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environmental influences. Although the cognitive aspectdoes get attentionthe other two aspects are neglectedat times or do not get a strong enough emphasis. Albert Banduraand Julian Rotter especiallywould have stressed thispoint (Bandura 1977 & Rotter 1954, 1982). GeorgeKelly's cognitive-construct theories reveal thathe strongly emphasizedthe ability ofhuman beingsto change. Persons comprehendtheir worlds throughtrans parent patternsor constructs, which means thatthey interpret experiencesin the light ofthe specific construct that they use. One can point out thatlogotherapists, using paradoxical intention, will confront "these constructs"ifthey are ofthe opinionthat the patient/client is usingthe wrong construct. Therapists in paradoxical intention as well as those using the insights ofGeorge Kel ly, are both strongly committed to address cognitive issues like "wrong thinking" and/or"cognitive interpretations." However, although the way they will do it in praxis will and may differ, insights, comingrespectively from each ofthese two therapeutical settings, certainlywill reveal stimulating and useful materialfor future consideration (Kelly 1955 & 1963). Abraham Maslow and others from the humanistic personality-psychological point of view, who strongly believe thatpeople are capable offashioning their own lives, cer tainlywill welcome the idea ofFrankl thatpeople are confrontedthroughparadoxical intention to change. Personality change(including the removal ofnegative and pro blematic symptoms) comes into existenceand to the fore when people start moving toward the actualization oftheir potentials. This humanistic emphasis,that also ope rates Vibrantly in therapeutical settingswhere paradoxical intentionis used, will be welcomed by those who are convinced thatthe increasingof "growth motivation" 36
("'meta-motivation") will lead to a reduction in problematic symptoms - something that logotherapists intendto do with paradoxicalintention(Maslow 1987). From a phenomenological perspective, Carl Rogers would also agree with logothe rapeutictherapists that the aims ofparadoxicalintention, "to change" and to bring about a "change ofattitude" and "to reduce symptoms", are exactly what he has in mind, but, the modus operandi, how to do that, will differ. A Rogerian therapist is more a "facilitatorofgrowth" (Hjelle& Ziegler 1992:526) than a "challenger' or even one who "confronts" (even in a humoristic way), like in logotherapeutic circles where paradoxicalintention is used. 2.1.2 Dereflection Viktor Franklsaid that the two uniquehuman features that form the basis for human existencein this world, and those two that are the most relevant for a humanistic psy chotherapy, are self-transcendence and self-detachment. Self-transcendence is when humans directthemselves toward somethingor someoneother than themselves; to meanings outside themselves. By being immersed in work or love, one transcends and actualize oneself Frankl (1980) stronglybelieves that what motivates a person is his/herown choices. Self-detachment is the humancapacity to detach ourselves from outward situations by our thoughts, fantasies, and memories, and our ability to take a stand toward conditions or situations. Humanbeings have the ability to detach themselves not only fromexternalsituations, but also from internal ones. This capacity is the source on which Franklhas based his logotherapeutic techniques. In the light ofthese 37
Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
Page 10 and 11: 2. The problem and reason for this
Page 13: A meaningful evaluation of the diff
Page 17 and 18: (Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
Page 20 and 21: Mental health is based on a certain
Page 22 and 23: 6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
Page 24: 6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
Page 28: complishment ofwhat the patient des
Page 31 and 32: eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
Page 33: something about hislher situation.
Page 40 and 41: the essence is to substitute someth
Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
Page 51 and 52: Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87 and 88:
10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 89 and 90:
answerthese questions. Thismay crea
Page 91:
Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94:
questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98:
naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102:
3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 104 and 105:
In terms ofKelly's "constructivealt
Page 106 and 107:
cumstances (environmental factors/i
Page 108 and 109:
This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111:
It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112:
principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116:
peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118:
usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120:
Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122:
schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124:
Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126:
gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128:
Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130:
Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132:
Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135:
national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138:
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139:
Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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