1. Sick persons can be cured by themselves, or by nature. 2. They can be cured by a physician. 3. They can die without medical treatment. 4. They can die, despite, or even because ofmedical treatment. 5. They can remain chronically ill, even after medical treatment. 6. They can get healthyfrom a humanistic and existentialperspective, albeit not biological viewpoint, by logotherapy,which helps to change their attitude toward the illness, or to adopt an attitude of"living with the disease" in line with the concepts of'humanistic psychosomaticmedicine (Guttmann 1996:124 & Takashima 1990:25) For a chronically ill client livingwith the disease means acceptance ofthe fact that the disease cannot be cured. What can be done, therefore, is to concentrate the 51
- Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
- Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
- Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
- Page 10 and 11: 2. The problem and reason for this
- Page 13: A meaningful evaluation of the diff
- Page 17 and 18: (Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
- Page 20 and 21: Mental health is based on a certain
- Page 22 and 23: 6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
- Page 24: 6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
- Page 28: complishment ofwhat the patient des
- Page 31 and 32: eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
- Page 33: something about hislher situation.
- Page 37: ("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
- Page 40 and 41: the essence is to substitute someth
- Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
- Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
- Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
- Page 49: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
- Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
- Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
- Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
- Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
- Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
- Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
- Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
- Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
- Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
- Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
- Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
- Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
- Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
- Page 87 and 88: 10 to 15minutes. The administration
- Page 89 and 90: answerthese questions. Thismay crea
- Page 91: Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
- Page 94: questions ratherwant to capturethe
- Page 98: naire is easierto understand and to
Logotherapy aims at restoring health by drawing on the resources ofthe human spirit<br />
withwhichclients can combatthe blows offate. Finding meaning in a situation that<br />
in itselfis meaningless, such as an incurable disease, or an involuntarily ending ofa<br />
career,or addiction, is not easy. But it can be attainedby logotherapeutic help. Mo<br />
dification ofattitudes helps clients to turn fromthe negative, self-destructive, and pa<br />
thological attitude toward constructive, life-enhancing endeavors. The therapists, as<br />
in socialwork, cannotprescnbe different attitudes to life, but can suggestsome after<br />
trust is established. He/shecan help the clientto differentiate between healthyand<br />
unhealthy attitudes, and can attempt, at least, to influence clientbehavior,thinking,<br />
and feeling (see Guttmann 1996:123).<br />
Modification ofattitudes as a logotherapeutic technique means that the therapist uses<br />
knowledge, experience, and even intuition in assessingwhethera certaiii attitude dis<br />
playedby the clientis harmful or not. When the therapistdiscovers negative, dange<br />
rous and destructive attitudes on the part ofthe client,he/she does not shy away from<br />
openlydiscussing them. The therapist does not concernhimselfwithjudgments of<br />
"good" and"bad" attitudes. Rather, he seeks to weigh whetheror not an attitude is<br />
healthy.<br />
Ifa given attitudeis found to be unhealthy, the therapistwill not hesitate to enter the<br />
client's inner world. The body, psyche and spirit(the so-calledthree dimensions of<br />
the human being)ofhumans are closely interwoven, and each affects the others. If<br />
the therapist ignores or disregards the interrelationships among them, he may cause<br />
iatrogenic neurosis or harm to the client (Guttmann 1996:123). At the same time, any<br />
change in a positivedirection in any ofthe three dimensions ofbody, psyche, and<br />
spiritcan provideopportunities for growth(Guttmann 1996:123).<br />
50
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