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("'meta-motivation") will lead to a reduction in problematic symptoms - something
that logotherapists intendto do with paradoxicalintention(Maslow 1987).
From a phenomenological perspective, Carl Rogers would also agree with logothe­
rapeutictherapists that the aims ofparadoxicalintention, "to change" and to bring
about a "change ofattitude" and "to reduce symptoms", are exactly what he has in
mind, but, the modus operandi, how to do that, will differ. A Rogerian therapist is
more a "facilitatorofgrowth" (Hjelle& Ziegler 1992:526) than a "challenger' or
even one who "confronts" (even in a humoristic way), like in logotherapeutic circles
where paradoxicalintention is used.
2.1.2 Dereflection
Viktor Franklsaid that the two uniquehuman features that form the basis for human
existencein this world, and those two that are the most relevant for a humanistic psy­
chotherapy, are self-transcendence and self-detachment. Self-transcendence is when
humans directthemselves toward somethingor someoneother than themselves; to
meanings outside themselves. By being immersed in work or love, one transcends
and actualize oneself Frankl (1980) stronglybelieves that what motivates a person is
his/herown choices.
Self-detachment is the humancapacity to detach ourselves from outward situations
by our thoughts, fantasies, and memories, and our ability to take a stand toward
conditions or situations. Humanbeings have the ability to detach themselves not
only fromexternalsituations, but also from internal ones. This capacity is the source
on which Franklhas based his logotherapeutic techniques. In the light ofthese
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