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Mental health is based on a certaindegreeoftension, the tensionbetweenwhat one has already achieved andwhat one still oughtto accomplish, or the gapbetweenwhat one is andwhatone should become. This meansthat what man actually needs is not homeostasis, or a tension-less state,but rather,the strivingand struggling for some goalworthy ofhim. Noo-dynamics is this call ofpotentialmeaning, waitingto be fulfilled by man(Frankl 1970:106-107). 6.7 Existential vacuum The existential vacuum refers to the loss ofthe feeling that life is meaningful, mani festing itselfmostly in a state ofboredom. Sometimes the frustrated will to meaning is compensated, for example, by a will to power, the will to money, or the:willto . pleasure, like sexualpleasure(Frankl 1970:108-109). Franklwas of the opinion that this vacuum or "emptiness"is presentin everyman and woman. He has used this "emptiness" to movepeopleinto a meaningful direction. 6.8 Supra-meaning This is the ultimate meaning that exceeds and surpassesthe finite intellectual capaci ties ofmanbecause logos is deeper than logic. Itis to endurethe meaninglessness of life,but ratherto bear the incapacity to grasp its unconditional meaningfulness in ra tional terms (Frankl 1970:120). Thishas to do with the world beyondthe human world, with anotherdimension. in additionto the biological, psychological and spiri tual dimensions. This other"outer-worldly" dimension is the ultimateor supra meaning (Guttmann 1996:36). 20
6.9 Self-transcendence Self-transcendence is a tenn that refers to the ability ofman to transcend himselfl herself This means that manhas the abilityto move from "this world" to the so-call ed "otherworld" in order to overcome hislher problems and difficult circumstances, This term implies man's ability to overcome his present problems by "reaching out" and "finding meaning" outside himselfherself and/or by giving and/or attaching meaning to something or someone. At a deeper philosophical-linguistic level, one moves from the so-called "immanent" side ofthings ("from the here"), to the so called "transcendental" side ofthings ("to the 'there'Ito the 'outside'/to a 'higher lever"). 6.10 Pan-determinism Frankl said "By this I mean any view ofman which disregards orneglects the in trinsically human capacity of:free choice and interprets human existence in terms ofmere dynamics (Frankl 1970:59). Thisterm mejudice stands in direct contrast to a futalistic point ofview where everything is decreed and ordained to happen in a specific fixed-deterministic, static order. Frankl never accepted the status quo ofany human being. People can (and must) change! The term "pan-determinism" was used to say that this humanistic-philoso phical view is something that is in conflict to what Viktor Frankl experienced in the German Nazi camps, and inwhat he believed is correct. He strongly believed that man shapes his destiny because he/she can exercise a choice and has the ability to transcend anygiven circumstances - no matter how difficult. 21
Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
Page 10 and 11: 2. The problem and reason for this
Page 13: A meaningful evaluation of the diff
Page 17 and 18: (Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
Page 22 and 23: 6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
Page 24: 6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
Page 28: complishment ofwhat the patient des
Page 31 and 32: eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
Page 33: something about hislher situation.
Page 37: ("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
Page 40 and 41: the essence is to substitute someth
Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
Page 51 and 52: Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
Page 71:
Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75:
written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76:
fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81:
therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82:
Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87 and 88:
10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 89 and 90:
answerthese questions. Thismay crea
Page 91:
Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94:
questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98:
naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102:
3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 104 and 105:
In terms ofKelly's "constructivealt
Page 106 and 107:
cumstances (environmental factors/i
Page 108 and 109:
This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111:
It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112:
principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116:
peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118:
usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120:
Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122:
schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124:
Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126:
gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128:
Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130:
Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132:
Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135:
national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138:
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139:
Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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