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2. The problem and reason for this study Most scholars probablyknow Frankl forhis two logotherapeutic methods called paradoxical intention and dereflection. At the time ofits appearancethe first method specifically focused on anxietyand phobic disorders (Kendall& Hammen 1995:187). Although a lot ofattentionalready has been paid in the past to these two methods, there are also other rather unknownlogotherapeutic techniques. These include: (i) modification ofattitudes, (ii) the logoanchortechnique, (iii) the appealing technique, (iv)the Socratic dialogue(logotherapy's maintool in helping seekers' searchfor meaning), (v) the symbolic growth experience(SGE), (vi) the logochart, and (vii) logotherapeutic dream analysis or interpretation. Thesetechniques, as well as the differenttests that are used in logotherapy, like the Purposein Life Test (PlL), the SeekingofNoetic Goals Tests (the SONG test), the LOGOtest, and theMeaningin Suffering Test (the MIST test), are not known to everyone. Exposureto these aspects oflogotherapy will acquaint scholars more with these therapeutic methodsand aids. Because there is relativelylittle that is known aboutthe presentresearch that is goingon in logotherapeutic circles, this study also wants to make scholarsmore aware ofpossible logotherapeutic contributions to the psychological field. An evaluation ofthe present state ofaffairs will be done. Book analyses, focusing on the textbooks published on personality theories, do not reveal muchabout Frankland his adherents. This underlines the tendency that he did not get enoughattentionin the past (Hjelle& Ziegler 1992:ix-xiii). Because there is basically no systematised and evaluative discussionon all the different logotb.erapeu tic techniques that are used by logotherapists, this study wants to address this need. 10
It seems appropriate that an evaluation is done ofthe differentlogotherapeutic tech niques at the beginning ofAD. 2000, because there are somewho believe that logo therapywill becomethe main therapeutictool in the new millennium (Guttmann 1996). However, in evaluating the different logotherapeutic techniques, one strongly needs to point out that it is impossible to separate the techniques or methods used in logo therapyfromthe philosophical-theoretical thinkingoftheir therapists. It is.their "psychological thinking", their conceptual frameworks, beliefs, philosophical and theoretical "know-how"and ideas that are reflected in these therapeutic aids. This means that one cannot separate the theory from the practice. They do what they do because they "believe" that is how they must do it. In evaluating the logotherapeutic techniquesin a meaningful and more precise man ner, it is essential that this study must recognize the inseparability oftheory from practiceand viceversa. The implementation oftechniques are based on the foun dational philosophical-psychological beliefs ofthe logotherapist. Ignoringthis im portantmatterin this thesis certainly would reflect a docta ignorantia. 3. Evaluative point ofview The techniques thatare used in a therapeutic setting are a natural reflection and mani festation ofthe particularpsychological stances and viewpointsthat psychologists have. Therapeuticmethodsare based on certain differenttheories that help us to form a more correct and coherent picture ofthe specific psychological point ofdepar ture and/or positionthat a psychologist takes in order to help his patient or client. 11
Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
Page 3 and 4: SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
Page 5: TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
Page 13: A meaningful evaluation of the diff
Page 17 and 18: (Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
Page 20 and 21: Mental health is based on a certain
Page 22 and 23: 6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
Page 24: 6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
Page 28: complishment ofwhat the patient des
Page 31 and 32: eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
Page 33: something about hislher situation.
Page 37: ("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
Page 40 and 41: the essence is to substitute someth
Page 42 and 43: meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45: negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47: It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50: Sadness, however, can be turned aro
Page 51 and 52: Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62:
2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64:
nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66:
conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68:
technique is based on questions ask
Page 71:
Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75:
written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76:
fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81:
therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82:
Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87 and 88:
10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 89 and 90:
answerthese questions. Thismay crea
Page 91:
Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94:
questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98:
naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102:
3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 104 and 105:
In terms ofKelly's "constructivealt
Page 106 and 107:
cumstances (environmental factors/i
Page 108 and 109:
This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111:
It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112:
principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116:
peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118:
usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120:
Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122:
schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124:
Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126:
gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128:
Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130:
Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132:
Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135:
national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138:
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139:
Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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