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cumstances (environmental factors/influences). Behaviorists disagree with this. According to them the influence ofthe environment cannotbe separated from a per son's behavior. The statements do not reflectthe idea that the past ofa person and/orhislherenviron mentcan shape and/orcontribute(s), and/oris the cause for the present suffering ofa person. Psychoanalytic thinking is not reflectedin the type ofstatements thatwere made. Ignoring the past suffering and events that led to the present state ofsuffer ing, as well as a possible finding ofmeaning in the "now", are basicallyabsent. It is clearthat the way the statements were originally formulated and structuredin the MIST-test was not made in the lightofpsychoanalytic presuppositions, reasoning and thought-processes. Although the purposeofthe MIST-test is to ascertain the client's/patient's percep tion ofthe extent to whichhe/she has foundmeaning in suffering experiences (Gutt mann 1996:216), the over-emphasis on the "I believe... " (perception) ofthe client/ patient, seems superfluous. These statements deliberately ignore the past and possi ble environmental influences that have influenced the present "meaning-perception and experience(s)" ofthe client/patient. In the lightofthis the presenttest wouldbe totally unacceptable to those who are of the opinion that man is not living in a historical vacuum, but is part and parcel ofa specific historical-socio-cultural setting. We cannottake man out ofhisJher histori cal-cultural environment. We mustunderstand himlher in the lightofhislher histo rical-cultural settingthatinfluences him/her. Everyone stands and is firmly rooted in hislherSitze im Leben. Ignoring this fact, is to deny that man is a historical reality that is shapedby eventsand matters aroundhimlher. 106
In criticizing the MIST-test, it is also important to point out that these statements did not sufficiently considered insights from structural (Minuchin 1974;Minuchin & Fishman 1981), intergenerational (Bowen1978), and strategic (Watzlawick, Weak land & Fish 1974)family therapies. Itis clear that logotherapeutic presuppositions and theoretical-philosophical beliefsformthe heart and background ofStarck's MIST-test. Her "deliberate-ignorance" ofthe important fact that systems-approaches have shown that one can onlytrulyunderstand perceptions and behaviorin the light oftheirsocialcontext (Brammer, Abrego & Shostrom 1993:54), is pro-minent in this logotherapeutic test. Itseems that logotherapists ex usonegate the influences of historical-social contexts. 3.7 The Belfast-test This test was published by Giorgi (1982:31-37) and was an attempt to provide a new psychometric approach to logotherapy. The test consistsofa 20-itemquestionnaire designed to measure client's1patient's difficulties in finding meaning to circumstan ces beyond their control. Diseases and death are typical ofmatterswith which sub jects struggle to cope. It also looks at the actualizing values ofpatientsto overcome problems suchas discrimination (Guttmann 1996:198). This test, just like the PIT... and MIST-tests, measures meaning. While the PIT... mea sures the subject's will-to-meaning and his/her existential vacuum, and the MIST the extentto which an individual findmeaning in unavoidable suffering experiences, this test more specifically measures the difficulty ofsubjects' in finding meaning to cir cumstances beyondtheircontrol. The Belfast-testis also based on VietorFrankl's concepts aboutthe ways in whichmeaning in life can be found. However,logothera pists still prefer the PIT...-test to the MIST and Belfast test. 107
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AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
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SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
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TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
Page 10 and 11:
2. The problem and reason for this
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A meaningful evaluation of the diff
Page 17 and 18:
(Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
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Mental health is based on a certain
Page 22 and 23:
6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
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6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
Page 28:
complishment ofwhat the patient des
Page 31 and 32:
eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
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something about hislher situation.
Page 37:
("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
Page 40 and 41:
the essence is to substitute someth
Page 42 and 43:
meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45:
negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47:
It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50:
Sadness, however, can be turned aro
Page 51 and 52:
Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54:
this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87 and 88: 10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 89 and 90: answerthese questions. Thismay crea
Page 91: Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94: questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98: naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102: 3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 104 and 105: In terms ofKelly's "constructivealt
Page 108 and 109: This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111: It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112: principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116: peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118: usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120: Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122: schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124: Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126: gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128: Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130: Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132: Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135: national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138: Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139: Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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