A Checklist of the Beetles of Cuba with Data on Distributions and ...

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Abstract This summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> beetle fauna <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> lists 87 families, 954 genera, and 2,673 species plus three families, three genera, and three species <strong>of</strong> strepsipterans. Many families in <strong>Cuba</strong> are poorly or not at all studied and additional species will be found. The fauna contains 1,495 endemic species - species which are naturally limited to <strong>Cuba</strong>. There are 1,092 native species - <strong>the</strong>se have natural distributions in adjacent or surrounding land masses (<strong>the</strong> Bahama Islands, Florida and <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern United States, Jamaica, <strong>the</strong> Cayman Islands, México and Central America, and Hispaniola and o<strong>the</strong>r Caribbean islands to <strong>the</strong> east). There are 86 species which are recognized to have been introduced by human activities and many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are pests <strong>of</strong> agriculture, forestry, or stored products. The fauna is disharmonic (unbalanced), as is expected for an oceanic island fauna which has long been isolated by water. Several families that occur on <strong>the</strong> continental margins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caribbean are apparently not present in <strong>Cuba</strong>. Geological history suggests that <strong>Cuba</strong> has existed as an island and has been available for insect colonization for <strong>the</strong> past 35 million years. Species movement to and from <strong>Cuba</strong> may have been more frequent at times <strong>of</strong> past low sea levels during Pleistocene glacials, when <strong>the</strong> neighboring continental margins and Caribbean islands were more exposed and <strong>the</strong> water gaps between <strong>the</strong>m and <strong>Cuba</strong> were smaller. Twenty-eight genera contain 10 or more species limited to <strong>Cuba</strong> and may represent island “species swarms.”
Figure 1. Outline map <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>, showing present provinces. A fundamental part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patrimony or natural heritage <strong>of</strong> every nation is <strong>the</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> its biological species. <strong>Cuba</strong> is a tropical island nation which is exceptionally well endowed <strong>with</strong> a rich array <strong>of</strong> plant and animal species in both marine and terrestrial environments. However, this island <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> richest known biota in <strong>the</strong> West Indies remains little known by most entomologists, biologists, and conservationists outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. The Republic <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> includes more than 1,600 islands and covers an area <strong>of</strong> 110,922 km 2 . <strong>Cuba</strong> harbours <strong>the</strong> greatest species diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies (Woods 1989), <strong>with</strong> more than 6,000 species <strong>of</strong> plants, 552 species <strong>of</strong> terrestrial vertebrates, 778 species <strong>of</strong> fish, probably more than 15,000 species <strong>of</strong> insects, and an additional large number <strong>of</strong> myriapods, terrestrial crustaceans, land snails, and arachnids. Genaro and Tejuca (1999) provide a count <strong>of</strong> 8,312 species <strong>of</strong> insects in <strong>the</strong> 29 insect orders now known in <strong>Cuba</strong>, and <strong>the</strong>y provide an introduction to a review <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>n insects in general. <strong>Cuba</strong> also has <strong>the</strong> highest amount <strong>of</strong> West Indian endemism (species unique to <strong>the</strong> country); more than 32% <strong>of</strong> its vertebrates (approximately 90% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> amphibians and 85% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reptiles), and 50% <strong>of</strong> its flowering plants naturally occur only on this island. And many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> endemics are limited to only parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island. Of <strong>the</strong> some 6,000 species <strong>of</strong> flowering plants, 1,575 occur only in eastern <strong>Cuba</strong> (López Almirall 1998). Vales et al. (1998) estimate that some 30% <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>’s insects are endemic. A <strong>Checklist</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Beetles</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> 1 Introduction Many groups, such as vascular plants and birds are now well known in <strong>Cuba</strong>. Less well known are <strong>the</strong> invertebrate animals, especially <strong>the</strong> insects. Of course <strong>the</strong>re are exceptions to this. Some insects have received much study and <strong>the</strong>ir species and distributions are well known. Two such examples are <strong>the</strong> butterflies (Alayo and Hernandez 1987) and <strong>the</strong> plant-feeding aphids (Holman 1974) <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. Reviews <strong>of</strong> various groups <strong>of</strong> terrestrial invertebrates are in <strong>the</strong> newsletter ”Cocuyo”, published since 1994 by <strong>the</strong> National Museum <strong>of</strong> Natural History, Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. It is estimated that <strong>Cuba</strong> was about 60% covered by various kinds <strong>of</strong> forest formations at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> its discovery by Columbus in 1492. Four hundred years <strong>of</strong> Spanish colonial occupation did not much change this. In <strong>the</strong> late 1800’s forests still covered an estimated 56% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island (Smith 1954). With <strong>the</strong> independence <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> from Spain in 1898, and <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> a preferential tariff for <strong>the</strong> importation <strong>of</strong> sugar into <strong>the</strong> USA, <strong>the</strong> rate <strong>of</strong> clearing <strong>of</strong> native forest cover was greatly accelerated. By 1959 more than 4.4 million ha (hectares) <strong>of</strong> forests had been destroyed or greatly altered and forested areas had been reduced to only 14% <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>’s land area. The deforestation process has now been reversed, and natural and plantation forest cover has increased to approximately 18% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> land area. The Food and Agriculture Organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United Nations identifies <strong>Cuba</strong> as now having <strong>the</strong> lowest annual deforestation rate (0.1%) in Latin America.
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A Checklist of the Beetles of Cuba with Data on Distributions and ...

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