A Checklist of the Beetles of Cuba with Data on Distributions and ...

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2 Arthropods <strong>of</strong> Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, Vol. 18 The first <strong>Cuba</strong>n national park, Parque Nacional Pico Cristal, was established in 1930, and only five more had been established by 1959. Then, nine additional national parks were established under Public Law 239 in 1959. The first attempt to classify and preserve <strong>the</strong> country’s remaining natural forests was that <strong>of</strong> Samek (1968). Later, Miller (1974) provided <strong>the</strong> basis for establishing <strong>the</strong> present system <strong>of</strong> protected areas. To insure adequate representation <strong>of</strong> all natural landscapes, geographers and biologists evaluated <strong>the</strong>ir protected status. These efforts resulted in a law establishing a National System <strong>of</strong> Protected Areas, which now has more than 200 protected areas that cover 12% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. However, only 1-2% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country is strictly protected and some reserves appear to be too small to effectively preserve <strong>the</strong> biota <strong>the</strong>y contain. It is estimated that <strong>Cuba</strong> now has about two million ha <strong>of</strong> forests, <strong>of</strong> which 1.7 million ha (85%) consist <strong>of</strong> natural forests and <strong>the</strong> remainder is forestry plantations. Of <strong>the</strong>se forested lands, national parks cover 5.1%, wildlife conservation areas are 24.3%, watershed protection areas are 17.0%, coastal protection areas are 18.2%, production forests are 32.7%, and o<strong>the</strong>r categories are 2.7% (Santana 1991, Cuevas and García 1982). The purposes <strong>of</strong> this checklist <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>n beetles are several. It may be used to help evaluate possible pest status <strong>of</strong> beetles moving into and out <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> through human activities. The advantages <strong>of</strong> this are evident. Some beetles are pests <strong>of</strong> agricultural, horticultural, and forest plants; some are pests <strong>of</strong> stored agricultural products, or are destructive to man-made structures; and some are actual or potential vectors <strong>of</strong> diseases <strong>of</strong> livestock, crops, and humans. To unify information on <strong>the</strong>se makes <strong>the</strong> data more accessible and useful to <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> human society. However, most beetles (as is also true for almost all insects) have little or no direct impact on human activities. These species comprise most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> richness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vibrant natural communities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> island <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. This list may help to stimulate and encourage additional research activity in summarizing biodiversity information on <strong>the</strong> beetles <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. All <strong>the</strong> species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>n insects have been shaped and formed by <strong>the</strong> biological and physical processes <strong>of</strong> evolution by natural selection. The geographic distributions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species <strong>with</strong>in and beyond <strong>Cuba</strong> have been shaped by <strong>the</strong>ir genetic adaptations to <strong>the</strong> ecological conditions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local environments and physiography, and human changes to <strong>the</strong> landscape. All <strong>of</strong> this is a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patrimony <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. The history <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> insects (and especially <strong>of</strong> beetles) in <strong>Cuba</strong> is long and rich. The science <strong>of</strong> insect taxonomy in <strong>Cuba</strong> is <strong>the</strong> most highly developed <strong>of</strong> any nation in <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. An understanding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> insect fauna is more advanced for <strong>Cuba</strong> than for any o<strong>the</strong>r island in <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. <strong>Cuba</strong> is <strong>the</strong> natural biological and cultural crossroads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Caribbean Basin. An understanding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dynamics <strong>of</strong> insect movement into and out <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> over evolutionary and historical time is important for applied biology and management purposes. Knowledge <strong>of</strong> insect pests is important for <strong>the</strong>ir control. Knowledge <strong>of</strong> insects in general is an important part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cultural heritage <strong>of</strong> all societies, because all <strong>the</strong>se species are fellow occupants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biosphere. References Alayo D., P. and Hernandez, L.R. 1987. Atlas de las mariposas diurnas de <strong>Cuba</strong> (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Editorial Cientifico-Téchnica, La Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. 148 pp. Cuevas, J.R. and García, F. 1982. Los recursos naturales y su conservación. Editorial Pueblo y Educación, La Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. 44 pp. Genaro, J. A. and Tejuca, A. E. 1999. Datos cuantitativos, endemismo y estado actual del conocimiento de los insectos cubaños. Cucuyo 8: 24-28. Holman, J. 1974. Los aphidos de <strong>Cuba</strong>. Instituto <strong>Cuba</strong>no del Libro, La Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. López Almirall, A. 1998. Algunas characterísticas del endemismo en la flora de <strong>Cuba</strong> Oriental. Pp. 47-82. In Halffter, G. (ed.). La diversidad biológica de Iberoamerica. Vol. 2. Acta Zooogica Mexicana, nueva series, volumen especial 1998. Miller, K. 1974. Manejo y desarrollo integral de las áreas naturales y culturales. Centro de Investigaciones y Capacitación Forestal, La Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. 102 pp. Samek, V. 1968. La protección de la naturaleza en <strong>Cuba</strong>. Serie Transformación de la Naturaleza. Academia de Ciencias de <strong>Cuba</strong>, La Havana, <strong>Cuba</strong>. No. 7. 23 pp. Santana, C.E. 1991. Native conservation and sustainable development in <strong>Cuba</strong>. Conservation Biology 5: 13-16. Smith, E. E. 1954. The forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publ. 2, Cambridge Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, and <strong>the</strong> Atkins Garden and Research Laboratory, Cienfuegos, <strong>Cuba</strong>. 98 pp. Vales, M. A., Montes, L. and Alayo, R. 1998. Estado del cononcimiento de la biodiversidad en <strong>Cuba</strong>. pp. 239-249. In Halffter, G. (ed.). La Biodiversidad biológica de Iberoamerica. Acta. Zool. Mexicana, Woods, C.A. 1989. Biogeography <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West Indies: past, present and future. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida.
A <strong>Checklist</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Beetles</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong> 3 Figure 2. Percentages <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total <strong>of</strong> 1,092 native <strong>Cuba</strong>n beetle species shared <strong>with</strong> adjacent lands in and around <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. These are an indicator <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relative frequency <strong>of</strong> successful natural “over-water” colonizations to and from <strong>Cuba</strong> and o<strong>the</strong>r land masses. These numbers are subject to change as additional research on <strong>the</strong> identity and geographic distribution <strong>of</strong> Caribbean beetles continues. Number <strong>of</strong> native species shared only <strong>with</strong> one o<strong>the</strong>r geographic area are as follows: Bahamas, 17; Jamaica, 27; Cayman Islands, 1; Hispaniola, 175; Mexico, 46; USA, 120; South America, 15. Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>n beetle studies Numerous naturalists and entomlogists contributed to <strong>the</strong> historical development <strong>of</strong> knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> beetles <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se were European taxonomists who first published <strong>the</strong> names and scientific descriptions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> species <strong>the</strong>mselves. I here briefly introduce <strong>the</strong> most important people who actually did <strong>the</strong> field work and collecting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> specimens. This was <strong>the</strong> foundation activity in exploring and documenting <strong>the</strong> beetle fauna <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>. <strong>Data</strong> on <strong>the</strong> early European or American taxonomists who described <strong>the</strong> species can be found in sources such as Horn and Kahle (1935). Felipe Poey y Aloy (1799-1891) is considered to be <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>n zoology. The general study <strong>of</strong> insects and o<strong>the</strong>r animals in <strong>Cuba</strong> started <strong>with</strong> <strong>the</strong> collecting activities <strong>of</strong> this most famous and influential <strong>Cuba</strong>n naturalist. He published during <strong>the</strong> period from 1831 to 1868. His best known work is “Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de <strong>Cuba</strong>” in two volumes (1851-1861) (Norman 1938). In this he treated some entomological taxa, especially butterflies and beetles. Chapter 25 in his “Memorias” (1851) is about beetles, listing what was known at that time but containing no new information. Poey provided many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> specimens <strong>of</strong> beetle species described by Jacquelin du Val (1856-1857) in Sagra’s (1856-1857) “History <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Island <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cuba</strong>.” He is still honored in <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biological journal “Poeyana,” published by <strong>the</strong> Instituto
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A Checklist of the Beetles of Cuba with Data on Distributions and ...

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