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the essence is to substitute somethingpositive for somethingnegative, and in which symptomreduction is only a by-product, not the aim. She believes that thereal aim ofdereflectionis to enablethe client/patientto reduce and completelyeliminate the symptom. Once thesymptomsare cut off; thedoors are opened to discover new meanings in life. For example,when a woman who bad suffered from frigidity for a long time and bad constantlythought about whatwent on in her body during intercourse was told to concentrate on her husband instead, she was able to reach orgasm in a matter ofa few days (Frankl 1952 & Guttmann 1996:89). Dereflection, in other words, will work when the client/patientrealizes (cognitively-speaking) that he/she must start looking away fromthe negative symptomto something/something positive. Because the therapist cannot prevent the client from thinking, he/she can only tell the latter to think ofsomethingelse that bothers himlher. Thatis, rather than concen tratingon the symptom, the client needs to direct his attention on what is more posi tive, more valuable, and worthy ofeffort: on another human being to encounter lo vinglyor a task to accomplishwelL This is where the importanceofself-transcen dence comesin. The client/patient IDUSi be able to transcend out/away from the ne gative symptoms/circumstances. Self-transcendence lies at the heart ofa person's ability to break out ofthe circle that holds himlherprisoner ofhislher own weaknesses. This holds true whether the pre ceding behaviors refer to body fimctions orto socially acquired fimctions, such as taking an examination, asking a girl or boy for a date, or deliveringa lecture before a crowded lecture hall. Concentratingon the task, ratherthan on the feelings offear and anxiety is theimportantmatter here. Logotherapists believe that dereflection is 40
that logotherapeutic techniquewhich will enable the patient/clientto achieve this at tention-shift (Guttmann 1996:90). Lukas (1980) points out that in logotherapyone must offer a part ofoneself in order to awaken a part ofthe patient/clientto a life ofmeaning. To gain from dereflection one must be ready to sacrifice. Itrequires an immenseeffort and folerance offrustra tion by the therapist. However, before applyingthis technique, one must make sure that there is no physiological cause present, and that it rather safely can be assumed that the roots lie elsewhere, most likelyin the client's/patient's exaggerated self-ob servationor hyper-intention. How does dereflection work practically? The logotherapistwill first reduce the pa tient's/client's hyper-reflection on bimselflherself, an "alternative list" will'then be drawn np and lastly one of these alternativeswill be selected. The "doing" ofthe "choice' will assist and help the client/patientto be more goal-directedand to over come the negative symptom/problem/feeling (Guttmann 1996:101-106). This techniqueis based on the human capacity to rise above limitingand constricting circumstances and situations and to take a stand toward them. Rising above and be yond conditions that imprisonthe human spirit and cause undue suffering opens new doors before the eyes ofthe sufferer. In short this means that the essence ofdereflec tion is to counteract the negativeforces and to turn them into human achievements. The technique itselfserves as a vehiclefor directingthe individual toward higher and more positive goals in life. Because people, from a religiousperspective, have been placed into this world to contnbute to its improvement, anythingthatprevents this must be regarded as problematic. Guttmann (1996:106) correctly said that when so- 41
- Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
- Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
- Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
- Page 10 and 11: 2. The problem and reason for this
- Page 13: A meaningful evaluation of the diff
- Page 17 and 18: (Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
- Page 20 and 21: Mental health is based on a certain
- Page 22 and 23: 6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
- Page 24: 6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
- Page 28: complishment ofwhat the patient des
- Page 31 and 32: eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
- Page 33: something about hislher situation.
- Page 37: ("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
- Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
- Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
- Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
- Page 49 and 50: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
- Page 51 and 52: Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
- Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
- Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
- Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
- Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
- Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
- Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
- Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
- Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
- Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
- Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
- Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
- Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
- Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
- Page 87 and 88: 10 to 15minutes. The administration
- Page 89 and 90: answerthese questions. Thismay crea
the essence is to substitute somethingpositive for somethingnegative, and in which<br />
symptomreduction is only a by-product, not the aim. She believes that thereal aim<br />
ofdereflectionis to enablethe client/patientto reduce and completelyeliminate the<br />
symptom. Once thesymptomsare cut off; thedoors are opened to discover new<br />
meanings in life.<br />
For example,when a woman who bad suffered from frigidity for a long time and bad<br />
constantlythought about whatwent on in her body during intercourse was told to<br />
concentrate on her husband instead, she was able to reach orgasm in a matter ofa few<br />
days (Frankl 1952 & Guttmann 1996:89). Dereflection, in other words, will work<br />
when the client/patientrealizes (cognitively-speaking) that he/she must start looking<br />
away fromthe negative symptomto something/something positive.<br />
Because the therapist cannot prevent the client from thinking, he/she can only tell the<br />
latter to think ofsomethingelse that bothers himlher. Thatis, rather than concen<br />
tratingon the symptom, the client needs to direct his attention on what is more posi<br />
tive, more valuable, and worthy ofeffort: on another human being to encounter lo<br />
vinglyor a task to accomplishwelL This is where the importanceofself-transcen<br />
dence comesin. The client/patient IDUSi be able to transcend out/away from the ne<br />
gative symptoms/circumstances.<br />
Self-transcendence lies at the heart ofa person's ability to break out ofthe circle that<br />
holds himlherprisoner ofhislher own weaknesses. This holds true whether the pre<br />
ceding behaviors refer to body fimctions orto socially acquired fimctions, such as<br />
taking an examination, asking a girl or boy for a date, or deliveringa lecture before a<br />
crowded lecture hall. Concentratingon the task, ratherthan on the feelings offear<br />
and anxiety is theimportantmatter here. Logotherapists believe that dereflection is<br />
40
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