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In terms ofKelly's "constructivealternativism" (see Kelly 1970:1),people think in a cognitiveway about their life, no matterifthey experienceproblems and/or meaning or not. Because the EVS measures meaningand/or existentialvacuumthat is a part ofa cognitive process, this scale is not out ofline with cognitive personological thinking. However, it is safe to point out that cognitive thinkingand phenomenological-exis tentialthinking share the idea that "subjectivism"plays an importantrole in. the life ofthe patient/client, because what he/she is experiencing as meaningand/or existen tial vacuum, is purely a "subjective creation and interpretation"ofwhat the patient! client perceivesto be the truth about himselti'herself. 3.6 The Meaningin Suffering Test (MIST-test) This test was developedby Patricia Starck and is an instrumentthat measures the ex tent to whichan individual has found meaningin unavoidable sufferingexperiences. Logotherapists believe that it is not sufficient to just treat people who are suffering. To treat the symptoms of sufferingmeans nothing (Goldberg 1986:97-104). What is needed is to go deeper into the originofsufferingand what it means for the person who suffers. The MIST-test assists in this regard to help logotherapists find out ifthe meaning is experienced as positiveor not, and/orifthe sufferer is tryingto find meaning in the process ofsuffering. Results ofpatients, with physical or mental pathology that were tested with the MIST-test, revealed that sufferinghad meaning and that some good came from it. 104
The MIST has 2 parts; part 1 consists of2Q-items based on the scale ofRensis Li kert, and the 2 nd part consists of17 additional statements that gather information a bout individual features that may be ofassistance in therapy (Starck 1985:41-43 & Guttmann 1996:196). Althoughthis test is regarded as very reliable and valid it does not have the importance ofthe PIL-test A quick glanceatthe test itselfreveals that it is totally introspective and it deals with the "beliefs" ofthe sufferer. Every one ofthe 20 statements starts with the phrase "I believe...." From a phenomenological-existential point ofview these questions look meaningful because they try to reveal what the patient/client (the "sufferer') honestly has to say about hisJher"believes" about hisJhersufferingand also about the way he/she "sees" and/or has "experienced" this suffering. The subjective nature ofthese --questions are prominent. From a cognitive pointofview the perceptions ofa client/patient are inseparably linked with the cognitive constructs that he/she has. The manner in which individuals perceive and interpretthing;; and persons in their environments, forms the heart of this perspective. Most cognitive personologists probably would find the statements inthe MIST meaningful. because the way the 20 statements are structured, do not deny the presence ofpersonal constructs ofthe clients/patientswho answer them. However, froma dispositionalpoint ofview, the statements do not include any state ments regardingpossible traits that influencethe perception ofthe patient/client What is lackingin these statements is the presence ofpossible social, political, cul tural, historical-political and environmental factors. The "I believe..." formule is formulated in an almost a-historicalway which underlinesthe logotherapeutic em phasis ofself-transcendence and the beliefthat humans are greater than their cir- lOS
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AN EVALUATION OF THE LOGOTHERAPEUTI
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SUMMARY This study is an evaluation
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TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTERONE METIIOD
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2. The problem and reason for this
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A meaningful evaluation of the diff
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(Frankl 1970:103). The generaluse o
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Mental health is based on a certain
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6.11 Collective neurosis ForFmnkl t
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6.17 The tragic triad Thisis a term
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complishment ofwhat the patient des
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eplacingit with a healthyattitude t
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something about hislher situation.
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("'meta-motivation") will lead to a
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the essence is to substitute someth
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meone's spiritis tied down with a r
Page 44 and 45:
negative symptoms and then move to
Page 46 and 47:
It becomes clearthat the real probl
Page 49 and 50:
Sadness, however, can be turned aro
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Takashima (1990) said that in diagn
Page 53 and 54: this knowledge. Widow's, for exampl
Page 55 and 56: It is clear that this logotherapeut
Page 57 and 58: The confrontational and too direct
Page 59 and 60: human beings can and mustexert in o
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.5 The Appealing technique This
Page 63 and 64: nobody supportedbimlherin hislher s
Page 65 and 66: conceptsused and how these terms ar
Page 68: technique is based on questions ask
Page 71: Lantz (1987) relies on the Socratic
Page 74 and 75: written on these charts. Patientsar
Page 76: fee1ingslsymptomslproblems as they
Page 80 and 81: therapistswould not ignorethe socia
Page 82: Fabry (1989:70-78) is ofthe opinion
Page 87 and 88: 10 to 15minutes. The administration
Page 89 and 90: answerthese questions. Thismay crea
Page 91: Just like the PIL-test, the emphasi
Page 94: questions ratherwant to capturethe
Page 98: naire is easierto understand and to
Page 101 and 102: 3.5 TheMinnesota Multiphasic Person
Page 106 and 107: cumstances (environmental factors/i
Page 108 and 109: This test is rather one-sided becau
Page 110 and 111: It is especiallyfor those without a
Page 112: principles were buildt into existen
Page 115 and 116: peutic thought (body, mind, and spi
Page 117 and 118: usedby them at times may plungepati
Page 119 and 120: Logotherapy can be used when you wo
Page 121 and 122: schedule, difficult workconditions,
Page 123 and 124: Frankl (1975:15) once wrote that if
Page 125 and 126: gotherapeutic distinction ofbody, s
Page 127 and 128: Electronically-speaking the world i
Page 129 and 130: Bulka, R P 1989. Jewish humor-a log
Page 131 and 132: Frankl, V E 1965. The Doctor andthe
Page 134 and 135: national Forum for Logotherapy: Jou
Page 137 and 138: Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan P
Page 139: Positive Affectivity. The Journal o
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