IN THE NAME OF - Higher Education Commission
IN THE NAME OF - Higher Education Commission
IN THE NAME OF - Higher Education Commission
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>IN</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>NAME</strong> <strong>OF</strong><br />
ALLAH<br />
<strong>THE</strong> MOST BENEFIGENT<br />
& MOST MERCIFUL
'SUICIDES <strong>IN</strong> S<strong>IN</strong>DH DLRTNG r99l-200s: A S(nOLOGTCAL<br />
AJTALYSIs'<br />
A DFSF,RTATION SIJBMITTEI)<br />
BY<br />
AIJAZ AII WASSAN<br />
TO<br />
TEE UI'IVERSIry OT S<strong>IN</strong>Dq<br />
FOR<br />
<strong>THE</strong> DDGREE <strong>OF</strong> DOCTON <strong>OF</strong> PtrILOSOPBY <strong>IN</strong> SO€IOIIrcY<br />
PR<strong>OF</strong>. MRs. XEALIDA SEr{rXf,<br />
SI'PERYISOR<br />
DEPARTMENT <strong>OF</strong> SOCIOLOGY<br />
UNIVERAITY <strong>OF</strong> S<strong>IN</strong>DII JAI{SEORO<br />
2006
CERTIFICATE<br />
Thh is io @rtify ah.r .U! rer..rct wort .Dri0.d ssrictdd r! Sindt During<br />
199l-2005: A So(iotogicrt Ar.trsis- eDbodied i! thi, Osn hs ben otricO oql<br />
by Aiju Ali Wr$tr od.r Dy superisio! sld guidire for pani.t futtiln.nt<br />
or lhe r.quiremerts for th. degrc. of ph.D. tu Soctolog/. I bave .rrnitred this<br />
theris rd [.ve foond rhra it ie oopt.r. rld litirf.dory i! ru sp.ct!,<br />
\:\"<br />
Pror. Xt.lidr Sh.itr[<br />
Prcfesor Deprnm..t ofsoctotosr, UDiventry of<br />
srtrdb.Jrnrhoro.(Supenho.) .--.lrr_a_.<br />
r-qrinft.rsF<br />
\)^-'<br />
R tltll<br />
3lm:T*:"JFffidrG'."i<br />
-3I,*jil,':i:3:I'
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Fnst of all I bow my hcad b€for€ Armjghty A alt' wrth humbte iharks for ih€<br />
@npledon ofmy res€€eh.<br />
TIerc aro lots ol peoplc I would like to ihalk for I nuge v&|ety or r€asons. My<br />
sp€ci.l apprcciation tud 0EJdrtncas ro ny wlFl€ flrnilr, fd lhcii warll suppor!<br />
encouagemot and ke€ll int6e$ in my studies.<br />
I would like lo &aDk ny Supeniso., prot |!t.s. Khalid! Shrith. I lln gnr.tul to Mr.<br />
Hamadullah Kak.poio md prctD.. Fatc! Moh.t Burfal fd providing he all n€cessary<br />
acadcmrc @pchtion. I am at$ gEletul 0o prcf.Dr Tdeer ,utrejqatrd .lt my<br />
smio.. ed juior colleagucs who Gncouaged me duing my re€arcn. I an 8raEtut to<br />
Miss Amina Mazha. Dy prog.am Coordimror Madadgar H.lp tine. I eould likc to say<br />
a big 'thelt-you' ro aI $. pcople who aged lo b€ ircMw€d by m€ for this rhesis<br />
in sone fom or anofitr.<br />
ti
Tid. P|!c<br />
C€rlitr rre<br />
TrtL ofcod@<br />
Li, of Sn4'l€ Td.6<br />
Lin ofcodiry$cy TabL6<br />
Lirr of Dirgrer of Sirylc T.U.s<br />
Lilt ofDiagne ofcondlgd.y T.bt<br />
At6!*t<br />
CLpi.r I hrDodrcrior<br />
Lr Dcfuitio ofsoicid.<br />
12 leFi.d@ of thdddc<br />
1.3 Chlsific'd@ ofsddd.l !{r!<br />
1.4 Scirl llpcctr ofsuirid.<br />
1.5 hup$. ofsuicid.<br />
LII}T <strong>OF</strong> q'NTENIA<br />
1.6 C&!c./Rnt 'rd &G.aivE F!d! of $icid.<br />
1.6.1 Rilk F..aor! Asrodd.d r|d|t Sul4ide<br />
l-62 Prot divlFrqcst laia.dwihsddd.<br />
1.7 Socid Fr.,ct Arlocnbd witL Suici&<br />
l.E o.o.ral std.d€or offu ltlbt o<br />
n<br />
iii<br />
xiii<br />
xl,lii<br />
I<br />
5<br />
E<br />
9<br />
t2<br />
l3<br />
l6<br />
l9<br />
m<br />
2t
1.9 R4id.le of{I' Sndy<br />
Llo O.n.rdl Focls m Suicid!,r h prHrt a<br />
l.l I c€ncral F@u! oo Suicid.! in Sidh<br />
I.l l.l Popdali@<br />
l.l1.2 llc Sdci& c.rca h Shitr<br />
Lll.3 t'ftbm &d R'!d Rdio of$dcid.<br />
l.l l4 Agc pile Disribultm ofrricidlr<br />
l.l 1.5 G.6d.r wis€ Disbibuioo of guicidc<br />
l, I 1.6 Sricid. by l,t ritd Starj!<br />
l.l 1.7 ld.thods of Suicide<br />
l.l l.E C$s.r ofsrrici.to io Shdh<br />
l.l2 Scop. ofdF Srdy<br />
Lt3 Objcr.ivcs orft $dy<br />
l.14 Hypothcsca ofthc Sturty<br />
Ll5 Vdiables oflh€ Study<br />
l. I 5. I Indepcdent Vff iablcs<br />
1.15.2 Dcacodcd Vri.btot<br />
l.l5 KcyCec€ptr<br />
u<br />
25<br />
21<br />
u<br />
30<br />
36<br />
36<br />
3E<br />
!6<br />
39<br />
10<br />
4l<br />
42<br />
43<br />
43<br />
4?<br />
4<br />
tt6<br />
f 'rq
Chrpt.r 2 R.vierv of Lif.rirure<br />
2.1 Tl.oreticir Backgomd or Suicide<br />
2.1.1 Psychoeal),lic Theory<br />
2.1.2 The Psychosocilt thory<br />
2.1.3 Bchavioulat Tt€ory<br />
2.1.4 Cogtrilive Thcory<br />
2.1.5 TEdirionat Ttrcori.s of Suicide<br />
2.1.6 Mod€ls ofSuicid€ Cauetion<br />
2.2 Sociologicat Vic"?oirr on Suicide<br />
2.3 Biolosical vi..lvpoint o! Suicid.<br />
2.4 ReligioB Perspccrives otr Suicide<br />
2.4-l Suici.le ir Illaln<br />
2.4.2 Suicide i! Chlislianiry<br />
2.4.3 Suicide in Judaism<br />
2.4.4 Suicidc ir Hinduism<br />
2.4.5 Suicide in Buddhism<br />
2.3.1 Review ofRetatcd Liiemlue<br />
2.5.1 Snldi6 on Suicidc !r ctobat Lcvcl<br />
2.5.2 Studies @ Suicide in Dev€loping Coutrie,<br />
2.5.3 Stodi6 on Suicidc ir Sourh Aria<br />
2.5.4 S1udi6 otr Suicidc in pakisran<br />
2.5.5 Studies on Suicid. in Sindh<br />
vi<br />
53<br />
53<br />
54<br />
54<br />
55<br />
56<br />
57<br />
60<br />
6l<br />
63<br />
64<br />
64<br />
68<br />
69<br />
69<br />
70<br />
1l<br />
7l<br />
75<br />
'76<br />
78<br />
80
cb.pter 3 R.3e|Irt Mfttodorog,<br />
3.I IDtoducion<br />
3: R.lcrrl D6igr<br />
3.3 Typc of Sbrdy<br />
3.4 U0iv.!se ofthc Study<br />
3.5 thcs.Dptc<br />
3.6 s,EDl. Siz.<br />
3,7 th. l'&rnods ot Slqting<br />
3.E l"ldho& of(h colcdio<br />
3.9 A[!lyst! ofDara<br />
3.10 Prc-Tcatirg<br />
3.ll codilg<br />
3.13 Slarfudcal M.rhod! ofA&lysi!<br />
3.14 Lr.rFlairg R..€aEn R.dlft!<br />
Ct pr.. I And'li l|d frtuprl{rtim of h<br />
4.1 Sinplc Tsbl€s<br />
4.2 Stdirtic.l T€sting ofHy?o$e!€! Codiog.ncy TiU.s<br />
Ctrpa.r ! CorclEjor<br />
5.1 S{nE ry oftt Stuty<br />
q)<br />
m<br />
9l<br />
93<br />
94<br />
!16<br />
96<br />
97<br />
9E<br />
99<br />
100<br />
100<br />
t0l<br />
l0l<br />
l0'l<br />
lfil<br />
108<br />
l6l<br />
t94<br />
194
5.2 Findings oflhe sinpte Tables<br />
5.1 Fbdings ofthe Srarisd.rt Andysh ofHypoLb6€s<br />
5-5 LimiratioDs of lhe SMy<br />
5.6 RecoMendarions<br />
Bibliogmphy<br />
Irterview Schedulc<br />
)97<br />
205<br />
2tl<br />
215<br />
2t7<br />
220<br />
233<br />
234
LIST <strong>OF</strong> StrtfPLE TABLES<br />
CONTENI PACE #<br />
L Polulation by Sex, 19?5_2003 29<br />
2. Ptrcnlage Dhkiburion of popularion by Morher Tongue l0<br />
3. Dist ibulion of Suicid. Cos, 1976 _ l98l _<br />
4. Distribution ofsuicidc Cases $ Reponcd Duritrg rfic yee 1998 33<br />
5. Dhtibution of Suicidc Cdes a! Reponed duing lhe yesrs 1999-2000 34<br />
6. Distibution ofsuicid. Cses &s Reponcd during$e y.&s 2001-2005 35<br />
?. Suicidc A@ordhg r,o A8e crolps ,t<br />
8. Tabl€ showing the Mahods ofsuicidc D<br />
9. Frequency snd psceniage Distriburion by Cend6 loE<br />
10. Frequency ed percenrage Disrribuion by Agc 109<br />
I LFreqErcy ed perce rge Disbib,aion by Morhq.lonSue Il0<br />
12. lrequ€ncy aft percenl{ge Disrribution by Cuttuml BackSround I I I<br />
r3. Fr€quency ed Psc€nrage Diskiburion by Madtll Sratus I t2<br />
t4. Frequocy ud P€@ltsae Disrribution by Nunber of ChitdGn ||l<br />
15. Frequ€ncy and Peed.ge Disrributior by Educadon.l Levet 14<br />
16. Frequacy dd P€rcerraSe Disrribulioa by paroml Oocup.lion I I 5
I 7. Frequency and peedage Diskiburion by pdsoml rncone<br />
l8.F,equflcy and PeKenrage Di3kiburion by Religior.<br />
l9.Ff€quency and Perceniage Disr.iburion by H€ad offdily<br />
20. Frcquency od P.rcorage Disltiburion by Typc of Fmity<br />
2 I . Frequency and percentage Dislribution by Siz€ of lmily<br />
22. FKquocy and psce aAe Disrdbudm by Fmity Income<br />
23. Frcqudcy and PectrlaAe Disributid by <strong>Education</strong> orcD.tdi.n<br />
24. Flequency and Perc€nt ge by Occupation of Cuardiu<br />
25. Frc$ency ard Percntag€ Distribution about 0E Suicide in fic<br />
26. Frequency and Pcicentage Dhldburion by the Health Coldition 125<br />
2?. Frequency and Percenra8e Disribution by Faral Dis@e e6<br />
2E. Fequency ald Pe@nrage Disriburiotr about HopelssnN u1<br />
29. Frcquercy and Pcrcentage Distribunon about tine in Hopelessnes 128<br />
l0.freqknc) dnd Pcffilage D6ribuuon abod Re4soro or t)9<br />
31. FRimcyumd ?mmIaAe Disr.ibution abour Exprcss lnre.tions ro I t0<br />
32. Irequdcy ed PdcenaAe Dist ibution abour Tim€ peiiod<br />
ExpresinS Inrenriotrs to Commtt Suicide<br />
33. F.equercy md P.rcdrage Dintibltiotr abour Aitcmpt sDrcid€<br />
34. Ire{tuency and Perc€ntage Distdbutim about Rctations wnh puents<br />
35. Frcquocy and Peie age Disrribution abour Rclario$ w h Spouse<br />
n1<br />
I IE<br />
119<br />
t20<br />
t2l<br />
t22<br />
t23<br />
t24<br />
lJl<br />
t32<br />
133<br />
134<br />
6
" ff.Tfr7;;0"i"*"*" Di'3tdbution about iie Fishting *irh<br />
]?. Frcqkrcydd pcrcetrlagr Disr.iburion abour Felilas ofth.<br />
lgno@ce nt rh. FMity<br />
r & Jlqum", ) a19 p:cetrrase Disrriburion sbour rhe M€elins Bsic<br />
n.eds or ranity, if Dnied<br />
39. Frequency ald Percotage Distriburion atour tie Meeting Ba3ic<br />
needs of Fmily, itdependeDi<br />
40. Freqoocy ed pcrc€nraAe Disr.ibuLion abour f€.ting fre wi$<br />
4 L Frequency ud percenrage Distriburion aboua f.eling free<br />
42. F.equocy and percobgc DisEibutim .bour f|e TlTe of<br />
43. Frcquency od p.rcentage Distribulion abour Lonelinss<br />
,r4. Frcquocy ed Pcrcmtage Disriburim 6boui Inferidiry Comptex<br />
45. FEquercy and Percenrage DistribDrion abour Feeling as Usel€s<br />
46. Frcquency dd pcrcenrage Disrriburion abou rhc wishfxt Thinking<br />
47. Frcquency 4d P.rc€ntage Disrtibltio, abod rh. Stich€s Home<br />
48. Frequency dd perce ag€ Disbiburion abour itte Bouing Life<br />
40 Fequency 4d Percor.s€ Disrriburion abou tn. Dasus dr<br />
50. Frcquocy and Pcrc€nrage Distribulid abour prssine timc<br />
5 L Fiequocy 6nd Percenrage Disrriburion aboul thc Fndd!<br />
136<br />
t)7<br />
I]E<br />
ll9<br />
140<br />
t4l<br />
t42<br />
t4)<br />
144<br />
t45<br />
146<br />
141<br />
l4E<br />
t49<br />
150
52. Fr€quency and Pcrcenrrg. Di3dibulion abour Frierds who<br />
!ommrned or A(cmoted for Suicide<br />
53. FF4uency<br />
Pftrllaee Disriburion abour Ts.*i!g llr€iBr itr<br />
trnd<br />
54. Fr.quency rnd p.rcotage Distribution aboul Behaving Badty | 53<br />
".1ff]ff*fjj"*""* DisEibutim arour th€ p.rticipation in r54<br />
56. Frcqftncy and percentage Dilhibutim about ptaying camc,<br />
5?. Frequocy ud P€.ceatage Disrriburid abour Disciplinc Lifc<br />
58. FEqucrcy^ad pltlatage Disrdbutioo abour povsty bcing a<br />
K.aso! o, Suicide<br />
" ift'lililj"iHll::: Disbibudon abour Dom.sLic viorence ,i8<br />
0o !rcl"..nc.r o-a lryenrrgc Di$iburiotr ahour oftB Rasotr' for<br />
!omrmDgSurcr(l€<br />
6 | . FrcqueDq and P€rcmlage Disriburion ,bour th. Mellod! of<br />
l5l<br />
t52<br />
155<br />
I56<br />
r57<br />
r59<br />
r60
t0<br />
LIST <strong>OF</strong> CONT<strong>IN</strong>CENCY TABLES<br />
CONTENT<br />
Coirrngency I abl. Showing rh. Ret.donship bet{ een trluarional<br />
Level ed Ag€ ar rlt. tine of Suic ide.<br />
Contingency Table ShowinS the Retntionsldp betweo <strong>Education</strong> l 164<br />
Lpel of snd Penoml Incon. at rhc lim€ ofsuicide<br />
Contingency Table Showing rhc Rehtionship botw@ pelsooal<br />
Incone ed Hop€laesn$g<br />
Contingrncy Tablc Showin8 rh. R€tarionship betlffi A8e 4d<br />
Type of Temp€ram€nr ar rhe dme of Suicidc<br />
Cdtingmcy Tablc ShowinS ihc Rehtionsbip bctw@ H@lrh<br />
Cddiiion dd Int nt b Comit Suicid.<br />
Contingetrcy Tablc Slowing lhc R.larioBhip b€red F@ling<br />
of Inferio.iry Compl€x 5rd Stlle of HopelMess<br />
conlitrgency Table Showing th. Relationship bctwd Fetings<br />
of Usl6$se ed P.rticip.dor in S@ial etivities<br />
Conl'ngency Table Showing rh€ Relalionrhip betueen Culfiml<br />
Backgoud ud Feeljngs oflnf€riority Comllex<br />
Contingency Table Showing the Relationship between Loneliness<br />
Contingency Table Showing ih. Rclationship betwen Pove.ty md lE8<br />
ll Coniingdcy Table Showing lh. R.lationship berween Domdtic l9l<br />
l6l<br />
167<br />
170<br />
173<br />
176<br />
\79<br />
t82<br />
lE5
LIST <strong>OF</strong>DIAGRAMS <strong>OF</strong> SIMPLE TABLES<br />
I Diagln Showing Percentagc Distdburion by cende. 108<br />
2 Diagrm Showing Percenragc Disrriburion by Age t09<br />
3 Diag?[ Showing Percenrlge Distdbution by Morher Tongu€ I l0<br />
4 Diagrm Showing Pcrc.ntage Dhr.iburio'l by Cultu6t Backg:oud I I I<br />
5 Diagmn Showing Pcrccnrag. Disltiburion by Msiral SrarN I D<br />
6 Diagran ShowinS Perca&8e Dislriburion byNunb€. ofchildrEn 3<br />
? Diagnm ShowinS P.rcenrlgc Disrriburion by EducarioDt Lwet I t4<br />
6 Diagm Showirg PerccDrq€ DisrribulioD by P€.sonal Occupa0on I t5<br />
9 Diagm Showing P€rcdtage Dhhiburion by PetsoDt In@me I 16<br />
l0 Di.gmn ShowinS Perc€nrlgc Distriburion by Rcligion I l?<br />
ll Diagm ShoeinS P6@nrage Distribulim by Hcrd ofFmity ltE<br />
12 Diasm Showing P€rce agc Dist ibution by Typ€ ofFmity Il9<br />
13 Diagmm Showing Per@tage Distribution by Siz! ofFanily 120<br />
14 Diagm Showing Percedag. Dislribution by Family In@mc t21<br />
I5 Diagram Showing Percentagc Disrribulion Educarion ofcurdim 122<br />
16 Diagrm Showing Pc.centage Distiibutions by Occupalion of r23
17 Diagrarn Showing percutage Dirrribution about Suicide itr Fmily<br />
I8 Dirgm Showing pftenlagc Dislriburion by de Hetrh coDdiriom<br />
ra DiaCram sho$inCptrhraBe Drsrriburion far.l Diseale<br />
20 Diagram Showing Pe@ntage Disrribution about Hopelasness<br />
? I Dagrm Showing PcKsl.e€ Distt'iburior abour Time in<br />
22 Dia8m Sho*ing pftenra€e Dislribuxon dbour rhc R6ons ot<br />
23 D'a8ram showin8 Pmsrage Di3tribuion abour LxpRsing<br />
lnlentioN to Commit Suicide<br />
24<br />
Di€gEn ShNmS PeMniase Distriburion abo psod Expresing<br />
|nlenlrom to Commir Snicide<br />
25 Diag.am Showing percentage Disribulion aboul Anemll Suicide 132<br />
26 D'oC|m Showiog pe.@nrag€ Distribution aboljr Relationslips with lj]<br />
27 Diagrarn Sbowing pq@ntag. Distribuiion about spouse ed lt4<br />
28<br />
29<br />
30<br />
Dia8rm showing Percftr.ge Di(riburion abou rhe FelinSof<br />
/gDorine in rhc Fanity<br />
.?"'""trT*;i1irtffi:t" Dis.iburion About oe Meeting b".ic I 17<br />
I I Diagr2e_ShNing per@rlage Disrribution Abour rhe Fmily<br />
Meerins Baic Nc€ds ifDep€ndor<br />
t2<br />
ffi?t:f;':lr"**'*.DisbibutioDaboutrheFishtinswirh r35<br />
Pilflil:lT"',it *-'"-" Distriburion Abour Feerins I ee $ith I re<br />
t24<br />
125<br />
t26<br />
121<br />
l2E<br />
t29<br />
I]0<br />
l3l<br />
lJ6<br />
138
33 Diagrurn Showing Percotage Di$ribulion abor Felhg F@ wirh 140<br />
34<br />
Diagns Showing Pecenrage Dhribution Abour tho type of<br />
15 Diagam ShowiDg per@tage DislribulioD<br />
36 CDoiagrarn<br />
SIowinS per@raCe Disr.ibution<br />
l7 Diagram Showing percenbge<br />
Distdbution<br />
38 showins percatase Distibution<br />
3iffr.am<br />
39<br />
40<br />
4l<br />
l4l<br />
t42<br />
143<br />
abour Feeling as Dseless I44<br />
about lhe wishtut 145<br />
.?ideryn sho.ine pe.ceDbCe Disrribution sbool Lhe S$crnes<br />
Diagram showing per@rag€ Dislribulion about the Bouring Lif.<br />
Dia€r.rh Showing Pqc€nla8e Disrribution about the Disgust al daity<br />
42 Diagfam Showing pscentaSe Distribution about passing tine<br />
43 Diagram Showing perqtagc Di$libulion about rh€ Fricnds<br />
44 Diagram Showing perqtage Disr.ibulioD about Fnends who<br />
commlred or A(enpied for Suicide<br />
45 Diagr]m S^howing pcao|,age DisFibution abod hrrng hr.d in<br />
DiagraD ShowinS pscedaAe Disr.ibution abour b€having badty<br />
Diagmm ShNinS Perenrage Dislribuxon abour Lhe panicipaLion in<br />
46 Didgm S[owitrg p.@tage Disrriburion<br />
49 Diagam ShowinS p€rcorage Disrribulion<br />
146<br />
t47<br />
148<br />
149<br />
150<br />
l5l<br />
t52<br />
t51<br />
154<br />
155<br />
t56
to H*;Xgg;"".*"Dilrftuio6odpow bcitrs<br />
" 3ffi*ffTr!*"DiltibdionlbouDoo'dicviolcac'<br />
t' ilmilliiXt-t""**Db'ftutimrbo'notaR..lqs ror<br />
53 Dirgnn Shosirg pcllar.g. Di*ftdim,bod rb. Mllbo.t of<br />
t57<br />
158<br />
159<br />
160
LIST <strong>OF</strong> DIAGRAMS <strong>OF</strong> CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TA8LES<br />
t dDfeTfl*io;:rncp.lratioBhieb€rween<strong>Education</strong>aiLever,ndAe€alihe 16l<br />
2 Diagram showing Rcl.tionship ben een <strong>Education</strong>al Levet ofed peisonat 164<br />
3 Diagtun showing .elatiotrship b.rween personal Income and Ho?elessess t6Z<br />
4 Diagrse showhg rclalioBhip berween Age and rr?€ orTcmpffinot t,jo<br />
5 Dragnm showinc rctalioship b€l}t€n H@lrh CoditioDs.nd Inre lo t:/J<br />
6 DjacrmflshNine.etariomhip b.rween F€.lin8 oftnferiority Complex and 176<br />
' ifiT"ffi *i"1'.*",':""1$iP between F@rins or usressness ad<br />
' 3;ffif";|;[T#f -ship bctwccn cut@t b&ksoud md Ferins<br />
9<br />
t0<br />
ll<br />
DIAGRAMS PAGE #<br />
Diag.an showing r€larioBhiD betwed Loneliacss od Hopele$nes<br />
Diagran showing rctarioosnip berw.o pw.ny dd I mrror to suicide<br />
Diagm showing relationshi! berween Dom€stic viotenc. and suicidc<br />
119<br />
t82<br />
185<br />
IEE<br />
l9l
ABSTRACT<br />
, ^ l:ilid"" h a snoB s,al probln. rr is rh. ctuetd acr on rhe ptoer<br />
eann smdn 6 tacrnS manJ probtems Surrde is one of rhe imponm probtem3<br />
Dirlerenr ,epons. on ft muss dd coruequences of juicide h;,. p,.;;;;; ;<br />
c remeD griD picirre LhrsrminS lhe lire i(setf. th. pcopte have rcsod;d ro suicides<br />
nuee nmbeu since l&srdeade<br />
'n<br />
, rn vicw of rhe sqiry ot rhe probrem $. nud' is a,med ro gaiD funntr<br />
meght mro tne sirMrim. Some ofOe majd vnabtes tike pssonal prcfi la of setecred<br />
lample o' lnose who commined suicide durinB l99tt00t: $eir hobbie" dd<br />
econoh( actrrtEs: lype 6rd sne of fdily. md rhe Rasons dd meLhods o,.\uicide<br />
Ine presenr:rudy is a, cxptorarory one. The selereii uriveEe ror rhe<br />
peenr srudy is Sindh. Ihe dala e4 co ded lhDugh Mutlis|,age sptinS mals<br />
usc otdifidenr smplinS p|@durs sch sra8e. So?rifi@r;on *as usca ar Oe nnr<br />
stase sd ure i&donrmplitrB ar lhe second slage. tor rhc purpor ofdara collqr,on<br />
structured queslionnai.e ,6 used. Inlwiem wqe corduct.J ftom rh. families of<br />
those who cormitted suicid€ durjog 199l-2005. Ir waj gor nlled fron 300<br />
respondenrs. SPSS wa.s used ro aalyze the dara.<br />
The-obraired rsutrs indiored rhe imee ota p€rson qho @nunits suicrde L<br />
g€neBtly,or a tow tewt in sqi.ry genem y ad in tls/hk tmily paniculdty. The<br />
suru) mdrlared rhar majonD oi rhose who commined $ff nDIe tiv,rg in<br />
Jom/e\mded famity sysFm. where $e ac.e!6nc€ or n$ chages iaced ;;;<br />
resndnce. rr wa roud rhar rhe majorir) of rhor eho @nmirled \ukide hdd<br />
emo onat dd moody rempemenl. Ihcy foutrd life rcutin. s bouing.<br />
-fte majonly of thN who comnined suicidc ws eirhe. house wives or<br />
joble\\ nd6 wi$o( oy souce ot peuonat incomc and belonsed ro tow-inome<br />
nmrh$ ihe{ud} runherobservedrharrhemajodryofrhosewhocommntedsuicrde<br />
rere In rnrenont) comptex and Lhe,r home a|msphed % crEr The) qee<br />
depresed and prefen€d to solitary lifc. Majoriry of6em w@ eilher illircmte or had<br />
obtained bdic educarion.
CHAPTER I<br />
<strong>IN</strong>TRODUCTION<br />
Suicide is th. cruelest .ct on rhc pldeGcann. Ir is one ofrh€ t@ding wial<br />
problems all over the world. Ir hs become a threar fo. existing social syslems llte<br />
wodd ovcr. Despite all the mincles of $ieDe and khnology the shalp rise ir<br />
suicidalcdses is beyond on€s imagiDaton.<br />
Suicide is gencntly describe{r as rhe inl€ndonal raking of on€,s oM life. Fo.<br />
the individual who commits suicid€, th€ acr uuly represenrs a soturion to<br />
a problem o.life circunsrar@ lnal the individuat fe$ wil only become woN.<br />
Suicide h a t agic dd puzling phenomeroD tud ro dcerlain lbe rcasons<br />
whyindividuals so €atloBly end deir ow tives is oftd v.ry dim@t. On rhe<br />
global l€v€I, studies have shom that aboul one million peopte kill themselves<br />
eve.y year. As such. suicide ha! b6 labeted as a major public heatth problem,<br />
one ihat is alaningly growing moDg the young. Leading psychialrisrs now call ir<br />
atr "eneiging epidemic" (Broa?L 200t)r.<br />
With regdd to sDicidos, some exceprions aside, it is rmpanr in socielics bolh<br />
Eslsn and W$rcm. Available srarjlrics irdicae rhe ertcnr of rbe prcblem in rhe<br />
wodd. Suffrcienl delaih are lvailable ro show the inlensily of rhe problem all ov€r<br />
Tl'e Wodd Hajth Organization (WHO) pulnished rhe Wqtd Repott or<br />
yioleace and lteahh (2002)t h lhis repon ir h indicaled thar suicide, a self,<br />
dnected violence. is b ideniified global social p.obl€m. An esii,nated 81s,000<br />
people woddwide killed rheNelv$ in 2000, fo. d ov@[ age-adjusred de of<br />
14.5 por 100.000, This treslates inio one dealh every 40 secords thns making
suicide the tlirteEnth l€ading cause ofdertl woddwide. Anongst r\ose age I t44<br />
years, self inflicred injuis e rhe founl<br />
l€ading cause of ill h€lth md dis.bitity.<br />
leading cause of death ed rh€ sixrt<br />
wo.ld Heallh o.geizriotr eslimares thrr in rhe y@ 2020 ap?rcximarcly 1.53<br />
nillion Fople wiu die Aoo suicidc md t0-20 rim6 morc pople wi anetnpr<br />
suicide woddwide. This represenrs on avcmgc onc dealh wdy 20 s@nds ard one<br />
attempl every 1-2 secon&_ The repon funher srared rhat sin@ the la( 45 y€ars<br />
suicid€ rales have incr6.d by 60%. tt not.d that atthouSi suicide rales havc<br />
mdnionally beeD highen aDonS etd€lty mates, B1€s aoone youe !.opte h0ve<br />
been incr€sing to such m ext€nt thar ll)€y de now the grcu! ar highest dsk jn a<br />
third of all countries (IBID).<br />
In uoths relorr Wodd He3trb O€&ization relorted lllat the highesr oumb.r<br />
of c6es wa fodd h Eatem Eurcpe. But the rcport tmated rhir cx&l figurcs<br />
lvde not a%ilable lo confm lhe facr rhar Asia stands on lhe top ofthe lisi Civen<br />
the size of their poptlation, dmo$ 30% 0f att cls of $icide wo.tdwide are<br />
comitted in China md lndia alon. (WHO, 1999)r.<br />
Studies on sDicide trends, conducr.d by rhe WHO, show rhal in fou lorge<br />
counlries alone, Imely Breil, India, M€xico and tio USA, suicide rat€s have<br />
increased on average from 5 to 62 per cent over ti€ pdt rwo decades. Whar is<br />
mo.e inter$tin& though, is th. re.liz.rion that suicides ao<br />
among the young€r age groups, espsiauy .rnongsr yourg mo, .ising st cply in<br />
.ecetrr ye4 in som€ Empeao cour.i€!, Mcnco.nd the us. In the unitcd srare<br />
alone, the suicide fte amorg 15 - 24 y€at olds trebled i! rhiny y€s, bear€€o<br />
1950 dd 1980, md despi!6 th€ facr $ar ir har now leveled ofr; ir h6 nor de€tincd<br />
(Brom,2001 opcn).
']n the United Sbles suicidc is rhe .igl h lejdine c.e ordearh. Eacb yed<br />
ovq 6,000 p€ople aged 65 yca6 atr(t old€r lake thcir om liv6,, (M@hal,<br />
l99l : l7-l l)1.'.In 1992, mo in rh. U.S. @mptered suicide at a rat€ of 20. I per<br />
100,000 individuats, comp.red wirl rhc much lower fcmale 6re of4.7 pq 100,000<br />
people" (Wiroku, 1992:55)r. In anorher rcport &cording io Runyn (1989) over<br />
the last l0 years. the suicide rare in ihe U.S. in llle age grcup l5 to 24 y€m h6<br />
inoeased drmalically.<br />
suicide isctrenily ihe 5th teading caus€ of dealh moDg Cdadim dd is the<br />
second leading cause of d€a$ amonS Canadian childrcn md youth aged l0 24<br />
yeds. h 1998 aplroxima!.ly 3,700 Ceadians took $eir lives, on avqag€ aboui<br />
l0 suicid€s a day. In 1999 Canada\ age stud.rdiad suicide.aie wd 13 pe.<br />
100,000. Among developcd @utries, Canada r.!t
Every day rsrly 100 people take in€ir own lives, at a .ae ofatmost one w€ry l5<br />
2004)'0.<br />
According to a reporr by Lakshmi (Voluntary llealrh SeNices, 2000)'r over<br />
100,000 Indius commir suicide every yed_ India alone coftrbu&s !o about l0%<br />
ofsuicids ir the world. The suicide tae in India ha! irdeased !oL2 in 1999.<br />
Despit€ the enomiiy of rhe prcblem, thre is pauciiy of infornation aboul the nsk<br />
facros and effective prevenrive me6ures_<br />
I cmatioml conpuisotrs shoutd always bc inrqpreled with qurio4 a<br />
adherence to rhese clssifications may vdy berwcen couides. Cultural and<br />
reliSious difier€nces in r€po.ting be supposed to be considsed. Sone luthos have<br />
commetrted thai 6in8 lhis ctassifi@rion my overerihire thc irciddG of<br />
suicide od hospitat'?adoN white orhd r6€ehels 3uggesi rhar rherc is a l&gc<br />
body ofcvidence ro indicate ftal suicid€ sraristics are undqestimat.d.<br />
Pakisto d a parr of gtobe is no cxeplioD !t a . Sin@ 1992 the Ftio of<br />
suicidcs in Paki$ar hd sbot up rod is srill Soing uabaled wirhout ey<br />
discdmination of.eligion, prcfcsioD ard wiat slatu5 (Dam Sunday Massinc,<br />
6s No!, 2000t':. Official figues of suicids conmined m pakist n since 1996 10<br />
2000 are provincawise distribut€j ar: Shdh, 3155; puojab. l9?5; NWFP, t2E;<br />
Baluchhtan,215 (Daily Kawisb l2'i Nov. 2000)'r.<br />
Since l99l suicid. cses iD Sindh incrcsed significdtly panicultuty mong<br />
touth a8€d 24-35 y€a6. Amrding to rhe saristics compiled by Sindh potice<br />
Del,anm€n! a peBon commits suicide every 22-hou6 in Sindh as 233 p@pt€,<br />
includiDg 93 woneD comitted suicide from January ro July 2000 (Sdfdaz,<br />
2000:05)14- In Pakisisn morc suicide ffi we.e rcported h Sindh prcvince.<br />
Province-wis percsrag€ of suicide clses in pakist$ ftported in various epons<br />
is stared 4: sin
(Ddh,66 Nov, 2000)'J. One of ile mo$ perptexing facb about suicide is rhat<br />
won6 attempt suicides at a substanrialy higne. rat€ te do men, bur morc men<br />
$@ed h onding lhei. livs.<br />
This chapter hidlights: Definirion of Suicide, Interprelarion of Suicide,<br />
clasiflcation of Suicid.l Acts, Sociat Aspects of Suicide. purpose of Suicide,<br />
Causee/Risks or Prclecrive Facrou of Suicid€, Soci&l Factds Associated wirh<br />
Suicide, Gene.al Statem€nt of$e Prcbl€D, RadoDate of the Study, Cendal Focus<br />
or Suicides in Pakiste, ceneral locus on Suicides in Sindh, Scope of ihe Study,<br />
Objectives ofthe SlDdy, HypofBcs of the Srudy, Vdiables ofrhe Stu.ty, md Key<br />
1.1 DEF<strong>IN</strong>ITION <strong>OF</strong> ISUICIDE'<br />
T}'e initiaion otdn acr rhar leads to thc ddrh ofrbe iniliator or the moliv.riotr<br />
to be dqd (or lo die), o. lo b€ kiued which tcads ro ihe iniliation of e act rhar<br />
leads in tm to the death of initiaror (Encyclopcdia of Social Sci6cs, l96E:<br />
371)--<br />
The act or instance of raliDg on.'s o*n life volur.rity and intotionalty, bu!<br />
the 1em cd be applied io any p.Bon who attempB ro rak€ or h6 a tendocy to<br />
l'ke his own life (Encyclopedia ofB.itamica, l9?7:777)'7.<br />
AU cses of d€a$ resulting directly or indi@tly ftom a positive or<br />
negalive act of $e viclim himsclf thal he knows witt lrodNe thh result<br />
@u.kneim, l95l:43). Suicide is rle jntentional killins of oneself (Meshall, 19981<br />
652t3.<br />
Several slicidologists havc providcd more elaborare detnitioB. Eruin<br />
Stog.'s (1967) widely used definirion cxplains suicide s.....a falal act of self-
injury undenaken wirl conscioB self-desFudive intert..,,a detuidotr ctG to rhc<br />
one published in Encyclopedia B.irannie (r973)rr: ..Suicide is rhe humm a.t oi<br />
self-innicted s€lf iqtealionat e$arion',.<br />
According to uolher defi rion ..Suicide is an act wirh fatal outcome, which<br />
Nas delibera&ly inirisred .nd perfomed by rhe d@ascd, io te kroeledgc or<br />
expcctation of irs falal ourcone, and tbrough which $e dec€ascd aimed at<br />
reslizing changes he/she desired... This itefinition dB nor include aryrling about<br />
rhe "intot ro die" or th. lerhaliry ofrhe &! bd ir oxcrudes popte who do no1<br />
undeBtand of are not qualified lo unddsrand fte porential lethality srch as a<br />
psychol'. p€6on who lleps out oflhe window on the sixrh iloor, believing rttar he<br />
or she ca lly or a pe.son wirh swere developmcnrat disabitily who does not know<br />
thal kaffic lighrs frear. Detning Dorfalrt suicidal acts i! nor€ compticaled.<br />
Many auriou have atso detined aflcmpred suicid€. Thc incrdirg ftequocy of<br />
an€mpted suicide, ospecialty affer 1945, wh€n me{tical howledge<br />
war 8roMtrs rapidly and rearnot imprcvin& indiqr.d lh.t fd fron a nonfaral<br />
suicidal acts were usuccesstul suicides. ftey have to o. seen s a cry ror help,<br />
fie intent being nor ro dic but to live md rtc motivo bchird Oe acr being ro<br />
provoke lhe chanss deemcd necesary ro make tife beambtc. fte Working croup<br />
(1986)'0 de1iD€d artempled suicide: "Anehpted suicide is ,n &1wirh a non_fai.t<br />
ourcome, in which an indilidual delibenlely iniriates a non-habilual behaviour<br />
tha1, wirhout inleryerlion from othes, will cause self_harm! or detibesiely ingests<br />
a subst&€ in ex6s of rte p.@ribcd o. goc.a y re.ognizd ihqapeuric dose,<br />
dd which is ained ahealizing changcs which rhc subjecl desired via $€ actual or<br />
€xpccted physical consequenceJ'. Th. defininon of attempt€d suicide includes<br />
aca intempled by othets befde rhe actual sdf,hm occh (fo. crmple, a<br />
person removed from a raitway track before &e kah mives), but excludes. a! in<br />
tle cas€ of conplered suicide, self-hmtu ac|s by !6pte who do lor $de6tand
me mean'r8 or coBequ.nces of thcir acl (for exampte, b€caB. of devetopmcntal<br />
disabililt orsflore menial ilhess).<br />
The* definitions cmphdia rhB satisr fe*u.es oflhc acr ofsuicide: i.c. (i)<br />
Thal suicide involves the wi ofl}le psson (ii) Knowtedge ihat dqth is b€ing<br />
preGftd to life (iii) Tl€re is some purpose behind rhe &1 of suicide and that<br />
without purpose suicide is noi posible. In othe. words suicide co simpty be<br />
defined 4: Suicide is an acl ofsetf-induce{r death by e individuat who perccives<br />
il a best solulion for a persotral oisis. Il is not a.edon or a poinrles act al alt but<br />
a cry for help, a way ou1 for otre who is t@ fed up wirh suffering h life and is<br />
usually asociated with feelings of hopetessns, ambivatdl coflicb bctween<br />
suflival and unbeErable stress thwarred or utulfilted need!, ed a need to escape<br />
ircm il. Tlc sufferer usu.ally planr it w€U wirh att possibl€ mr,lrc lak€n fo.<br />
keepine ir a secr€r unlil the lst mom.n! d€t.y'ng rcscue o. help, leaving behjnd a<br />
ledoning nole. Ifhe or she sunives or is saved, rhe ilmediare feling is thal of<br />
disppointnent no. of Mo6e.<br />
Such definitims hav., howev.r, b@n c.iricized a! b.ing too vague, at leasl fo.<br />
lesedch. In his book captioned ,Definition of $icide", Edwin Shneidnd<br />
(t994)'lr siarcs rhat Tle goesis ofwisdom tis in the d@ and disrincr ideas: tn<br />
rhe beginninS is the definition," d8uih8 that none ofrhe defnirions in use is Sood<br />
enough 10 peDit uderstanding of th€ evenls rhar e d*ircd to be chang€d.<br />
Shneidmo lhercforc included borh inGnr od nolivarion in his.lefinnion: suicide<br />
is "a consciou ac1 of self,induced mihilarion, best undersbod as a<br />
multidimensional nalaise in a rcedfll individut who detnes 6n issue fo. which<br />
lhe suicid€ is pe@ived rs rhe be$ $lulion',.
I 2 <strong>IN</strong>TERPRETATION <strong>OF</strong> 'SUICIDE'<br />
Suicide is a disrincl ard definite ad rhat hrs had '"riou names and defilirions<br />
thrcughout listory. Such as .mors votut{ia,, .aurorhan6ia', .setf-killine, md<br />
'self- mu.der'. That irdicates tiat the atrtudes toweds the self-destrucrive act<br />
have v&ied, rmging frcm full acceprnlce to absotute condemnarion_ rn ancienr<br />
Rome $ere was no panicule wo.d for rhis aci, but wa oentioncd with difercnr<br />
senses, J. Cho.on was perhaps rhe fist peso! !o use the words .suammuc adere,<br />
md "'vitr sibi infene', mtuing 0o kitt or beat oncself (Jacqucs, 1972). Engtish<br />
word "Suicide" ws litsr used in rh€ tare se enrh @tury. In rhe od of tgrh<br />
cenhry a French sociologisr Dukhein us€d the Suicide in his book.Le Suicide,,<br />
which is considered a mslerpiee in he fietd ofresearch (Setui, 1985)r,<br />
Albcn Cmus (t991)! ctaimcd thar rhe questim of suicide is $e mosr<br />
fudmental of all philosophical qu€srjons. Alriough the pason sranding wirh the<br />
.ope or a glds of pilh in lts or hcr hdd doos probably nol consider lis o! he.<br />
decision to kill hinselfor he6.tfro be a philosolhiclt quqton, rhe virys on tife<br />
md deatb in force in hk o. he. sunoundings most cedainly influence the alliludes<br />
towdds self-KllinS in generat ed rh€reby nis or hq om decision. Canadian<br />
Esercher Memo Boldr (1988),. discGsed thk v.ry impo.tanl facq dedng thal:<br />
Tbe prevailins defiDilion... h4 littt€ relevdce for the decisioral pr@N of lhe<br />
suicidal individual- Th€ mming of suicide otr rhe olier hdd, is critiql io our<br />
mddtandingof the individualt dcisional !.ocess.<br />
Meuing goes beyond lhe uDivesal psychological crilcria for certirying<br />
and clasifying self-desrructive dead: k rcf6 10 how suicide is conceptualizld in<br />
ted of cultuial nomative valu.s. Some aaoplca of panicula socio-cuttuml<br />
conceplualizations of suicide re tbar it is e unforgjvable sin, a pychoric acr, a<br />
hunm righl, s ritual oblisarion, an unrhinl'bte acr, ed so on. The m€@i!g of
suicide is dedved from cutrurat experience<br />
affstive quafnq rhat rhe acr symbotia for a culhtal group. Wherhe! wirtri! a<br />
sociologi€I, a psychologi@I, a psychiatic, a biological or any othe! frme of<br />
refeieice, rhese @nsidemtions havc io be ke!1<br />
wny sone pcople wmr to kill themselves.<br />
I.3 CLASSIFICATION <strong>OF</strong> SUICIDAI, ACTS<br />
ard encomtasses the histori€I,<br />
in mind wheD rrying to deremine<br />
TlE bcsl knom cla$ification of suicide h me rhar was lrolded by<br />
Du.klein in his book ..letulcrd.' which is srill used by sociologists tud<br />
rnthropologisrs. He postulat d fou rypes ofsuicide. T[ey are egoistic. alrruistic,<br />
aronic dd falalisric suicides. Ttey arc briefly d€scriba s uotr:<br />
Egohric S!icid.: This is lte type ofsuicide rhar occm wherc &e deg@ ofs@ial<br />
integration is low, ud rhere is a s€nse of oeningrcs among ndividlals. In<br />
fadirional socielies, wilh m€chalical soliddity, thh is not likety ro be $c canso of<br />
suicide. Ilere the sFong colterive coNciousness gives pcopte a brcad s6e of<br />
meaning to rheir liv€s. Within modem soci€ry, the wejkd collecliv€<br />
oonsciousness rneds rhat people may not see $e same me.ring in iheir lives, ud<br />
unrestrained pGun of i.divid@l i.le.esrs may tead b shont dissaittucrion. One<br />
of rhe resulrs ofthis can be suicide. Individuats who ffi strcngly integrated into a<br />
fdmily slructure, a relidou group, or some otlEr rype ofinregrative group.re less<br />
likely b €ncou q rhes€ prcblems. dd rnal explairs lh. towd suicide ral6<br />
The tacton l@ding to egoislic suicide can be sociat cureDB strch 6<br />
depre$ion and disillusionmenr. For Dukheim, rhese are social forc.s or s@ial<br />
f.cls. even though ir is rhe de!ressed or meldcholy individuat who rrt.s hjs or<br />
her life volunh.ily. AcroE de levcr frce of rhe fore of rhe note rhd some may<br />
"feel it is fieir du1y" 1o comnii suicide. Exampl.s in lrinirive sociery cited by
Du*neim arc suicide ofthos. who aE old 0nd siclq suicidcs ofwom.n followinS<br />
0E dearh of rheir husband, snd suicide, of follow.c .n!r rh. dcath of a chi€t<br />
Ac.ording to Durkh.im this qTc ofsuicidc mry acorly 'hpritr$ fiom hop., for ir<br />
dcp.nds on th. b.lief in bcatitut pccpcctiv.s bcyond fiis tifc,,.<br />
Esoinic auicidc k bcins 's@ilrcd qirh cxBirc.goilm d individurthh. In oihcr<br />
Mrds, ii Esulc {ion !id6-iDr.g ion of ttE indjvidu.l by,oci.ty. Atouistic $icid., on<br />
lhe oth.r had @!B itr hiSbty i cgnr.d si.iiB rd in @fl.i! ryF of ,eirl<br />
orgdizlliG rvltc thc intlividuat ch@r.s do$ b @lgrui9 wirlt $iat obtigatioi,<br />
wi$out .En rhjntitrg of affimi.g whn is c&ftd io s ibc ngh io tirc. Amhic $icidc<br />
is .siar.d *irh mnic; rlis k . sial @idirion ch&acraiad b, rb. bMtdoM of<br />
noms gowming sbi id.!!.lion (Eeyclop.dit of Brirrmic4 | g??:opcn)_<br />
AooDic Sdcldc: Aromi. or ammy coln€s tom rhe GEk meatriDg lawl€ssn*.<br />
'Nomos' mers us!g€, cBrom, or lsw .od .n6n iD' mc{N !o disttibur.. Anomy<br />
lhur is social in5t bilir, r6dting tom brtjkdown ofstrndlrds and vatu6.<br />
Altruilti. Sdctd.: Thh is rfi. typc of suicidc dut ocru ehcn inregElion is roo<br />
gr.ai, lhe @U.ctve coBciou3ncs ioo srory, ad itlc "individurt is forccd ido<br />
commirung suicidc". Integrdrion nay noi bc rhc di@r 6!s! of luicidc hc€, bur<br />
ore smi.l cun€nB hlr go dong wirh thh rrry high deg!€ of iot gration on t.ad<br />
F.t.'li.tic Solcid.: when rcgul ion is loo slroru, Dur*h.im consid.rs rt'rc<br />
possibility tltat 'pc|sons widr futurct piril.ssly blockcd and palsions viol€nrty<br />
chokcd by oppressivc di$ipline" may se no wly our. Thc individual s6 no<br />
paiblc mamcr in whici lhcir live @ bc imFovcd, dd wh.n h a shrc of<br />
helecholy, may b€ subjcd lo socirt curr€nts of fddinic suicidc.<br />
'Ihis is a typ. of suicidc rebr.d ro r@ low i dcgr.. of ftgutrrion, or .xrernrl<br />
consuainl on p.ople. Ar with thc .nomic division of l6bou, lhis can occu whd<br />
l0
he nomal fom of the divisioo of labour is disnprcd, and ,,the colt@tivity is<br />
lmpo.atily incapabl€ ofexscising ils audonry ove. individuah._ Ihis can occur<br />
erthd duing periods asociat€d wiih economic detression (stock m.*ot cmsh of<br />
the 1930t or oveFrapid econonic cxparsion. New situations with few norm, fie<br />
regulatve effec1 of strucrurcs ate wekened, and the i ivi.lual my feel<br />
coUectivity: 'However individualiad a mtu nay be, theE is .lways smething<br />
colldjv€ remaining rhe very deprcssion ud rn€lmcholy resutring fron ftis<br />
sme exagg€mt€d irdividualism. Durkheim says 'Tlcnce arc fomed crrnts of<br />
depression ard disillusiotrmenl emeating ftom m particutar individual bur<br />
exl'6smg sociciy,s *are of disilusiomot.' Dutd€im nores rhat ,,tle boDd<br />
.ttaching man ro life r.td6 b€&use $ar atraching hin ro s@iety is ilselfslack. ...<br />
The idividual yi.tds to the slightcsi shock ofdrcunslanc. b€cause the srare of<br />
society h6 mad€ hin a ready p.€y to suicide'. (.tztir'e, pp. 214-2 l5).<br />
Edwin Shneidmaq (1986),r dist'n8uish6 fou. kinds of pcopte who etrd thei.<br />
lives intentionally: 'd€alh seekets", ..dc!th iniriatoB ,, ..d@lh igno6., &d ..dalh<br />
daEB". Deafi scck€F have a ct€ar inrenlion of endinS lh.ir lives d tne time $ey<br />
attonpt suicide. This singlcnes of purpos. is usualy of shon {tuation. Suicides<br />
co@itted by unemployed men fatl unde. ihis @tegory. Dearh iniliators atso<br />
cledly i!1od io end fteir livs. Ttey act out of a @nviotion rhar a prNss of<br />
dealh is aliedy undq way ed that $ey @ sinply harlening rh. pl@s. Ir is<br />
wi$ this conviction rhar some ch$nicauy ill pari€r s opt for rh.n way our ofthis<br />
*orld. D.ath i8norffi believe rhat by comiting suicidc thcy d€ hding lhcil<br />
presdl lile for a better or hapi€r .xisrence. Childrcn usualty end rheir lives wirh<br />
this though( iD theh youg mind!. Dearh darers aE mbivatent in iheir int€nt to die<br />
even ar rlc momenr of rheir andpl !r|d they show this mbivat.nc in thc acl<br />
itsell They |at. acrioc th.t do nor gualere dearh such s a gme of Rusid<br />
ll
1.4 SOCIALASPf,CTS Or SUICIDf,<br />
S@iologists like Durkheim viewed suicide as a breakdown of social<br />
cohesivenes and nomarive factos ot sociery. Whdeas socio-psychotogists<br />
@n@ived n s l)dEing bec.ue of ch@rer weatness or iMity. Howevc. rhe<br />
selling ad significdce of lhe acl of suicide have vdred across cuuural anit<br />
lenestrial boud.ris. In Feudal Jape and ancient Romc suicide was<br />
c'rcumscnb€d ar a honourabte o. r€demptive rituthric perfomanc€. In Indi4 a<br />
widow buminS heself ro deth alo.g with her deait hsbdd ws a cullun y<br />
expsre.l conv.nrion (Encyclopedia otsocial Sci.nc6, I963: 3?6)16.<br />
Accordine ro Dukheim, individuat: dechion to comrol sujcide could be<br />
underrood as beine atreled by ihe dillerenr foms ofsocial hamony o. orheNis<br />
in dircrent social setrirts. His &gumenr wa rhar 6res of suicido were relared to<br />
type and level of s@iat inregrarion wirhin a sociery. He furthq nol€d lhar rhcrc sle<br />
social focs within s@iety md these de not individual force! but collective<br />
forc6 that d.ive an individuat to commir suicide. L the study of seioloSi@l<br />
investigation ofsuicide in €arly ninel€enlh c€nlury Dukheim looked at the suicide<br />
rates of differcnt coutries dd commmilies. He assumed rhat suicide valies<br />
InveBely with {re degree of integration of rcligiou soci€ly, domcstic aociery and<br />
Du*heim vi€w society, as a noral society where there de cunu.at conskaints<br />
upon ohe's behaviour llle nolioD rhar rte indjvidual is domimred by a ooral<br />
@lity lhal is gr€ter rhd one. 'If s coMiou! rhoueh is a social facr as ir is<br />
exlended 1o us through socially agreed Eward o. plnhhnent Durkteim used<br />
coEclaiion bctwcen suicide ad veious sies of cxrernat ars@iation to<br />
dehonstlate the validity ofhis con ept. Ior example, Calholic populations have<br />
lowe. suicide latc ihd prcieslant bc€tse Catholic soci.iy bounds the hdividual<br />
t2
more tighdy lo collecdviry. Whereas in p.oLst nr poputarions bonds ofint€gr.rion<br />
dd cohcsivenes are weal, d a .sult they de mor€ lroDe ro commnrng suicide.<br />
The .orcepi of hoF has bd made rhe basi of s@io-psychologicat 0Edies<br />
ofsuicidc. Acco.djng b $ese iheories, suicide occus when Ine tira oullook isone<br />
of dapairing hopclessn*s. whethe! or noi a F€6oD witt coronil . suicidal act in<br />
such a situalion dspends on a pdsonality facror, i.e. seDs€ ofompetence, which is<br />
mveEely Elated ro rhe liketihood of suicide (Encyclopedia of Bnramie, l9Z7:<br />
761 o!cn).<br />
Srudi6 have tound rhar rh@ ee reo main €temml! rh appefi onen in cases<br />
of suicidc ed rhus hale @n€ to be considercd 1he cornmon e|emenrs r@ditrg 10<br />
slicide. It has been foud that rhe conmon purposc of suicide alrempts is ro try to<br />
find a solution to a lroblem; the common goat is the cessat,on or cosciousd*s.<br />
Tle corDon sinulus is unbe@bte psycnologicat paio, dd rt. conmo, slrsor<br />
h f.ustrated psychological needs. Tte comon enotion is<br />
hopele$nesr/helplessn*s, md the common cognitivc shre is anbivalelce. Th6<br />
common perceplual stare is conshicrion, or tunnel vision, ed rrle common actioo<br />
js escape. Finally, rhe @tunon int rp.Eo.at lcr is conmulcar,oo ot in(entioff,<br />
I.5 PURPOSI] <strong>OF</strong> SUICIDE<br />
patt€rn is a consistency in lifetong parems of coping<br />
Commirring suicidc is nol a joke in any sens6. It is too paintuljust to lllink<br />
about suicide. Alvsrcz (19?0: 40)r? dscrib€s how it fc€ts ro be suiciitzl as..The<br />
logic ofsuicide is di(Te.eni Il is like tie ueswerable logic ofa nighrmarc, or Iike<br />
the science-liclion fsntisy of being proj@ted suddenly inro anolher dimension:<br />
evrtlhing nakes sense ed follows its orn st icr rub; ye1 ar rhe same tioe,<br />
cverylhing is also differenl, pwened, upside dow,. Once a Ds derds to take<br />
ll
hjs own life he enteB a shul-off, impregDabte bul who y convincing wortd where<br />
eve.y d€raii fi1s od dch incideDl .einfo@s his d@isioD-_<br />
some pu.pos€ b€hind ir. Lik€wise a peBon who h<br />
also some purpose in mind. s@iologists .re aSreed fiar<br />
Suicidal actions are socialty h@ir8tul actions ud individuals cohmit rhem in<br />
o.der to communi@rc somerhiry ro rhemsctvq md aboul orh.ls. Even u<br />
individual whos€ pnnary goal is a sbte of nor_being wjll not comi! suicide<br />
unlss he @ do it in such a My es to @onunicar€ ro himself and possibty to<br />
otheB as well, jusl rhe right meaning (Douglas 1965)r. Betieving thal their<br />
sufferiDg will conlinue or int€nsiry suicidal individudls can etrvision no oprion but<br />
dd|n. As afticulabd by prominmr suicidologisrs, the common srinulus ro suicide<br />
is inlolerable psycholo8icat pain. Suicide represeffs ar escape or relea3e riom that<br />
pai! (Shneidmaa 1986),,.<br />
Sometines conrrary to popular opinion, suicidc is nor usually a readjo. to an<br />
acu|e problcm or c.isis in one! life or even 0o a tmin l iln6s. Singlo ryenB do<br />
nol cause someore ro commil suicid.. Innead, ce.tain peFonal characterislics arc<br />
dsociarcd wirh . hidd risk of ancnpling or amitdng suicidc. The way in<br />
which an individual cop€s wirl probl€ms over lhe cous. of his of her life usually<br />
indicales wheiter iho person is emorionaly predisposcd ro suicide. Studies thal<br />
qmD€ th6 psychological backgrcund of individuats who kilt $emselv* show<br />
dral 95 per@r have a diagosable neniat disorder at the line of death.<br />
Depression ac.ohptuied by symptoms of hopelNess ed helplcssnGs, is rhe<br />
nost prevalent condirion among individuals who comit slic'de (cadit 2000)10.<br />
Another viN suggests tiat one frrldies lhe ourcone of one\ death ud acts<br />
out lhis futdy ude. circtm(!trce thal affects or.,s e8o. Death is jrn<br />
ronantcized. People hav€ aho som. grievrlccs !o doe on6. TlGy rhinl that thq<br />
are not heard properly or deah seriously. They liehto their pain by fmializing
that they are dead. The ferasy oay begin pith a ihou8hr ihar onc k ded, dd rhc<br />
Iiuily and lrimds are sttuding ar rh€ gmveside, rhey Eneve ano e very sorry we<br />
arc dead. The vest nmber of rle leople al tie fureal atrsrs io how nuch we de<br />
loved and admired.Ir had laken our death bur we are finatty ablc ro commui@le<br />
to lhen ho\ qfal life had b@n for us ad now they have t tcn u seriously and<br />
rcalte thal ou pain 6 real OtoBcXi, I SS2)3'.<br />
Anotnq signilicmr prcdiclor oi suicide is a fe€ling of hopelessners o.<br />
helplssn€ss, a lrincipat symptom ot depression. Hopelessness is th. comon<br />
facIo. ihal links dep.€ssion md suicide h rh€ gcn.mr popularion. In facr,<br />
nopelessness is a bettor lrediclor of completod suicide rhan depresion atone<br />
(Brcitban, l99l)r?. FeelinSs ofhopclesnes.nd helplqsness interui Nirh ihc<br />
perception of psychotogical pain md rhe irdividul,s sense oar his or her cme.t<br />
suffering is inescapabte.<br />
r.6 CAUSES/ RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS <strong>OF</strong> SUICIDE<br />
T}c dilemma lhat researchas face is rhe quesion ofwhy Urese people re<br />
more likcly ro kilt rhedetv€s roday\ day and aee, lhe rney were in tc rmor6<br />
pist rcmains<br />
'n<br />
manswered. Numerous resedche$ have attenpted to address rhis<br />
phenoncnon, ud have @nducred crcdibte wo.k to back rhen hypotheses. They<br />
havc cited $al suicidal behaviou. is ino.asingly b.comiDg a phenomedon<br />
associared with lie yout, influenced by to rhe eider s@iGeconomic od<br />
€nvironrnenbl facrob of $e popllarion (paee et at.,2OO21t: HaMon er al,<br />
l99Er4). SDch facrom include uemploymeq!, povony, tow s@ioe@nomic siarus<br />
(Elakely er al., 200lrri Neelmm and Lewis, 199916; Cmnell, 199917; preti dd<br />
Miotto, 199913: Lewis ed Weich, I998r), ald chhses n Mnonrc acnvrry<br />
(lJinlilta er ol., 1999'u; weyerc. ed wi€d€mm, t995.,) dd labow for.e<br />
ch aracterislic s (L esrer, t 99 E )t:_<br />
l5
AssocEted wilh these fado6 de thosc p€rtaininS ro me a@ess !o the means<br />
of attempting, or comnitting sDicid€s. Avaitabitiry of, and easy acc.ss ro.<br />
Prescriplion drugs, seddrivcs,poisons ed firems have on€n ben link€d io the<br />
rne in suicide rates (Ca4ror ud Baume, 1998.r; Surtees md Dufry. l989aai<br />
Kreitna, I 97645t Oliver ed Het .t, tg.t21\.<br />
1.6.1 Risk Frcto.s Asloci.led wth Suicids<br />
There de mdy fados which<br />
They are postulated as uder:<br />
conr.ibure in luinS p@ptc ro comil suicide.<br />
Majo. deprcssion is ine nost conmon Fychialric .tisorder as3ociated wirh<br />
suicide dd anempred suicide. The prBene of depr.sio, may be necoslry but<br />
is insulfici.nt to exptain suicidal behavioui in individuats who have nnjd<br />
deprcssion, sine rnost paticnls wift major depression nryer make a suicide<br />
.li€Dpt. Studies have idertified i,npulsivity md agSiesion s conelat€s of a<br />
history of suicide anqnprs. tmpnlsiviry is reSaftted as a Fair &al !rcdisloses d<br />
individual ro engage in self_dstructive behaviou h rcspoDse to su,crdal L\oughts.<br />
A dia|hesis,srrcss modet of suicide hs b€€n proF€ed in which an imputsivity /<br />
aggression &cbr is lart of$c diarh.sis that intehcb with slrcssus thar higger $e<br />
peuon to act (Bsutais, lgrgE).r.<br />
Ir hs be.n obs€rved rhat d€prcsion is lr.mr in 50 p€rcenr ofall suicides,<br />
and u'ose suffering from delressjon m at 25 rimes greater risk for suicide rhil the<br />
Eeneral population. In addirion, otder peBon3 wiih d.p6sion d€ morc Iikely 10<br />
commit suicide $d youger peso.! who are de!rcsscd (Breitba4 1990)as_<br />
I6
GeDed. f.croF<br />
Wh.n more rhan oft leson in a fmjty has kiled hinself, gosips may begin<br />
to whisp€. about some hcrcdirary rainl which they qp€cr ro rsult In mo.e<br />
suicides. The lo$ibility of inhdjr.1nce of suicide may creale alxiery in tle livinS<br />
members of the family. Evm a chitd who cannor !ffEmb€. his fatheds suicide<br />
may wond{ wherher the sane death is in sto.e for him, with or wifiout his<br />
volilion. h ther€ a real basis for rhcsc peoplc's s!3picions md f.ars? Ca, snicide<br />
be pdsed along Senericatly, s eye colour o. hemophitia h inhdt€d? O.,<br />
axemrively, is suicide purely rhe aurr of an hdividuah expqietrB? Tle<br />
question of herediry versus envnonment is atways diflloult to affwo, of couse,<br />
snce no ore co livc without & @viromenr. If thc rcsutts of goelic facloB do<br />
not show !trtil lare in life, they can never show in their pure fom. since fte<br />
innDence of oviromor hs ben 8oing on fo. so tong. th.rc is cvidcnce Oar<br />
even lne environtnent ofthe uierus i, rhe ?e.iod berw€en coqceplion ed bidh catr<br />
inlluencc behaviour. Neventebs, lome attempts bave oen mde ro ry to trace<br />
g€n€1ic factoB in suicide (David. I97l)ie.<br />
> Physical lllne$<br />
Physical illness hs b€€n identificd in sevcnl studi€s a! a contributing feto.<br />
in suicidc, anempted suicjde ed suicid.l ihinkhg though rtc life spar bur<br />
panicularly anong olde. adutrs. Suicide risk infieasd whft physical ilness is<br />
accom!.nied by Denrdl dhordor, chionic pain md hamtul dng or al@bol use<br />
(D. Leo el al, t999)ro.<br />
> M.nr.l H..ta[ F.caon<br />
The men1al hqlth problems de p€rhaps rh€ predidos ofsuicide becaus. such<br />
patrots are lredisposed lo\dards suicide. Disoiminafion agairn p@ple with<br />
t7
mcnlal healrh diftcuhies has been idcntjfied as conrdbutinS factor ro suicide risk<br />
as ir conllibules to isolation, loneliress, uemploynenr md honelessness (Tehm<br />
ed Mumy, 1996)5'.<br />
Ahost 90% of you$ who commit or att.mpt suicid€ have a lecognizable<br />
psychiaric diso.de. (Bcauchmp, 1999)rr. StiSma 4sociated sitr d.presion,<br />
oxi€ty od oiier mdrat h€llh probtem onen prcvenis pcopb Aon seekjng and<br />
acc€pting help. Inlemational studie! suggesr that Dp to 4l % ofleople who die by<br />
suicide have been discharged fron psychiaric in_latie sninSs wirhin rhe<br />
preccding 12 months. Up to 9 % were in-parionts ar tbe time of6eir dea$ or died<br />
on rhe day ofdhchdge f.om hospibt (pirkis ed Burgss 1998)!_<br />
> Alcohol ind Sublrrlc€ Abus./CGoccur ne Disorder<br />
It hd been indicared ihat thde werc a disproportiomrely high perccntago of<br />
pesons wirh alcoholism who comnin.d suicidc Grle Caadio National Tsk<br />
Force on Suicide, 1994):{. Il was €slinared that the alcobolism mre was as high as<br />
2l% in @npleied suicides, dd rhar tto,rtE% of individuals eho abuse al@hol<br />
may ultinately end rh€t liv€s.<br />
Some retrospective srudiq havc delemined thar ?9% ofall suicides in one<br />
abo'isrndl co'nmuniry involv€d atcohol abuse. Mor rcmrtr. rhe )outh who<br />
w*e abuiry inhaltuts connitted suicide (CBC Mbitoba Ontin€, 2002j CBC<br />
Ncws Orlioe, 2002)i'.<br />
Suicide is fie major €w of death mong individuls wirh $hizophroia,<br />
wnn as mey as I out of 4 p€rsons wirh schizoptuenia dying from suicide<br />
(Conwell, 1998)56. Individuals wirh schizophrenia who conm suicide tend to do<br />
so durine tims whon sym om ofpsychosis aft not acur. o. duiry rcnission.<br />
An unrecognized affective disorder is srrcngly conelated wilh suicid€ in p€ople<br />
Nilfi schizophrenia (Roy, l9E6)J?.<br />
t8
P.rsotr ity DtuorderyTn s<br />
NalionalTask Force on Suicide,l994)r'.<br />
of individuab wirh borde.lhe p€rsdaliry disordcr and 5"/o<br />
lqsonality disordd comhit slicid€ (Tle Upddre ofrte<br />
Cenain peuoDaliry lraiis have b@ id.ntified a! oporlrrt conclarG of<br />
i0crmcd risk of suicide including obsesive-compuhive ra,B, pedaltjonisr4 and<br />
coSnnive rigidiry (Bek er, at t985)re. Individu.t peEonalily facroB caonot be<br />
considered aloqe but nu$ be evaluated wirhin the conl€xt ofothe isk factoE.<br />
A ten-year longiludinal sludy coDctud€d that measurement of an individual\<br />
nopel4sncs is a stonS predictor for turue suicidrl b.havims. orher pcls@alny<br />
chdacleristics rhat de dsociated with suicidal behaviouE are high tcleh of<br />
anxrety, low self-csteem, high impulsivity, pod probtemjotvirS skills od<br />
inarionaliry (Lesier, 1992)@.<br />
1.6.2 Prorecdve tracton Alsocirred witb Suicide3<br />
Prolective facros are those dynamic, rhat lsssn, @mp.nsaE o, p.orect<br />
individuals from exposue s{t inpacr to risk facto.s. Research into prot@lile<br />
facto6, {cll-being, optimisn, comcdcftB and resiliencc 6 rctar€d ro suicide is<br />
limited. Tle literature indicates rhe valLle ofconsidering evidence ftom li€ siudy<br />
of othe. porennally retdarr ar6 dd ass@iarions betwcen prcrccfive tacroE md<br />
proxy measu.s for suicide such d depr.sion. The following arc sone of ihe<br />
hclo6 rhal have bc.n sugS6red 4 p.oterinS !8ai.3r suicidel<br />
l9
Good problcm solving skills<br />
Help seeking behaviou.s<br />
F.nily dd comunity s@iat supporrs (e.g. meiage)<br />
Comectednes! (e.s. to fmity! ped g.oup, school or oomun,ry)<br />
Cullu.al, .eligious and peBonat betiefs ilal discourage surjdal behaviour<br />
Skills in managing conticts and dispuies.<br />
I.7 SOCIAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITtr SUICIDE<br />
While many individMls have risk factors, only a few will everattmpt suicide.<br />
Ile inporratrr social risk tactor domaijs fo suicidat behaviou hav. beetr<br />
> frmily Brctqrou.d<br />
Increascd risk ofsuicidat betaviou. hd bccn idmrilied dong those whore<br />
background was chamcb.ized by dysfmctioq ard advene farnitial condirions<br />
such as divdc. ard farnily discord, physical .nd scxlal abBc, poveny, ed<br />
pdontal violenc€. Tle detemining factor fof the impact of rh€se coDdilions<br />
appercd lo be related 1o l.ngth .!d inlensiry of th€ circlmlec.s (Beatlt|ais,<br />
1998)''. Ir has bcen obs€ryed tbat thos€ individuals eho ar€ facing social<br />
injutices ed discriminarion in equal anli.m€nr of opponurFs due ro poor<br />
fmily backsoud arc the oost nlncnblo ro suicides.<br />
> Low Socio-€coDooic Saotus<br />
EpidemioloSicat srndi€s consistcrrty show a lirk b€h{@ suicide dd social<br />
disadvanhge including low socio-ecoromic status, limited educational<br />
20
acl'evenent and hoinelessness. peopte who @ wefl employc.t ,e less titled<br />
loveds suicid€ (IBID).<br />
> Socirl IsoL.iotr<br />
Pat€nls probably can get no ndc devstaring Dews lhan l}lar one of rhei.<br />
childr€n has committed sDicide. Wty such trag€dies occu naj been much studied<br />
dd shongly debated, bni what3 ctear is that suici{te among teeDs has riso<br />
dramatically in rocenl yeals. Socirt nerworks tad significant effccts on those<br />
thoughts in teenaSe girls ed boys. Adot.scmt boys ed girls who aE isolared<br />
ftom pee6 or who$ s@ial relsrionships ale boubted e al gredcr risk for suicidal<br />
rhoughLs rhan arc rhose wi$ close retdio.ships to othq ddols@nt1<br />
A friend who comined suicid€ sigtrific2ntly incrcased lrl. likelihood of<br />
suicidal thoughts and anempts for bo r boys and gi.ls. Most imponanfly, socia y<br />
isolalcd people wde mo.e likely to have suicidat rlolghis, b.cause of 1he<br />
impodance of s@ial n rwo.k! 10 sdolescats, gcniog ttoubtcd rc.trs gi.ts<br />
especially to chmge sciools, join clubs ed participate m new .xrraqEicole<br />
activilid, including aclMli* with p.renb, @ sr€ps that mi8hr prevcnr suicidal<br />
rhoughrs and attempts. Iftaftnls and o$els saw rhat a chitd wd socially isotared<br />
and also lhinking aboul suicide, they could intwen. to help shap. ihal chitd.s<br />
Morcovcr, the folldhg factors are gcn€ratly o$idered Gponsible fu<br />
ircr6in8 slicidal incidots.<br />
. A history of mc al or addicliv€ disorder: iDctuding mmd disord6, which<br />
have a highor inciden € anong womo, dd subsranc€ abusc, which is<br />
more frequenl in neD;<br />
. Pesonalnytrails: segr$iviry. impulsivmes. hopclds.s, 6gnirn e<br />
2l
igidiry ard anrisocial behavious;<br />
. Psychcsciat .nd eNiroon.rrat facto6: physicat or squd abusc,<br />
. d@reased faftilid o. sociat supports, !.renral loss, exposure to suicidal<br />
bchaviour, ncSarive life flenr!! chronic physicrl i .*, g%narcy itr<br />
adolescont felnatcs, or being a runaway;<br />
. A fanily hisrory ofsuicidal behviour o. ncnirt illxs;<br />
. Biological comlates irctuding c.rtsin homomt facrob aftt . deficiency in<br />
. ihe neurotra$mitter serotonini<br />
. High-risk epidemiologic and doDogaphic hcrds: beirS malq being<br />
. beMeen tne ages of 15 ed 24 or over the ag€ of 65; o. being single,<br />
. r.ccntly widowc4 scp@ted o. divqed.<br />
. It is the overlap ofrisk fado$ ftom sev€.al dolnain!, which incEasq the<br />
.isk ofsuicide. In peopte who hdve a @nbinalion ofthse ovdtapping.isk<br />
factm a bmiliding tife w.nt is fiequen0y rhc riggd to $icide.<br />
22
I.8 CENERAL STATEMENT <strong>OF</strong> THf, PROBLEM<br />
suicide is a serious pubtic s@ial problem. Mey pdsons who, for reasoB of<br />
social and emoiional suffering md loss ofhopc, commit or atrenpr suicide. thff<br />
are lhe innumemble othets, such as fanily menbe6, frienG, coltegus and cm-<br />
givea, whose liv* e prcfoundty atTecred_<br />
ln Pakislan lll€ 6rio of suicides is @nrinoosly on rhc rise. people rcsor. ro<br />
suicides in huge numbes. According to a .eport publhhed in SDnday Mageine<br />
(Daily DaM, 66 Fcbru!ry, 2000)6, since 1992, iI patisian the ratio ofsuicide hs<br />
risen and isstill goins unabared wirhour dy disqiminarion of religion, profession<br />
and social srah6. Oincial figu6 of suicidq cotunit&d i, pakistsr sjnce 1996 to<br />
2000 are province-wise disbibuled as: Sindh,3l55j punjab, 1975; NwI!,328i<br />
Baluchistan, 215 (Daily Kawish, l2th Nov. 2000). province_wise pq@ntage of<br />
suicide cases in Paj
crea&s trcubtes for fdily membc6, niods, ed coll.agues whose tives de<br />
prcibundly aff@ted. Acco.dingly, rh€ prcblem ofsuicide ed orher related matters<br />
may be vised in lem of rhe rcle pe.forrnatr@ failurc of rhc s@ial sysreEs<br />
concemed and the s@ial enriries in rh€ir environment. Anatogously, the problem<br />
may b6 inle.preted in tnns offte mat tuncrioning rolc relarioDships bascd on lhe<br />
lecip.ocity ofexpebdons amongsl the inteEcrins sociat syslens.<br />
I.9 RATTONALE <strong>OF</strong>THf, STUDY<br />
Diffcr€nt rcpons on rhc caues ard @6equmcs of suicide have p.oented e<br />
extreoery gin picture of ne probtem. A few studi€s ar€ hmd not showing fte<br />
rtue p'cture of$c probisn. The sup€y ofliiemrure in ne ae pr4enred till now<br />
provides a picture, which leaves many gals ro be fill.d. Most oflhese srudies l&k<br />
systemalic orde. and faulry methodotogy.<br />
Tt'o caNes and consequ€ncs ofsuicidal cases havc nor been tdly explored.<br />
The p.obleos of suicide perperabrs have never been ob.i@tively dalyad. No<br />
.ilons hav€ been ever made in rhe past lo find out the key factoB responsibte fo.<br />
lhe lragedy, Ir was, lhdeforc, infs|dve that so,nething should be done to control<br />
the prtvailing wofsr situarion.<br />
The problem of suicide is se€n in th. pres€nt study ro be the ouone of rhe<br />
varyng degrees of role faiture of $€ sociery in gme.at and the social entilies in<br />
$en envircmdr ir parlicular. Effedive role perfomarce oirh€ social emid6 in<br />
the envircnment coutd hale possibty prevetued the situarion nom woFtrine.<br />
So far, however no att€rrpt appcars lo hav. bed mase rowad dElyzine the<br />
ploblen ofsuicide in Sindh in a systemaiic ard competiv€ contexr. tmmuch as<br />
no empirical studies lo dare have b..n anempted on suicide probtem in Sindh<br />
There have bsn wrinen onty sone anicles based on individual obswadon. As<br />
tio. a Ihe resemhe.'s nmbte knowtedge gos the prsenr study is lhe fsl nep 1o<br />
24
darye oe c4e sludy of suicides in Sindh. Tlal prevailing situarion lrcvides $e<br />
ratiodale fo. llle presot study.<br />
I.IO GENERAL FOCUS ON SUICIDES <strong>IN</strong> PAXISTAN<br />
Pdkisran is m Islmic counry whcrc suicidcs @ @nsrd*d cnminat oftcnses.<br />
Like many olhe.Illmic counr.ies, have punitive taws against sujcjde. Thh has led<br />
(o bolh suicide and a[cmpted suicide noslty b€ing Md.r diagnosed and<br />
undeneporred. Data on suicide ard atempted suicide de also dimcrll 10 obtain.<br />
sirce rherc is no dalabe avaitabte rhar has o@umdred the number of<br />
suicides in Psldslrl). 11 has added rhe facl trat it is jllegal ro attempr suicidq no<br />
govemmcnt swcy hd encompssed rhis aspeci. Hence, the dala of suicides w4<br />
lolle, d f'om locdl nedi6 reporu pubtished in \dious ne$sp.ptrs. All $e<br />
relevanl infomaion eas obt ined frdn the .nicbs, rclons ed sronq pubtish.d<br />
id lhe ma.jor rcwspapes ofrhe coun!ry. In pakistan, suicide rar€s as repo.ted in<br />
veious resstapers have atamingty inc@cd ove $. pa$ Ien ycars, ed a 8.el<br />
majonry of them are a,noDg lle youth of rhis m1ion. Tl€ age, sex. rcligion,<br />
l@tion and mdiral sratu of suicid€ viclims, rle modc of suicide ud reasons<br />
given lor allenpting suicide wqe oblained liom the dillercnt r€pons. They ee<br />
broadly divided in six ca(egories for re$ons. They include so.iat, economic,<br />
failue in love police tor(rrc. nenral disords and urose with tmponed<br />
redons. Considering ihese facts ed fie s€io€cononic, environm€ntal ed health<br />
p.oblems rtat Palisran faces today, il is senlial ro invdrgate ihe rise i, snicides<br />
amonSst the youth oflhis courtrl.<br />
Pov€ny dd unemploymcnr is one ofthe majo ca6cs or ruicides in pakistm.<br />
This has beeD sle.dily incrcsing in the cou ry. If one cosidcb rhe t]NDp<br />
definition of poveny, i.e. thos€ tuitrg US $ 2 per day or tss, rten nedty 85 pd<br />
cent of the popularion<br />
're currorly living uldo fie Fveny iine sd if one taks<br />
25
ue 8olemment and Wo.ld Bdt detnirion (tts $ I or tess per day) th€n 40<br />
percent de curdrly liviD8 betow $€ poveny line. Regd es ofwhich figurc one<br />
iatcs, thc pove.ty situarion in pa&islan is cxtemely seve.e ad en@mpassing<br />
dnywhe.€ f.om 58 tol23 mittion people (HunEn Dev€lopme R€port. 2002)65.<br />
'Ite unemployme fignres are also nor roo encouiagmS. covement.eports<br />
indicate fiar nedty 8 pe. cent oflhe cuenl wo.k force N un€mployed, wirh over<br />
150,000 Bo.ke6 beinS laid otr ovcr rhe psl rhEc y€m atde (spDC reporr,<br />
2002f".<br />
Day by day ino€sine poverry<br />
6ommittin8 suicids. pries hik6<br />
sratement nore 1rue $e il is tday.<br />
h @mpelling peo?le even 10 $e €xte of<br />
hav6 made life impossibte .ever w ftis<br />
A huge goup off middle clds, th. enlire lower middle clajs ed lowe.<br />
clals are urabte ro puchse rhe basic necesiris of tife. Thesc price hik6 e nor<br />
likely to be for rhe legisldtors dd rle etit€l it is always $e msses rhal nnsr<br />
snouldcr these budens. As f.. a the employmenl is concemed d does no1 onty<br />
mean fiar Pakistan is p.oducing less $an what it ca4 bur tiar the many people<br />
se€king jobs cmot find any. Large fmili$ depsd on ihe incone of atj fte<br />
nembeF of $e famity and thqe ee no sfery nors, or Droproym.trl<br />
berefirs. Uremployment has severe r€pe.cussions for the iamiiy involved and<br />
women @d childEn aie most lllnemble. This is rhe siruafon in pakisra, wh€re<br />
the govemmcnr has b€en p.opagatinS irs role as a Wetf@ Srale by f@uing on<br />
oeveropn@t, yet the tovemment schcmes, such a,s povorty all4iarion fud and<br />
the rcpeared announc€menb that fte econony of the comtry is now on kack 6trd<br />
even certilialion from inremarional financial iNtitulions hs not t ickted doM ro<br />
the pcople that need it most bul insr€ad de timited jn focu and tue onen badty<br />
mplemenred, This is not to say rhar rhese schdes do not have porenrial, o. rhar<br />
the scctor the Sovemment is focuing on docs not need Eform dd r€sttucrurirg,<br />
26
ut n is ro nake rhe loint $at resructuring does not n€an rhar governnent shoutd<br />
give up irs s@ial .espomibiliris.<br />
In Pakhru, rhe socioccononic @nditiors ofpeopje de Dol stable dd mosl<br />
problems de b.sically faced by Uc m4s i.e., towd ,nd lower-niddle ctds.<br />
Econonic downfall is crushing lhe es&€m ofrhe people. S€lf{espect and some<br />
moDnl of pride arc the basic equirenenls of each individuat. When thcy fa@<br />
u$olv€d probl.ms, feeh d€feated and ercount€rs hopelcssness, fi€re is rc ptaced<br />
prcvided by tne goveimmt ed the private s€crd eh€re n€ cd r€rm ro tdr $e<br />
synpathy and help (Asnis. 2001)67.<br />
Mos( social $iedists believe dur a soci.ty,s smcrDle and values c@<br />
influencc suicidc rates_ French sociotogist Enite Durkleim dgues $a1 suicide<br />
rates lfe related 10 s@ial integfrlion - that is rtc degrcc 10 which d individuat<br />
llels pan ofa l&8er group. Durkteim foud that suic,oe was norc rtkety when a<br />
pdso! lacked social bonds or had relarionships disrulted 6rough a sudden change<br />
in slatus, such ar uenploymot. As one example of $e significanc. of social<br />
bonds, suicide rates mon8 adulb e lower fo. nmicd people tho for the<br />
divorced, widowcd, or singte (Sheikl, 2002)6r. Inrercsdngly, a published potice<br />
repo( revealed thar as many as 6l p€ople committed suicide in first quaner of<br />
2002, a r@rd hish fo. rhe stiputated period, cung @romc probrcms.<br />
unenproymenl, breakdoM in socjal values, societal pr$3ures, domestic disputes,<br />
dng addiction, ard w€Etening a $e rcaom behind hese acts {Asghd, 20021<br />
DaM, 2002)6'.<br />
r.IT GEMRAL FOCUS ON SUICIDS <strong>IN</strong> S<strong>IN</strong>DH<br />
Tle prcvinc€ of Sindh is one<br />
disrincr hisrory which dalca bEck<br />
covds an area belsen 56,000 ed<br />
of the lour prcvhccs of Pathrer Il ha5 a<br />
t@y c€ltui$ (Allsn4 1998:l-2)70. sindh<br />
57,000 square miles (Kluhro. 1999: XXI)?l.<br />
21
Ille province is divided into, 23 adminisrnrive disr.rcts mcrudiDg 4 mulicipal<br />
coryoration!, 4 cantonmenis, 84 ralukas ad 74 strlFdivisiotr. (prcvincial Census<br />
Repod of Sind, 1998: 14 modified)?:.<br />
Posia (1971)13 is of rhe vid ltdt Sindh har always beeD divided<br />
gcogmphically and potiticaly inro $tl principle ponions: Upper ard Low€r, o.<br />
rauter Nonhem and Southcrn, disringuishcd by naDes in Sirdhi tar8xag. .s ..I_ar<br />
tud Sim . (Bunoq t999) @n!ide6 orce principat ponios. Sourlllo Sinijh (or<br />
"Ld") covers ded Soudr ofHyddabad. CenIl"l sindl (or ..Wicholo.) includs<br />
areas lying immedialety around Hyderabad. Non}lo sindh (o. ..Sno) tud<br />
comprises the disricrs of Khairpu, Suklu, Ldkaro. Kurnber Shandad Koaq<br />
shikar?ur Jacobabad, chod.j, Kashmore. These divisjons have rhei. panicular<br />
.har. soil md producrioN, ed @ orhwise oarked by pnysical peculidilies.<br />
This sedion coversi<br />
Ru@l Ratio of Suicides<br />
suicide (6) Suicido by<br />
10200t_<br />
Population of Sindh provirce<br />
(l) Popularion (2) Tte Suicides in sindh (3) Urbm and<br />
r4l Age-wise distiburion or Surcide I, Cend(-$i.<<br />
Marital sratus (?) M€rpds of Suicide (E) causes of<br />
is on Lhc rise. Tabte I provrd.s dara ftom 1975<br />
28
TA3I,E 1<br />
POPULATION BY StrX, 19?5.2003<br />
Tot l Popuhaiod by ler Ruml<br />
(Thoui!odt<br />
1975 15660 4332 7328 9l8l 4E09 4)14 It4 .].o0<br />
t980 18576 9777 8799 10575 5468 5to7 llt r.28<br />
l9E5 21695 ulE9 10106 I l99l 6193 5799 lll 2.96<br />
t990 24945 ll 6 tl6J0 DlE6 6947 64lE lll 2.64<br />
1995 28240 t4861 13378 14682 7653 7029 l 2.32<br />
2000 3t474 16569 t4905 l5E2l E276 7544 III 2.00<br />
2001 1167l t7764 15906 t7E29 9469 E360 tt2 2.to<br />
, sdiar D.veropmsr io Pa&@d;dl<br />
sindhi largug. is tne mjor nolher toDgue. It is spoken by 59.?3 pqcol of<br />
lhc total popularior of rh. provirce. In tMt aEas 92.?3 pe.ced of rhe poputaiior,<br />
6 conpaied 1o 25.79 pcl@t in urban aEai sp€jks Sindli targuaae. Tabtc 2<br />
snows m€ percenrage diskiburion of Dolbe. ron8uc j! l}lc Drovince.<br />
29
TABLE 2<br />
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBT,'TION <strong>OF</strong> POPUI,ATION BY MOIEER<br />
TONCUD<br />
soui!e: trovrn(iat Cenrus Repon of sidh. lao8_.. p-?9<br />
l.ll.2 The Suicid. Cse, hSi.dh<br />
It is roo dificutl ro know fic exad figures of suicdar cascs in Sindh, b€.atse<br />
no official D}-lGdate .@ord is avaitable. peopte avoio ro rcIort n police slations,<br />
because ofconplexiti€s H$ont in law, which direc y or indireclly creates t oubte<br />
for the afleled who easily fatt prcy to the law .nfoo.menl agencios. Tlftfore,<br />
all tle relevfil intomation wa, obrained fron rhe ercEs, rclons dd srories<br />
lublhh€d in th€ Sindhi ncsslapers, rle Dsily Kaw,sllDaily lbn! Hydmbad,<br />
ftom Maddadgar Maguine ofla*yeB for Hunan tughts md Leeal Aid (LHRLA)<br />
*hich have $e widesr ncbvo* of rcports of ary newslaps in pal{sr.n. Tte<br />
f\gue were also cottded fiom newspapft pubtisb.d iD English dd mteriat<br />
goduced by differert non-govetmotat orgmi?anons. Th. offi.ial figlEs of<br />
suicides commired since t9?8 to 1983 iq rhe p.ovince or sindh are described in<br />
30
'toy<br />
TABLE 3<br />
DISTRTBUTTON <strong>OF</strong> SIIICIDE CASES, 1978 _ r9E3<br />
197a r979 t980 l98l 1982 1983<br />
I 2 0 I 4<br />
0 0 0 I<br />
0 0 0 0 I<br />
0 0 0 l I<br />
S.Irc.: Sehri InM-u-Ret'md ( I 9E trr!, p2?6.<br />
Tle above tabte indic.tGs ih€ ofiicial figures ofsuicidd. Th€s€ ee ihe tow€s1<br />
evc. rcported n rcc€or tirn6. Thal shws thar p.oplc avoid r€portug b potic€<br />
stations to save themselves &on compli€rions_<br />
0 0 0 l<br />
0 0 2 0<br />
Iul) I 0 0 0 0<br />
0 l 2<br />
0 0 0 I 5<br />
0 0 0 I 1<br />
0 0<br />
0 0 2<br />
3l<br />
2
Sinc€ 1990 l€ repods ofrhe suicidal c.ses,re incHsins npidty as rcporred<br />
in diffsent ncwspapes. Sidh, the s.cond tdgest p.ovince ofpatislan pr€snl€d a<br />
very sad look, whee ft s@rts fiat peopte ar€ in oclre€sron and Auftation.<br />
Diffsenr Gcffch€s stN rhat soDe 50% lo 70olo ofsuicides occur duirS ed dE<br />
to m episodc of dcpGsion (Daily Dawa Kar.ch! 2000t?. Mor€ suicide c$es<br />
were .eporl€d in Sindi province a5 compared to othd parrs of the country.<br />
Provinc.-w,se Ferc.ntag€ of suicid. c.s$ in pakis|m rcpo(ed in veious R!o;s<br />
's shred 6: Sind4 i9%; punjrb,3l%; NWTP, l2olo; and Baluchisrsa 8% (IBID,<br />
6ii Nov. 2000:7). One of the mosl pcrplexing facts about suicide is thrl eomen<br />
attmpt sdcid.s ar a substrtrtialy hignd rrre thrn do hen, Dur more mm succeed<br />
in cnding their tiv$. Disasrrous position can bc gog€d tom 6 .cpon in which<br />
rwcnty-ciglrr pcoplc coDmined suicide in Augusr lg ir sanSh.Nr Di$ict onty<br />
("Daily Sindh", 1996).n<br />
]2
IABI,E4<br />
DISTRIBUIION <strong>OF</strong> SUTCTDE CASES AS RDFORTED DUR<strong>IN</strong>G<br />
rmYE R 1998<br />
A8e<br />
Z0 to l5 yesn<br />
E7<br />
25 io 50 }!rs 103<br />
15 to 19 y..B<br />
25<br />
Tobl 2ts<br />
Ii.o<br />
Ch no<br />
soonc (sblikir prof: Kr.rida, "shdni Adob. lee6ffil;;l jo]F<br />
Sinc. l99l ro 199j, '.18?l cai.! of,uicidc wcrc rcporhd in Siodh wtitc<br />
durilg 1996 to 2000, rtc fig,lr cas 3155". (Daily tcwl6h, fido€bad,Nov<br />
21,1905. Nov t2, iDmlo.<br />
3.1
TABI.I S<br />
DrdrREurIoN orsurcDr c!$aa rs dmlttD DLISIC tE yaAns lr!|9 Io :tooc<br />
Sounrs :(sLith prcf fh|jlb "Siadhi Adrb,,, plb|n h.d h1599<br />
F50f '{DNijKrwish,Hyd.arts4le3:r00,}01)n (BD,r2-l I _<br />
2fiD), @d ct.l,<br />
t1
TIBI,E 6<br />
DISIIIlUnOlf Oa tarqDt ctlas .lt ttPoRttD DUllIlG rE axAr rar-an<br />
Bdy. qlh Tohl<br />
2001 E45 425 UJ 3E l39t<br />
2002 I150 605 n r9ll<br />
N3 t325 E00 lTrl 75 am<br />
2W to?s 155 l5l 2rtl<br />
2005 525 t2l 7l tI12<br />
sor!!ei: o,r.d.dg... b.b tiE.joinrFoi:d of r,q!.! tunon!Risb &d r.s.l<br />
Aid GttR!,{) , UMqF, lnd .l.d., Dat dr 2541_2006' s.
.ll3 Urbrn .nd Rurlt R.rio orsuicide<br />
Accordirg to esriDatio! 62% of suicidcs arc cdmitr.d h big citie, of Sind!,<br />
whereas 33% are comitted in runl 0lg (Da*q 66 Nov 2000: 07 opcir).<br />
Thc cdtriburing t clors aE tldGrood s 0o b€ p@ |tw atrd od€i siru.tioq<br />
hasty urbani2ation, iocressing uncmptoyD€nt inc€sing irad€qu.ste tiving<br />
condiriors, discrininarions, deniat ofjulice and growinS ftusrralion among lbe<br />
citia$ for lssr nuny ye|s (Sarfaha 2fiJ0: 2 opcit)_<br />
r.ll.4 Ag6wi!€ Dtrtribudoo of Soictd.s<br />
It is gen€rally found ftat youS poopte d€ more prone ro surcjdc<br />
olh.B all over lhe wortd. In thc past, adutrs used ro comn morc suicid.s<br />
your'g ard rhe pek tge w.5 45 to 65<br />
'qrs.<br />
Al p@nt yotag lEple ar rlE Fr& .g. of t j )€$ to 25<br />
'qr! @ co@ininc DoE<br />
suicide, atl ovcr Lhe qo,td. Stuli atrc fo os lhe slne Eod s cls.*h.. in h;dd,<br />
th. najoriry (46.2t%) falrs jn lhc youS ase grelp of 2l y.aE to 30 yeds. Thc d€rajled<br />
ac@ur ofthc suicid. ac@dirg ro ,g. gouts is gib i, rtc rb|lowiu tabt..<br />
36
l.l1.5 Cender-wbe Sdcide<br />
TABLf, ?<br />
SUICIDE ACCORD<strong>IN</strong>G TO AGE GROUPS<br />
AgcGroup<br />
ll-20y€s 4.16.<br />
2l-10 yem 46.2to/o<br />
3140 yem 21.27r/o<br />
t4.ot%<br />
5l-60 ye&s 5.8t%<br />
61.?0ye6 2.270/0<br />
037%<br />
sourc€: (Dr- Najeeb Klulid, DaM, July 26,2007S, p_21) ) s.<br />
M€n cmmir m@ suicides thm the womcn aU over th. wo.td. In $e world<br />
scenaio the pres.nt avedge mate ad fenalc mtio is 3:1. In dlis cas, Sin lh<br />
province is also no exc.prion. Here atso Drles cmmit mo.e suicidcs ftm th€<br />
fdales. A cdeful ealysis ofsuicide caes ftom Meh 1997 io July 1999 shows<br />
Oat mal6 (68.4670) ourumb€rcd fcmalG (33.07yo) wirh atr uba, dmina,c.<br />
(63.63%) over $e rural setting (36.0?0/0) (Sarfaraz,2000: 2 opcit).
.ll.6 Suicide by Ma.ir.l Starus<br />
Fmm $€ ma.iral srarus vie{?oinr ii wd found<br />
suicides allov.r thc eorld. Bul rhe pailem in prkisratr<br />
spccial is in conhadicrion b thc Bl ofrhe wortd.<br />
IIal singles commit mor€<br />
m lhe whole and Sindh in<br />
Trle @lysis ofsnicide reports rclated lo Sindh published in rwo major daily<br />
ne*spapm lioh Marlh 1997 to Juty 1999 rcveaicd e inlercsting paccm of<br />
suicide in the tocal contexl. It ws! foud that nanied people had commjtt.it inore<br />
suicidos than the singles, Aboul 6t.92 percent of mtes wer€ reportetl to be<br />
naried while 8 | .j9 percet f6m.tcs were muicd.<br />
Tle mosr common repoded reasons by mate subj€cts for suicids wae:<br />
Domeslic prcbteru (38.20%), poveny (25.2Sdlo) and menr.t ,r.ess (8.98y0). By<br />
female subjects doneslic p.obleru (36_042,), mEiral dishamory (24.4tyo) ad<br />
poverty (l0.El%) (IBrD).<br />
r.ll.7 Methodr olSuicide<br />
The nerlods of suicide in tocal study eerc bavm8 pa$em simitar ro rhe<br />
inlemalional one in rhe mals bur a cotrlr4sriD8 one in 0!e tamales who adopred<br />
nore vrotent mcthods rhan lheir intemational counterpans. The.l€raiied account of<br />
these patems is given in rhe following rabte:<br />
l8
I Cunshor (16 5 r e.) L PotoninS wirh chemicals (l2.20eo)<br />
? Htugin8 (24.?tolo) HanEitB \23.2ro )<br />
J. Iumping from heighr { 12.8890) L selt-buming ( t6.270lo)<br />
. Poisoning wilh cbemicals<br />
10.I t%)<br />
4. Gunshor (t | 6290)<br />
5. talling in fronl ot Ua,ns t6 69q0) 5 Iunpine from heighr (5 90oo)<br />
6. Selt buhing(5.619.) 6. Not klosn or Siven (6.91%)<br />
7. Not kno$'l or givcn ( L l2%)<br />
TABLE 8<br />
Mf,THODS <strong>OF</strong> SUICIDE<br />
soue (D'. Najceb KtidJuly 26,2000:Git<br />
r.1t.8 C.us.s ofSuicide i! Sindtr<br />
Sitrdh is facing nulfidimensionat probl.Ds Le. socral, e.onomic od<br />
psycholoSic€I. Wdsl alienarion pr.laits in Shdh (potiriqlly, erlically @d<br />
socially). Thde sens de3th of hopc in Sindh popt. havc te3nr rhai a their<br />
elions to bring about a cbange for $e bere. ate saborrged. In S,ndh a sense of<br />
h.lplcsne$ has set iD ed eveD woB. hop€lqsncss is rakinS over. Abjeci poverly<br />
prevajls h rlE courry geneElly dd in Sindh panicutery. wo6i posiiiotr can be<br />
gauged tom the official repons 0ut the figuEs of p€opte fattiq betow the<br />
poveny line ds 45 million. Uncmploymot.ate in the counrry is ar 6.1% (Daqn<br />
Review Nov 2"8, 2000 o!cil). Abonr ?0 milion lqsons dotr\ havc access lo clee<br />
d.inking warq. Abou175% have no mcdical faciliries.<br />
l9
A cd€ study of 127 who commired suicide in Karachi in rhe year<br />
2000 sho{s that prio. !o suicidc they w@ highty depresed due b jobleseess or<br />
poveny. Different res@chq show itat sone 50 to ?0% suicides occur durioS and<br />
due to e episode of d€pression. Among them 42 were eome! who kilted<br />
rnemsetves as rheir husbands we.e eithdjobles or doing low paidjobs dd they<br />
lbund ir very dilficuh ro make borh ends n@r. The financiat dislr€ss bom of rhis<br />
srluanon often led ro domsric biawts, weighing h€avily otr fte nerya of the<br />
spous€s (Ama4 2001: o3)3rcunent polnca! economic ud s@isl factou, such as<br />
poor living condiliom, low titqacy mre, unendiDg potiticat instability, d<br />
iBulficicnr ed inetlcie heahh cai. delivery lystem, arong wrh O€ enensive<br />
humr4 rignb violations, ranpanr comprion, ru&way uempbymeDr,<br />
rerrenchrnent in the name of so-cnlled downsizing or .ighrsizire, aI prevailitrg<br />
seme of deprivarion, blatarl deniat ofjuslice, conskefl ercsron orcohesioD in the<br />
socjery, enotiorat scibacks, violenc., insecurity ro human Iife and lropeny, md<br />
all othq similar facio6, mate one Nume rhar n@cc of sui.ide pmisls wnhour<br />
r.T2 SCOPtr <strong>OF</strong> TtrE STUDY<br />
Ihe preenr study condeied oD Suicides in Siodh duriDg t99t_2005: A<br />
soclological dalysis. 11 focu.d on vdious sp@6 ro derenine if poverryj<br />
unenployment and socioecononic condirions weie associaled wirh th€ rise in<br />
suicides. h view of rhe wonening socio-economic colditions in Sindh, the<br />
rescarcner aimed lo eain fiuthe. insigl inlo 1h0 situarion dising our of the<br />
iner@dvcn6s ofte social sysrcm gencalty.<br />
The fo.e gojng descriltion ofthe prcbtem n.y open a wrndow rhar coutd lqd<br />
rowards gaining an insighr into other rclated problens.<br />
ln nurshell, tlE preenr study caprioned: ..Sui.id€s iD Sindh duriDe r99l_<br />
2005": A sociotoBical ealysis- is behg hdertak.n to ucatth iircloF ihar dir@tiy
o. indirecrly are responsible for incr6ing ratio of surcdd in Sindh p|ovince.<br />
Moreover, rhe sludy h6 b suggest ways to control the atening situarjon. This<br />
study has builr a confiere ftmeworkj with v6ble su8gslioru, feAible<br />
.ecomDendanoN and cenain adhoDilions, Thus rhis srndy w t bc a potontial btue<br />
prDr tbr better poticies ed orietuation.<br />
Tle cua€nt study rc!resenb a! initial effon to cxplore and advocale a nore<br />
inlegEled approact 10 undeBrardirg rhe phenomootogy ofsuicidatirn in hopcs<br />
ot e'nulariry njrther theorcrical work ud empirical invesrgalron rhar enploys a<br />
bal.n ed ald comprchenspe alpr@ch 10 undeEi.nding suicide. The preseDt study<br />
tha€fo.e represenrs a prelininarr eiTon to explore an in0itively appealing<br />
co.ceptual allroach rta! surlrisingly, has not been iurrhc. devetoped or<br />
I.I3 OBJf,CTII,TS <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> STUDY<br />
In the p.esent study an attempr has been mnde to study suicidal cases in Sindh<br />
$rlrt sociotogical poinr of view. Tle Prese study was conducted with rhe<br />
(l) To inv€srigare the major sociotogical tacroE liabte torsuicides in Sindh.<br />
(2) Io probe the rea5o6 ed circunsrecs ofsuicid..<br />
(3) To examine tle inpacl ofpoveny on sricide.<br />
(4) To study rhe iDpacl of age offtose eho commincd suicide on sricide.<br />
(5) To study the impact ofpdenlat social sratu! on su,crde.<br />
(6) To study rhe inpacr ofeducalionat qualilicalioD on surcide.<br />
{7) To sndy rhe inpacr ofmture ofjob on suicide.<br />
(8) To study thc inpact ofhme dvircnmenl oa suicrd€.<br />
(9) To siudy rhe inpact ofsocial isotatioD on suicide_
( l0) To srudy rhe impacr oftoial personat in@me on suicide.<br />
(l l) To siudy ihe impacr of!6onat acrivities on suicide.<br />
{12) To study rhe irnpacr ofgeodq on suicide.<br />
(13) To study the impacl ofsize oftanily on suicide.<br />
(14) To find out rhe relationship belwen lype of fanily and surcjde.<br />
I.T4 HYPOTIItrSf,S <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> STTIDY<br />
> Edu@lioml tevel is litety to bc rctated wift rhe ag. ar rhe rime of suicide.<br />
> Educarionat levet h likely to bc rctsted with rte peBonar ncome or Oosc<br />
sho ommined suicide.<br />
> Pc6onal income is likoty ro bc relared wi& a srare or.hop€lGsness aDoDg<br />
those who conmilt€d sDicide.<br />
> Age is likety ro be relaled with i}Pe of ienp@rnenr<br />
> Heslth condilion is tikely to be related with rne mtenrros ro comil<br />
> A feelinS of infe.io.ity comptex k likety to be .ctated wjih a staie of<br />
> A feling of uselessnes is til.ly ro be rctatod elth participation in seial<br />
> CulruEl backgrollnd is likely ro be retaled wirh feelings of infdioriry<br />
> Loneljncss is likelyro be relaied wiih feelings ofhopetessn€ss.<br />
> Pov€rry is likely b b€ .elated wirh intensions to comi( suicide.<br />
> DoDestic viol€nce is tikety ro be retar.d with inrtuiom io connit<br />
42
I.T5 VARIABLES <strong>OF</strong> TEE STUDY<br />
The building bloch ofhypolhess, a.€ varisbtes. A variabte is atryhing tllar<br />
vdies, chargs, or hs differ€d@!. Sonerhing that nev.r cnaq.s 6 c.lled a<br />
conslani. Veiables rhar only have two extreme atc called auributes. In social<br />
scr€nce .*carch, wc deal hos y wirh two types of vdiablcsr indcpendent and<br />
delendor. Ildelodenr vadables arc rhosc rhinF rhou8hr ro be rlte @!& or bring<br />
aboul cbange in orher variables.<br />
Dcpmdent variablq are $ose ttirgs charged o. all@l,ed by indcpendcnt<br />
variables. somerimd Urcugh olher variabtes. Indepcndot vaiables always come<br />
beforc depcnd.nt variables in rime &d splce. A hDotnesis ansnprs 0o see $o<br />
@N and cfI4t phenooenon h rhe fom ofdclJ€odcnt ard ird.pqdfft variabtcs.<br />
The preset researcb include! tbe folloying v.riabter:<br />
r.l5.l hd.pedot v*irbL<br />
PrnicipalioD in social activities<br />
1.15.2 D.pe.dert vsrirbt.<br />
4l
. rntentrons to commil suicide<br />
. A feeling ofinf€rionty com?l€x<br />
. A felins ofus.tdsres<br />
. A felilS of loneliness.<br />
r,16 KEY CONCEPIS<br />
Siidh<br />
S€.ond largesr provinc€ of pakisrad.<br />
sui.idc<br />
Commonly dcfined as the inMtioMt killing ofonGen<br />
A feeling of hopclssness or helptdsness. Fetings or nopdssns ard<br />
hclplessncs inlsact wi$ rhe p.rcelrion ofpychologicat pajn snd rh€ individual,s<br />
smse rhar his o. her currenr sulferiry b incscapabte.<br />
Fanily Blct gronld<br />
Char@tcrizd by dysfinctioq rnd adve6€ familirt col(ritio[s such s divorce and<br />
family discord, physicat and sexual abuse, poverty, ud parmiir viol€nce.<br />
Social Stratificrtion<br />
studiq of ey syst€malic inequalities berwcm groups or !€ople, which ubc as<br />
0re lninlcnded consquerce ofsociat pra€ss.s and relarioffl ps.
Gelder<br />
G.oder rcfq! io thc locirly coorhrcrcd roL! rlc.it d b rD * 0tld ,a.tR<br />
'Ifrare rclcs arc l€aie4 chrhgc ov.r ti!r., lnd v,ry wid.ly lrithh snd |rro€s<br />
.uftrrcs. $h€lcls biDtodc.l so( id.otig i! d.t (nilcd by rcfuacc ro g.d.tic &d<br />
{[laonicd c.he3daisdc., ,oci![y t rDcd gcd.r i, & _qurd i,rlotry.<br />
Povcrg<br />
A ltd. iD rlhich rtlouiccr, uerjly mdcrid bol ,ondiucs cttltunl &! trcking.<br />
UD.mploym.!t<br />
Thc s&& ofbcing ua$t !o sdt m.,! IrbooFpowc. io tb LDo,n n *ad.opii.<br />
Deing willing to do so,<br />
a5
RfFEntlvcls<br />
1 B,on". p. t200t) Choosikp to die _ d<br />
Bultenn ol the wot!.t Hea\h dteanizanoa<br />
gro||tnS epideni ahong th. yowe.<br />
2001.79tI2 tt75-t1Z7<br />
1:o,:!:1r:! ?ca:eion a002t wtu ReDort d yiot.n e an! H.atth Ktup<br />
".i,fr1liif,i1"{;17"i,. zw, /8. Lozarc R. "di,o^ c"4ev. s\e,E,b;<br />
' Wortd Hea\h Oryaniatiok (!gg9) Figtes ad Fd.ts abo &bides, CM.<br />
"IrYr';:#,:;<br />
{;rlff:( I'e4 suicide - wha'1 cah Be Dou NN Ensto'd<br />
'"y*::!rh" Na!@tut 16* Fo@ m suride ih<br />
|<br />
co@dA<br />
Lttua !tee4/ suide n<br />
Hearh<br />
'rada Caaada. .atatoE Nunbet. H3g- 107.t oaiE<br />
'"::.::::':<br />
P-J. L.F. SolEtun. and LW. Sa n. Suicide AmnS Olde, unit?d Shtes<br />
,',X'iii'fi"5",{#^*^*' a^d ftehds An?n;an rowe! o, Pubtic<br />
"! .,,r::. sunae k. H wass & R. A. Neincre,,Ed.) D,n8.<br />
"ffiXi" ["f i{iJ! {i;l."f:;;: i t:i'!, ***- ","r ona w"i t i*]t<br />
"r:::I:f::r:j,(::::) ." *idehiotos, oi,ui.ide k otd ase. archives ofsuicide<br />
.4^Edlian D?pth$t oJ Heatth and Ae.d Ca,e. ttuuL) A<br />
::v:ita4. ir s!9ide and sztfHath tn i^not.. a^nu,<br />
'" Sed Cbtih J. (2001) Suicide atso ises in laftd of irine srn, Arh Times<br />
';#fT:I?;H#"yl*#,ffi irs p'a'n ioh ia rhdi. vorun,ary
tz DaM Sundoy MaE@ine, dh Noe, 20n<br />
" Daily Kryish, tlL Not.200a<br />
'' Safatu Ahned (2000) Mdt Sticides Dre<br />
Daile Dawr. Karachi, Dak l: t9-07-2000.<br />
t5 DNn. dr Not, 2000).<br />
'' Ehcyclopedia of Socidl Scierc e 968), vol- I 5,<br />
to S.6e o/ I8"dary. AlEMhon,<br />
me Mac-Milan Cohpany & me<br />
': l:2cto*@ ol B, ani,., Nc ,re7,, yot.. 12 Heten Henint\|a! B.a@n.<br />
ruont4et rhlcaEo / Lo4don.<br />
t3 M$sha Gordon 0998) Dictio@D, of Sociolog/, qod Uniwsit, pr*.<br />
'' Enctclow.lia o.f Btitonnica, <strong>IN</strong>C (1973) yot.: !7, Helen Eehirgway Be,bn<br />
Publithet Chicaso / Ioa
,,Alvue..A. tlo\U 7h2 SDase God: A SDlt of Suicae. Nd yorl. Rardon<br />
Ho6e 1?l<br />
u Oougtu. Ja,* ttgo, A Sociotoena! Study of Surde s,icdat actiory are<br />
neaaingl,t acrio6. ph.D. Dsse alion. pire;b;Unive&,ry.<br />
'" St'*'a.o".-E. S. IoSd Sode Es. iak tot Sricid. and sohe taphcatioglol<br />
RespoAe. th Su\ide. ed A Ro, tBahrhorz; wi ias and vilttq, riaot. t.t7<br />
r: Gad:! 7.tn,r! Q-an) A aAnt snet taak, pubtbh"d in Daity Dtu,,<br />
Katu hi, Dated: 26-07-2000<br />
31 Mo e i, Earia (t882) The crc$hE Ralon ofsricide, Ne|/ yotk<br />
t1 8*nba .W, to9|t Suicute Risk aad pain ln Caa@t and AIDS pati?nts.<br />
:i,,eht ard l,::q4_8 !ss@ in can * poin R.setuch and pracnce, ed;.<br />
t hapnaa aadK U. Fote, Ner yo : Raveaprcss,, a9-o)<br />
':^::f".::::::::::::::::,-!t:,::u: s ,,,! rttoa. R .t2002t su,.id" .,,,.1 poti.iat Rcaim h Nev<br />
il#,r";f;!{.i?:i!;; rwihq lhe 20h ce4'ury. r Epidcaio!-connun;,iN<br />
',"i::::-!:- AreBMh. E. yo$\hon. D. H,tt n. I. p, at trsas)<br />
;::::';:;:!;;:;::, "::H:L;,;:ff<br />
, ;"f;#: ;!i,;T ftr.", "*i,<br />
iii" i,<br />
" .AUU6. 11. Callnss. SC.D. ann 2hti&oa J<br />
'!j[i"; t;;y1;,/;; ;"*;;i";:;;,i,:;rT ;,J: :i:i /:#:K"ii, :H<br />
i-_y,!:..t *! !7". 9 rrssst su,ctd.. ,et+on aryt skio.e.oaohi.<br />
k 26<br />
'o@ies rooa-L tpu"'at co"-,'v<br />
;::ii;:f;'{':'W!:1;:'"<br />
'1 g\yt, Lapatotzidi,,<br />
?,, A., Datins, D., et at. tees. s,icide dnd<br />
tr;:';!I:;#ffi1 ff;r: Anatj'b orne'dt in Erytahd o'a wau tcii'<br />
t:<br />
?:.t:,:. :4i.Maa l. ,.tteot sut.tde ann urynplornent n rhu.<br />
r. Lptdenot ra6z tee4<br />
Lonhuity Heatth t999 5):694 _ 7OI<br />
R
9<br />
Lewit, c ahd Shggeu, A (t998) ;ui.ide, depieatioh dnd Menptovne\l<br />
recod linkaEe study. Rr. Med. J t998. 3t7:128J - 86.<br />
i 1!:ry,.t sfunaea. p I aad yiituruki. H. loqe) sukde notari, ih<br />
rt;:ftu dwne @hont crrte ta6i - teei. scan. J. pubrk Heahh raae zi.8)<br />
ye,v:: t, ypde,1:,:r:. /. :taet) E.orchi. hctqs ahd th. nlet ot,,i.ides<br />
uemant Detueen trdt and 1989. psrchot. R.p. tA95. 76.tJjt _ trj<br />
': |,5rt. D: !|a.a!'. why people hit! thzwtves. A teols shnory oJ rcsearch<br />
J;adines oasuictdal behavion Sprihgttetd. lL Chatu! r.. thoa6<br />
ttCMtd. C H. a'd BaM.. p.J. ttgoE) Acces to nethod oftuEide.vhot ihpkt?<br />
46r Nz I Psrchiary 1986 )2:A ta<br />
"^Sutrcs. pG. and D4ri. J.C t!98at Sri.ide in Ereted @d Vatcs t94t) _<br />
I"$ an aaeqtod.ohoa @tysts Acta prr.hn| Scand. IoSg 7o.Ztt, .D3<br />
',i"::,,:,: ! ,,:", .ry,.":le6 s,ory. uaied Kinsooh s,tcd? ratca tob|.<br />
ty/r br J. rrev.:;oc Med. 1976.30:86 9l<br />
'" Otivq R.o aad HeEet. R.S t taz2t Ri:e ad lall ol sui.irte nks in A8iatia.<br />
ntation ta tedattv? ava abiti.r. Med J. AB!. lO72 2:got _o2J<br />
'...::::":': ^ loyci ! . !4d Muat R. t t sss) un ptorhent and s?hoo<br />
rurra? AkhpE. Pst hot Med 199E.28.209_2ta<br />
':-:,::!::: * :,.:"?a,-"1"* pai, and s/t.;.re.,. i, A.tvws in pah R",.a,.h<br />
and rhpnpy. ed. K M Fote, e! dl.. votlNtu tqt: Rtu n prcy. taaq. Jso-412.<br />
';.2i,y,::,:::!..', 1y,",!" .rh" aanbte wth Death prcnuce-Hd . pto.e o!<br />
ruucaxon. Lngttu@d Clifs. NJ<br />
':-?e--!::<br />
? H:k pA M:4hle, K, cahrq cH (rsuv) taene ond su,cde. A<br />
i::?.:!.:o. !: co:4:N cokll Depa \e"t ot Heatth ahd Aeed ca,e A&whaa<br />
t^utue lot sri.ide Reseuch ad prcve4lion. G llth u,ie.6it/.<br />
";i;Hy. *, D 0ee6) sis6 of Hope. reit s@iat seni.., Ltd,
" Beauchanp T. L. (1999) Suicide ia the !|ce ol Re6M,<br />
E<br />
in sri.ide and<br />
hanasia: Historicat aad Coatenporun m.he' ed. a. A. Bro.!, (Do<br />
Krhret ,4eadenic Pabtithen, j99g),<br />
te.ht:<br />
tz2.'<br />
5:<br />
::k'j BYees-P u .wt). sli.ide ahd rcceh.y oJ contact with hearth<br />
srsmatic<br />
.de: a<br />
reyitu. Rtitish Joma! ofpsy.hianr, i73:462-474.<br />
" The Canadian N.tio@t T6k Force on Sricide, Canada I9g4<br />
55 CBC Mhitoba Ontine, 2002; CBC Ntus Ontise, 2002).<br />
$<br />
Conw ! | Dabqltan pR. Cu C, H.manaJH.I<br />
Rc tot.io6hi^.o! asp a,.t u B,<br />
pr.hotognal autopsy stdy A^u.on L.**t o7 ery"ni ry tJj t00t-t008.<br />
^;;";- ;;';;;;;; ;;':frXni #f ;, o"t,<br />
',,,!:l n, !!2:0, s'icide ia srhhoptuehia s,rd. V,po-.n4. aahihot?.<br />
wtttians & tlilkih\<br />
) .!ly"^:! r" .l!"'yq ,^.* Foce a suictde ia < aw.ta (rso4) sukde in<br />
I aaada ontua: Heakh caaadr. catotosNMbet: Ht9-t07/!o95E<br />
" Bak, A. and Sks, R. (t%9). CIini@t predictots ofevatuat sticide. Cohberla:<br />
tu Lakt. D tt998t. tyhy peopte A th.&etves A ,<br />
r 'aap8s onsuEtdat behtuiow sp.,t*!d. lL ch",k:7.0;;K* oJ'"""",,h<br />
":.f.",i,::.,, *,Jotcc p. Md Mutde,. R rtee8t Lrcaptorhent ahn seio9<br />
rut(td. A enpts ptlchot. Med t998.28 209_ 218<br />
o' oait, tt".a e Februry,2uo, Korchi.<br />
- Daib) Datun, dr Novedbe,, 200{).<br />
";;tffi#:,-f:Yl"y:;;suic ides D@'o sqse or lBetui'v, A tiqa,ion.<br />
"' HMt Devetopb.nt R.port t2002) D.?peni'B d.nocrucy<br />
tuo .t. n a<br />
United hamtnt?d<br />
Nations u*elopnenr Progad. qotd Uni@ryity pte;s N"h<br />
50
;-.y!!:*+ (mq.rt so.iat dd.toptuat k patbh, so.@t poh., and<br />
uvctophpnt c.nter oxlord Uaivprsity prcss, Ka.ach.<br />
6.'^Ayis. A 200 t , Sund.s 04 th? -1se Tbl!!!!!a!!!!a!t9at Mdrh 200t.<br />
^ Sh?t*h. M S (2002) Sui.idcs Thc NNr lnbrhtionat. F.bhary !0 200)<br />
i:,10:1. ". .oyr! !:.yfi. siess nain cM? orrL,qs su,cid$ .ase" Da!!<br />
44!4 Katachi. Aprn 27,20A2<br />
n .ltto,a ti,t t!9g8t Sndh C,ttwe A pet@irury SI,&r, Ktuacht trd|4<br />
?t Khrh,o Ednida (t79g) Ihe Makihg ofModan Sihah, oxford Lhivetsity prers.<br />
/' Popttation Ce&la (ttq8), corennent ofsindh, pakistar.<br />
rii,l"i,ii; ,, _, rc$o4at ub,.notians on sihdh. tpp,i\! p.]. Kara.hi tadb<br />
'' Ann@t Revkw tnA2-nlJt So.@t Ikvebprent h paLbtb. Skial pohry ard<br />
D*eropn?4t Center (Xto.d Uni!?tsiD p?rl. Katu hi p t0<br />
1' Population Censw (t9g8), Govhneht ofsindh, pakistan.<br />
'16 Sehi Ifun-u-Reaah 098J) Khudkarhi , tg7-C Gutb.rs Fairalabad.<br />
'1:.SMda, Ma!@ke, Daity Dtua Kora.hi, 06-02-2000<br />
' S,icide i, Sitdh, Dait, Siadh Ndrpapet, Eyderabad, Date.t, 04-09- t 996<br />
7' Shaikh Prof Kh4tida, -sindhi t.hb- 1996, pbtish..t ia t9997s, p-l j0<br />
@ Daib, *a|9bh,Hyderabad 21,I |, t 9gS,I 2-t I _2000.<br />
3t Shaith Prof: Ktatida, - Sidti Llab-, pubti,h..r in !999, '' l'|<br />
ot Ooity Xwohny*,aUaL -:,2000,p41 an ! .t.al<br />
"' ffi:f,#!::f;li! ffif,{*'*'*"l* u'M Risht' o'd r.sd .1ia 6lrue.<br />
*^\:i:b Kh::d D: a000t suicidc Rate Ris.s Rouna &e ctobe pabrBhed n<br />
Da'ty utuE Ktra.hi, Doted. 26-07 -2000<br />
5t
'ili:i,"1:,':rg1;, ^" -"ida ava! three da's, pubtishe.! ib paitv pMh Kdachi.<br />
52
CHAPTER 2<br />
RE}'IEW OT LITERATI,IRE<br />
Considerable liteBnjre is avait.ble on suicide ((page, 2002'j H!trror, 1998r).<br />
Somc sociologists have approached lhe theme of suicidcs for purety thco.elicat<br />
vrewpoinl. Most rdealch€rs have, ho$ever, report€d tie findin$ aflcr fietdwork.<br />
Bcforc udcrtaking .eview of tiIm(tE, a bnef peenlalion of th€oretical<br />
pebpcclive o! suicid€ seem ir o.der. Thcorcrcr €xplamrior @nshrs of<br />
coordinating phenomena to a lirnited nmber of conceptj lint(ed by both<br />
hypolhelical ud verified statements abour thei nt€rrelalioNhip. tt servs<br />
essolially lhe same pu.pose s a road map od rravet pla, tb. a joumey. 11 th€n<br />
provides a base for infomarion b c.lry ou ihe proposed rcseaich. p@fcd field<br />
sludy hells to frlnier fie res@rch of orlas, and helps !o efture contrnuiry and<br />
Tlis chaprer highlishls: Theorerical Backgroud on suicide, Seiolosicdl<br />
Viewpoitrt on Suicid€, Biotogical Vispoint on Suic,de, Religious Vi€wloint on<br />
Stricid., ed Rqi.w ofRelated titemrurc.<br />
2.I THDORETICAL BACKGROUND ON SUICIDE<br />
]lt€re are many ways of tooking ar my phmom€na. r,veryone is probably<br />
familiar Bil the old story abour the rhre btind men who encounrced M elephad<br />
for th€ fi6r 1ime. One of $en r& his hards ovq rhe &inal\ br@d side and<br />
desqibed $e elephsrt s! like a wall. The secod blind $ he felt one of the<br />
creahrc's huge legs, became convinced rhat lhe elephanr is simild to a ire.<br />
Iinauy, rhe thnd btind oan, as hc hedled rhe bcasr,s nqibl€ trunL d€clarcd lhar<br />
5l
the eieplant res€mbles a ldge ro!€. Anyone may be amuled at the tudicrous<br />
conclusions of thfte btind men, but lh6y aprty i[usrare that pcoplc lend ro .!@,,<br />
dd interpret things within t[ei. (M Fane of efer.nce, t]at ,s bdcd on limired<br />
pe6onal experience and inctinariotr. Thesc div€6e vieft?oinrs .E ca .d rh@.ies<br />
Four lhsries .etared ro suicid€ ee presenred in tn€<br />
Thesq tu€: Psychological Theory, psych()sial Theory.<br />
Cognirive lleory, tud Tndftional Theori6 ofsuicidc.<br />
2.1.1 Psychoah.tytic Theory<br />
Tle psychoanatyiic rheory io<br />
unde.sranding of th€ componmts<br />
lhenomena of suicide car eise<br />
suicide is diflicutr to udeBrad without a full<br />
of fie th@ry. According ro rttis pe6p€c1ivq rhe<br />
becaue of a number of posible theorencal<br />
Fiur, an inabilily 10 p.ord onrs€tves (our cgo, sumdo0y Aom feelinss of<br />
guilr or dirq (from *itbio) or tron enviromcnbt demarAs caueO. pe.traps. Uy<br />
a failuro of the normal defolo necheirns (such s rcprerrion, denisl elc).<br />
second, a resolution ofthe internal stru8gle between an dstinct for life (eros) ald<br />
an 'nsrincl b rerum 1o e iDoiganic arate (hando, in favou. of the lafier, perhaDs<br />
due ro rhe lonsrem repressron of reelinss ora,ss or s!,r, ii ,he subco;(i;s<br />
lllnd, rhe ove. dwelopmetu of rie supereSo (the cosci.nc.) (shaffer, l99lr<br />
Adler, 1958'; Frcud, t95Zr MdDinger, 19381.<br />
2,r.2 The Psychosocial Theory<br />
A morc posilivo approach ro nomal development<br />
such a Edk E.ikson. wno differ from rhe Frcudie<br />
is takeD by psycnotoghts<br />
sch@I, by .ssening rhar
humo development is influenced s@iajty d wel a psychorogicafly and ftar<br />
le6ons cin conrrue ro dcvetop throughoul rheir lifetines. E iklon p.oposrs eighl<br />
sl4ges of psychosocial d€velopme4 corcsponding to eight broad .an8s of age.<br />
Ar each stage, individuah ce dwelop losiliv€ty or negatively and rheir<br />
progression ttuoueh lhe sbges ce oc.u irrcspecrive of&e posirive compterion of<br />
prcvious stages. Tncy e,lDwcve., norc ti&ety ro @mplcrc th. st gcs of larc tife<br />
posilively if $€y have developed positivety at erder $agcs developmord<br />
(Enery, 1983)7.<br />
This peE!€ciivc se rhe phenom@ of suicid€ r, elsog .rue ro individnats<br />
completrng earliq life sr2ges of psychosocial devercpmor m m cxrrcmely<br />
negative way. The theory is hopetul however in thar ir suggesb Uat such peoplc<br />
could, wilh help, rwe6e $e effers ofearliu life €xlefloces by having new more<br />
posrve experiences, $e.eby d6vetopi.8 sociatty mo psychologicafly, ed<br />
oabling moft posiliv€ ddelopmot at rhcir cur@l .nd tutue devclopndral<br />
2.1.3 BehrviorEl Th€ory<br />
In irs most b6ic form, b€haviouism hotds rhar ,,a b€haviour is le@ed ad<br />
oal ollhing trat has b€en leamed cd be unlemed and r€t€arDed,, (Stillion<br />
McDowell, 1996: 54)3. Social leaming lheo.y in panrcurd is releva! as it<br />
su88es$ dut modetine ad imirauon m pamcutety impod,lr wars in wtuch<br />
behaviou is teamed, Such a theory suggesB rhar some suicides or atrempiod<br />
suicides may bc ex?lain€d, by seeing lne behaviow s! bemg b$ed on the iniradon<br />
of rhe b.haviour of othcls. Exmptes of sDch suicrdes are those $a1 occur<br />
ldllowine rhe widepcad cxposurc of a suici.t. ttrougt rhe nss mcdia, ed<br />
'ainivdaly', srlicid€s, or suicide afiempr, wh€E rh* 'te noled to @cu abour<br />
55
thc allnivelsary ofa simitar eve wirltn the fanity o. p€c. goup ofrh€ peBons<br />
involved (Fqsiq, l9?3v; Frcderick dd Resnict, l97lro).<br />
A special case of social leamjng $eory is that of Seli8msn who postulates $at<br />
people cm leam by fteir expdences to bc hetpt€s. The behaviouol sisns ofthis<br />
oDdnio! are very similar lo tlce ofdepressio., hoen ro be ar irnpona risk<br />
lactor tor suicide aId an€mpted suicide. Behavioural theory c a moE oprimisric<br />
tamework due to its holding tle p.oposilion $a1 suci DegatNe behaviouF can be<br />
n4remed ad tEt skill deficiencies (such as p.oblem solvng skilh) cm be<br />
2.1.4 Cognifiv€ Th€ory<br />
'lhe .ognirive deorisrs propGe lnat hurna, benavrou is influeDc€d nol oi y<br />
br cxlehal stirnuii, .eea.ds ud pDnishmenb, bu1 atso by rhe levet of developmenl<br />
of one.s thinking pro@lses, which, in tun, aflct how one views tl€ exremal<br />
world. Sirnilely, ftey suggest, our rlough! p.@e$es ianuence rhc d€velopn€nt of<br />
ou pedonatiry. SoDe tieon$, also claim thar thre<br />
cognntve p€^p€ctv€ cm<br />
inuuence our biotogy (Bornaq l99l)r.<br />
Like b€havjouris$, cognirivo therapisrs beticve lhal we car exe.cise a gEar<br />
deal of.hoice on the way we 6irk, rDlcaming negarive or pe$idisric rhought<br />
Mctions io lifc's setbacks 4d teaming ncw morc cmlrucovc relcliod. Tle<br />
inplicaiion for suicid€ lreatrDent is th.l tbose who cs be identified as at .kk of<br />
suicide night bc "inocutat.d,, againsl this bonavioDr by uderyoin8 a cours. of<br />
lhempy aimed ar idendrying negaive thinking md.eplacitrg it with rcw moie tife_<br />
direcied tbougnc (Beck, BroBn and Src€a l9E9rr; Rush &d Beck, t978,1.<br />
56
2.1.5 T.rditiout Th.o.i€s of Suicide<br />
Suicide h klom in aU hme societies. How€ver, nost socretres have<br />
approached suicide as a pelsonat pathotog/ o. a sintul acr rarh€r rhan a3 a sociat,<br />
strDclural phmomenon. The fi$( s@iologisr who syslematic. y studied suicide as<br />
a social p.oblen was Dukleim (l95ltt897l)ra. He claimej |llar suicide .sDllcd<br />
rrom s@ial rmoil and chmge. Moreovd, Durkheia\ ill€rest was in<br />
undeBtoding why mer kill lheosctves, alrhougl nc rccogniz€d lhrr wons<br />
auompt suicide nore frequen y Dan men. Since Duklein,s originaleffons, rhe<br />
sociological interesr in the srudy ofsuicide hds dcctircd, maybe wirh the excelrion<br />
of studid pertaining ro abo.igiMl youth and rhc erd€.ry (Chandl.r & Latonde<br />
1998''; Denov & Cmpbcl, 2002,6; Lal.rcmbobc & Howard-pihey 1995),r.<br />
Duc to suicid€'s €moriona y hdeo narure, idenirryng Oe causat factoB<br />
behind ir hs been difficut dd conEov6i.t. Alihough trDry comp€ling<br />
theoretical approa.hes exisl rhe nosr commotr ca, b€ clslsilicd s inIrape6o@1,<br />
sociaysociologicat, c.iminological, andbiomedical in naore.<br />
One of fte mosl irnb al tlcorkrs of the 20ln @tury, siSmund Freud<br />
(1963)I' approached suicide as an intrapersonal pathology. lor lreud, suicide was<br />
one possible outcorne of sweE mmic depr$sion dd rhe aDbivat.nce of b.ing<br />
cang b€tween felines of inlense tove and inte.se hare. Freud saw suicid. d an<br />
ourcome of rhe unr$olved oedipal conflicr ud the exremety leartul feelings<br />
abod one's o*! scxualiiy rbat may €nsue. Son€ men, Freud claimed, were not<br />
able Io Botve rhe tug{f_tt berw€a the hw ed einulisric pdr of rhcjr<br />
lersonality (id) and theh mo.at ed etr\ical stvs (super€8o)_ Such meq he<br />
rcasoned, wefe not capabl€ of dev€loling a tunctional, ranonal pesonaliry<br />
srncrurc (ego). Ir is in rhese cas.s. hc areucd, that the death-wish ovwhetned<br />
tbem, carapulrin8 riem lowed $lf_dstruction (Ce$m l988rr: creenwatd<br />
51
1959)'z0. Aco.ding to lreud, then, suicide is uriquoly personat md is a product of<br />
unresolved conflicrs among lhe subconscioDs, smiconscioD!, od conscious<br />
conponmts of ?6onality_<br />
More c']l@r intrap€Gonal rh.oria of suicide ehptoy .lsychotogicat<br />
autopsy" nethods, which racc how cerrain tife evmts and r€.sonatily<br />
chdactedstics tigger suicidal l€nd€ncies (Vijayakum & Rajkunr 1999)r.<br />
M@d disordm, adjurned diso.d€6, early onser of alcohotism, de!resion, ed<br />
schizophrcnia de id€ntified as the culpdts behiDd self_deslructive behaviou. Like<br />
Ffeud, psychological autopsy meiiods feus on inhapeBoml rait oalysis and<br />
In co ras! maoo $ories f@u or the lint berween sociat and structua!<br />
deremiDdts of slicide. h his seminal work sti ed Srt ide, Dukteim<br />
(l95lopcir ) boldly a$erts rhar eomie caws suicide by c.e€ring powerlsncss,<br />
m@inglesns, noml€sess, dd isotation. Alrhou8h Durkheim,s theory was<br />
nol ce wd on economic condiriors of the s@ieiy, hh meticuloNly catculacd<br />
stalistical corelariotrs betw€€n sbsolul€ poveny lhat uG in higbty uccddn<br />
econonic tim€s in Vieua (in 1873), Fnnkfun (ber*ren I E72lS?a), and p&is (in<br />
lE62), md the corespondiDg .isc in suicid€ mres attest to ihe powd ofeconomic<br />
forces in shapins suicidal behaviour (IBID).<br />
{Dukheiml95lopcit) categorized soicides into: egoislic. allruisiic, ed<br />
momic t)'pos. The fi8r, he r€soned, is a product of loose lies belween iDdividuals<br />
md the social groups to which $€y betong. tn alrruisric suicides, e erlnordinaly<br />
l€vel ofsolideily wa! sen ro diminish individuatity dd &eedon ofchoi@ ed !o<br />
rcplae tlm wiih th€ dsision-maling powd of the grcnp. Durkheim Ned<br />
suicids in cults md mies a.xample ofrhe.lrtuislic type. The ahi.d @tegory,<br />
anonic suicide, is the jewel of Du*heim's theory. Thjs type w seen to ris€<br />
58
duflng lines of clarg€ ard upteavat. Abnpt soci.l chagq Durkheim dgued,<br />
reduces fie efficacy thsi itrdividuals feet and increases ften pscived<br />
heipl*s!c$. Such a chege ws s@n 10 creat€ cJrrrEme poverty for mdy and<br />
.iches for a fw- Yel, Do*heim (IBID) look pains 10 show thal rhe caus. of<br />
sujcjdq was no1 pov€rry itseE but the momie (powerlessDess, nomlessn€ss,<br />
isolation, hopelesnes!) tlat the $cial conditioD unle3sh€d.<br />
In Md4 the "ali.nariotr.'concepr repl&es Dukh€im's ..momi€,, (Mdx l9?8<br />
08451)r:. Md ssw rhe ers of social roubles rn ndustrialized societies<br />
(hcluding slf-dneded troubls) wirbitr l[e arploits(ion of workeB by 1he<br />
@pitalists. During transilion to indusrrialization, wo.kers ard eveD those who<br />
{ruo1 find work (1be .eseNe .ny) reati& rlat then misery bencfits rhe capitalisl<br />
clases. Ii the idv€Be conditidrs w€c ro peFis! M.a lhedi?ed rhar rhe wo.kc6<br />
ofthe world would develop a clss coNciousn$s and ov6rtbrow thci. oppreso|s.<br />
Yot, he slw al ledi two hurdles againsr fte rise in class consciousn€ss:onei rhat<br />
Norkes would lose rhci.6oive during rhe prcess ofexploirarion, dd two, ih.r<br />
they miglr become ali.nared Aom ft€ producrs of rheir own labou., leadirS to<br />
.li€nalion fiom rheir sense ofself(Marx 1978 opcir; Told 19S3)r3. tD.ither case,<br />
then imbility io deat wirh tteir exploibtion woutd bc s€lf-ddtructive.<br />
Thus, rhe link betl{een soci@nonic condilions of work life and tbe<br />
subjeave and pe.sonal r@ctim ro it e morc cleady iltcrlwired in Mad,s<br />
alienation than rh6y d€ in Dukheim's monie concept. Naertheless, whar neilher<br />
theo.etical orieqtatioD asks h whether wometr and men a.e aff€cted by d(Vor reacr<br />
to the ondilions oftheir livs in idenrical or dir@r ways. Dukheim did obsewe<br />
lowe. suicide .ats for wonen dd used rhis infomtion ro dispcl ln. nlrh rhal<br />
suicides have genetic or biolosical caus€s. He aho obsefled rhat neied women<br />
were eqrallt o. more likely to @mmir suicid€ than @trachcd women, vhite<br />
nfuied mcn werc much less likcly to r.ke their own tive than (heir Mttach.d<br />
59
cru e.pa.6. Ye! DurkheiD advocatcd msniaAe as a p.ol€ction .gaisr suicid$,<br />
dismissing his own tndin$ thal MiaSe may incrce lh. properBjry of female<br />
suicidos. honically, norc of his gendeFbased obsenat'oN led Durkleim ro<br />
inqune about tle differcniisl reasons why women commit suicide. Likewise, in<br />
Mdiu theory's Don euixoteian proiecrimis of la,boll6 asahl Oc<br />
bougoisie, womcn's nnique ftlds s paid/unpaid wdkers wc.e regl@red.<br />
2.1.6 Models ofSuicide Causation<br />
Historically, rlere bave been t\ro models that havc bceD u$d widely ro<br />
decnbe the cause otsuicide, the $rcss Model dd dE Menul Hcdh Model. Thc<br />
stres Model suggesrs ihal suicide is $e r6utt of a situalion(s) rhal ine pelson<br />
6nd5 u.nanageable. The model suppori! lhe theory rhai al iDdividuah e equally<br />
at risk of suicide, regardless of rhet me al health background (cdland er al<br />
l9E9)2'. The Sres Mod€l adv@tcs for popularion-bascd public educarion<br />
prcgms trlat rcach sr.ess h.traaement skils dd b@d6 socictal ctug6 sDch a5<br />
highd ehploymenr and sur'pons erorrs $al addr€$ wiclal inequaliries.<br />
The Menral Heal$ Modet f@us€s on rhe evide!@ $6r iinks nental health<br />
disordds 1o suicide and idmtifies th. .hk of suicid€ b€ing largety confbed to<br />
peotle who expdienco neDtal illnc$_ Proponents of lhe Mcnral He4Ih Model<br />
believe $at suicidc prwenrion eflorts shonld b€ focns€d upon high_nsk grcups or<br />
individuls who @ expedencing nenral illnes aDd incrcasing rh€ availdbility of<br />
The cunent rhi*ing dd 6ceh vicws suicid. d an ourcome of conplex<br />
imemcrioN among n€uobiologicat, g6.ric, psychotogical, soeiat, cuttuEl and<br />
envircmental rilk ed prcrecrivc faciors. No on€ facior can be atnibured in<br />
isolation to th€ o'ricome of suicide, h u attenll to uDdentdnd the complex<br />
60
elalioNhip beh{em lh6se faciors a number of rnodcb of suicide cawlion have<br />
2.2 SOCIOLOGICAL I'IEWPO<strong>IN</strong>T ON SUICIDE<br />
Sociological theo.ies take a nuch broad€r (socieral) peG!€crive<br />
the psychologic.l theodes abovc, which see suicide as an individual<br />
Ihey look lor aspects ofrhe slrucrute md functioning ofthe soci€ry<br />
irdividuals choose ro commit suicide.<br />
The atleDion of sociotogists to differmc$ h suicide rate dats back to rhe<br />
IMch sociologist Emil€ Durkhcim, lrhoi€ wo* was dono al rle tum of rhe ldt<br />
century. Dukheim anempted ro justiry rhc use of a s@iological 61her tha a<br />
psychologi@l app.oach:<br />
tye hde in Iacl showr that fot eeh tociat golp thate b a specafE<br />
tennen ! to sui.ide erplained tuither bt rhe dganic-psrchi<br />
co$titttion of indiyiduk not b! rh. iatue of the phrsical<br />
envtonneh| Coeqrentty, bt elinitution, it mrst reesshil,<br />
d.pend upo, soci4l caa.t . . . ( Dukteim, l95 t : 145 opcir)_<br />
Du.knein had ex.min€d psychologicat factoB that might influone snicide<br />
ral6 md foDnd ftat lh€y had l|o predictiv. powd_ By etimination, rhen, he<br />
decided thal s@iological variablcs must have explanarory !owe.. Dukheim did<br />
not seem io consider tle possibility $al p.rhaps no vaiable wil be able to explain<br />
i.ter-soup djfler€.cs in suicide r.ies. And, of cous., his rulitre out of<br />
psychological causes o f su ic id€ has not been s uppofted.<br />
Emile Dukheim, explained suicide furrher h 1em of the rype of<br />
relatioNhips lllat exist behre€n $c individual md ber or his colmuity. Ior<br />
Durkneim, suic'de cm o.cu whcn:<br />
6l
fte bor& betwccn a person and socicry s,e few o. ,re wejk (e.s. a sinsto<br />
peBon, no itunily, nojob, fivineaton )leEoistic suicide.).<br />
Tle bonds behle.r a p€non and socicly arc overty strmg (e.e. a pe6on<br />
whoch@ses dearh ro prorecl orh.tsttottrutsuc su,.id.).<br />
Tlte regulalion exe.cis€d by soci€ry over an individul's behaviolr is or<br />
becomes loo weak (e.g. a p€rson who suflen a sDdden loss ofemtloynent,<br />
or a leson living in a communiry which is v€ry permissive of hignly risky<br />
behaviou) (arunic suicd.).<br />
. The rcCulation exerciscd by society ovcr thc hdividual is or becomes rm<br />
strory (e.8. q pe6on wio suffels exc*siv. cru.lry d a prisotrq d slave).<br />
The value of wiologicnl rhcories is rhar rhey ctEumgc rfte view that suicide<br />
is esgltully m individull &t atd call fd approachs ro suicide prcvenrion that<br />
lake into a@out sial and cultuml codnions. Prsv€ntim approache Uar Dighr<br />
dise iion a wiologi@l viry includ.; community edu@tid sratGgiq provisim<br />
of ertain sefliceq straregies aim.d ai rcducing ucmploymenl, incrcsbg school<br />
attendde, reducin8 divorce raEs; changing comrnunity viM of riadirional sex<br />
rol$ d these rols gradually cheget 5nd the €mpowement ofwlnmble ercups.<br />
sociologists have tlied ro develop Ueo.ies to explah why the tiequocy of<br />
suicide is diffe.enl in dill.rcnt popularions. Up to th€ presot, sociological thories<br />
have been concemed solely wi$ compl€t€d suicide mrier thd wirh snicide<br />
62
2.3 BIOLOGICAL YIEWPO<strong>IN</strong>T ON SUICIDE<br />
Tl'e scionc. of biology has made a significarr contdbution to the<br />
ddeFtanding of suicidc io teo a!q: evidence rhar biotoSjclt fado.s e<br />
conelated wilh suicide, and the possibitiry ofa gen€tic foMdation ro som€ suicidal<br />
behrviou. Studi€s iNolving rhe be.henr of depBsion nde bd rese$chcls ro<br />
the view thal thcre is a link betw6 this condinoD and Ue i.ansnissio, of a<br />
subslance in nerye c€lls known as serctonin (Hcrportz and Fava"a, I 99?)rr.<br />
Case studies have also shown thal there may be a oorrelalioD berwen rhe tow<br />
lqel of|.\is subsrance in rhc cclls and suicidat behaviour, parricutnty b€haviou. in<br />
which very violent m€thods are u!€d. Tlis lq.b to a hypo$esis thlt los levels of<br />
serctonin may b€ associarcd eilh rhe ability ofa p€Bon to mrrct ofaestsive<br />
dd violetrl behaviou. lf so, peoptc wiln dis conditior<br />
biologic vulneabitity for suicide.<br />
Dru8 the€lies for d€pre$ion may be very<br />
Rs@rch into the fmily history ofpersom who<br />
The incidence of suicidal behnviou is<br />
lcople who edibit suicidat b€haviour.<br />
roy b€ Gn s h.vin8 a<br />
helptul in rrcaring su.h pcopte.<br />
comided suicide o. adempted<br />
The cl6er the gen€ric comections betwcen relaliv* the greate. rhe sujcido<br />
6l
This evidence sugg€sh fF possibitiry thar g.neric tmils may play sorn€ part in<br />
causirs sricidal b€haviou.<br />
Slillion ard McDowell (1996r 20)16 provide a v.ry usetul summary:<br />
'Examining suicide from mny diffcEnr rsspecrives povides a richne$ $ar is<br />
impo$ible 10 achieve f.om a single pc$p€clive. Il aho estabtishes u appreciarion<br />
of the conplexiries iDvolved in any suicidal gcsturc. Finally ir rcninds us that<br />
hLlmm beings are nulri-faceled crcatures. Those rhal would Lmdmrdd suicidal<br />
individuals mrst begin to see Oen as p6ons who my have been bon with a<br />
biological i.clination lowards depMsion fld whose inreoal pqsorality rceds and<br />
driv€s may or nay no1 be abte to b€ Gxpressed wirfti, rh6n environnenr.<br />
Mofeover, those studying suicid€ musr .e.ognize thar tne cogn,ive ser of the<br />
individul ed his d her rhoughs aboor rhe cuenl siMron c!, sfle to ind€as.<br />
or dedease suicide sDsce ibiliry',.<br />
2,4 RELIGIOUS VIf,WPO<strong>IN</strong>T ON SUICIDE<br />
Alnosl all rhe religioro offie world coDsider suicid€ a sin. Ihos€ religions<br />
forbid tlEil followeb no( ro od oEi. om tiv6 detibeErcly. The fo owins<br />
secrro$ p.esent a brief ovediew of suicides in the cyes ofdiffeml religions.<br />
2.4.r Suicide i. IsliD<br />
Pakislan k a Mudim coutry. Unforhrately il ha! b€cn obswed thal rhe<br />
majority ofsuicide coDrnitteb in patistan are Muslim. Thercforc, ir will be very<br />
rnuch lenne to srate a brief descdption of suicidd in rhe lighr of eunn md<br />
Like olh.r AbEhmic .etigions, Istm vi*s suici.L st icrty s sinfut md<br />
detrimentalio ones spiritual joumey. Howder humM beings e sai{t to be liable
i0 comitting misaales, lhus, AIkn (Cod) forgives the sins and wipes rh€m out it<br />
the individual is truly sincere tu rcpcntfic., rrue to the @uscs ad detemined in<br />
For lhose who belicved, but evenhDlly disbelieved in God in<br />
.€sull seems unambiguously neSative. h rhe eurao, rhe holy b@k<br />
although Allah (cod) is said to be lh€ Mosl Merciful, rh€ Most Kifft<br />
allrn'. Lhe grear 'itr or unbelier 6 decmed uforSivabte.<br />
The Holy Quan says.....And do nor kill youruelves (nor kilr on€ anoth€r).<br />
Surely, Allal h Mosr Mercitul ro you (Tr'e Nobtc eum _ A,_Nisa 4:29),',,. rn<br />
Islam cotunining suicide is a grav. sin. Muy schotm view a !eEo, who has<br />
combitted suicide as someono who hs tumed his back on Isld altogelher.<br />
Ilowever, a man commirrcd suicide at the time of6e ftopher. The proph.r did tror<br />
orer rhe p.ayer fo. the dccesed pelgon (i.e. jeszrh p6ye. fd him), bul rold his<br />
comp&ions 10 offer it (Hadith - Bukhri 2:445, Nesred Tlabil bin Ad,<br />
Danhak).4<br />
A pson who commits suicide lduauy put! hims€lf<br />
AIIai, eying to Him. in cffecr: "you have giv.n ne Iife dd<br />
lotaxy unacceptable. ln a QDdsi Hadith, AIah is quoted<br />
sayins: "My swdl hs aftmied me yirh rc8.rd to his<br />
forbid hin enrry into heav€n',.<br />
The Prophel &said, ',wh@vei intennona y sw(m rbrsety by a letigion<br />
olh€. lhan hlam, $d he is what he has said, (e.g. if he $ys, ,If such thing is not<br />
lruc ften I am a Jew,'he is realy a rew). Ard whoevd comirs sicide wiur piece<br />
or iron will be puished with rhe samc pi(o of iron in rhe He Fift.,, Namled<br />
Jundab the Propher said, "A me was inflicred wirh wouds ed ho connined<br />
65
sdcide, and so Allah saidj My stavc has caused dedh on hi@tf hbiedly, so I<br />
fo.bid Pamdise for him', (Hadirl - Bukhari 2:576, Nmr.d eais bin Abi Haim,<br />
s@ also Bukhei E:361,43E opcil)re.<br />
We went ro lay a visil to Khabbab (who was sick) ed h€ had been b@ded<br />
(cauteriad) at seven plees in his body. H€ said, "Ou. comtuions who died<br />
(duiing the lilerime of the prophet&) bft (thi, wo d) wihout havins lheil<br />
rewdds rcduced through enjoying ih€ plcssures ofthis tife, bul we havo got<br />
nuch) weallh that we find no wdy ro sp.nd il .xcept @ the .omtruciion<br />
buildings. Had rhe Prophet lfnot forbiddcn us ro wish rix dettr I wo d have<br />
wished for i1." We visired him fo. rhe second rime while hc wd bnitdirg a w.ll<br />
H€ said, -A Mulim is rcwaded (in rh€ H€rencr) fo. whalws he sFn
Hamtun b. Munabbih said: Abu Hulaira narnr€d to us ahadith ftom Attah,s<br />
tr.tesmg* CSma out ot th€s. on€ is $ai Altahb r,-les""ng". !3.aa, non"<br />
dongsl you should make a iequ.st foi d€arh, and do nor cal for il before it<br />
comes, for wh€n any ofyou dies, he ceases (1o do good) de€ds dd lll€ life ofa<br />
believeris not prolonged bui for goodness (Hadnh - Mustim #6480 opcil) )3r.<br />
Ana (b. Malik) repo.r€d Altah'. r"tesseng* &ar soy,nc: l Jon" oryou .l,oura<br />
n*e a rcgnqt tbr death because ofrhe rroubte in which he is involved but if<br />
&ere is no olhe. h€lp i,o it, rh.n say: O Allat, kccp me alive as lons d therc is<br />
g@dns in life fo. mc and brin8 death rc mc when rherc goodnss in d@th fd<br />
me (Hadith - Al-Tirnidhi fl6l3, N@red 's<br />
Jabin ibn Abduthh)r3.<br />
Allafi's Messenge! &said, 'Do nor wish for de3lh, for ihe temr of lhe pla@<br />
whence one lmks doM is sevdc. h is pan of I mar,s h.ppinas $sr his tife<br />
should be long and Atlah who is C|t3t and Ctorious, should supply hin wilh<br />
rcpolanc6" (Haditl - Qudsi, 2E)!. Illere w$ amongst 6ose b€tuE you a nu<br />
who had a woud. He was in fsuch] rnSubh tl|ar he look a kDife dnd mde wirh it<br />
a cu in his hmd, and the blood did nor ceale ro noe til he di€d. AIah rhe<br />
Almighty said: My serv.Dr has hims€lf fd.srdlcd me; r harr forbiddm nim<br />
In the light of above injuncrions of Qumn ed Hadi$ n is cted that a slicide<br />
n shicdy forbidden in klam. Ifsomcone commirs suicide he wiu b€ thioM inro
2.4.2 Suicide tu Cnristi'nity<br />
In Caftolicism speifically, srjicide has ben conside.ed a gnv. dd<br />
somellmes mortal sin. Tte chiefcalhotic argum€nt is ihar one,s life is th€ properry<br />
ofcod, ed that to d6Eoy oDeb orn life is to wongly ass.rt domnim ov€r whar<br />
is God's. Tlis atgumdl tus iDlo a fmous coutera€unenr by David Hume,<br />
who norcd that if ir is wong lo rak€ life when a p€Bon woutd natui.Iy tive, it<br />
nusl bc vrcng lo save lite when a pc6on would natumlly die, d this roo se€m b<br />
be contravening Codt wilt.<br />
On a differenr line, mey Chrisrians beti€ve in the sanctity of hDinan life, a<br />
p.irciple which, broadty spc*in& says rh4 a hllllfu tife is s.cred a won.lertul,<br />
ev6 mfaculous creation ofrhe divine cod and every efforr musl be made !o save<br />
and preswe il whenever possible.<br />
ConseNauve Chrisliars (EveSeli@ts, Chadsna tics dd pent€coslals) ha!€<br />
ofto &8u.d thar bMuse suicide invotvs self_murdd, rhen eyone who commirs<br />
it automarically goes to H€[. A nuober of Bibtical figues committed suicide,<br />
nosl nolably JDd4 Isceior who hutrt hinlsetf a{ier belraying Clrisr. Mite suicide<br />
rs certajnly reared in a nogltive say in the Bible, thqe is, howevs, no sFcific<br />
veBe that explicnly stats rfiar sricidc tq.rs dirccrty to Hell. As a rcsut! lhere is a<br />
grosing beliefthar Cltbnans who commit suicide @ srill greted Eieml life.<br />
Neverthel$s, even whil€ betieving that<br />
Chri$inns nay wctl recognize ria! people<br />
disttesed od so bclievo rhar the lovinS cod<br />
63<br />
suicide is gertrally wong, liberal<br />
who ommit suicide @ seveEly<br />
of Christieiiy @n forgive such d
2.43 Sricide itr Juddsm<br />
Jtrdaism vi€ws suicide a one of the most sqious ofsins. Suicide hs al*ays<br />
been fo.bidden by J€wish lawj excepr for thfte sp€cific cases. If one is being<br />
forced by someone to @lmir ouds, forced to comDit e act of idolary. or<br />
fuced ro commit .dultery or incesr, rt.n h those 6cs atone woutd suicide be<br />
pemissible. tlowcver, ourside liiose cascs, suicide k forbidden, dd rhft inctud€s<br />
tahing pan in assisted suicide. Onc may not sk soneonc ro Nisr in Klling<br />
hiNelf or heself because killiDg oneself is forbidden and one is thm making<br />
someone ehe ar accomPlie ro a sin.<br />
Tle Connirec on J€wish Law ed Sranduds, the body ofschotars ofJryish<br />
law in Conieoative Judaisrq ha publbhed a reshuva oo suicide and ssisted<br />
suicide in the summer 1998 issue of',Consedanve Judaism,! Vol. L, No.4. It<br />
atrms the above sracd prohibirion, md iher SB on ro irs reat purpo$ !o @unter<br />
the gwing trend of ADqieIs ed Europem w[o are asking tUei. Aidd. ed<br />
Iimily ro h€lp killrhtulvq_<br />
As ih€ Cons€rvativ€ teshuva pojnrs ou!<br />
lemiDal illncsres, bur most p@pte dont try lo<br />
believes rlai we are obligated ro find our why somc pcople do a* for help with<br />
suicide, ed we are rhen obtigared io remove<br />
w4r to kill thems€lver i! tle tist place,<br />
2.4.4 Suicide in fiinduisD<br />
nany peoll€ ger sick onen wifi<br />
kill themelves. So the comitt€e<br />
lhese rcasons so dnt p€ople donl<br />
ln Hinduism, murdering ore.s om body is cmsider.d eqully si.tut as<br />
mDrdenng mother. Howwtr, rlnd€r veioDs circumsbnc$ ir is comidered<br />
accepiable to €Dd one's life by f.sring. Ttis practice<br />
69
equnes so nuch time and wilpowef fiar there is no d2nger of acring on<br />
mpubc. Ir also dllows time for thc individnat ro<br />
pond€r life and to draw ctose ro cod.<br />
2.4.S SuicideiDBuddhiso<br />
s.de all worldly araits,<br />
According ro Buddhism, our pa3r heavily influences ou pr.seot. Funhemo.e,<br />
wbrl an individu.l does in rhe !resenl monenl irfluen@s his or her futDre. in rhis<br />
life or the nexr. This h cause md effe! as ldel! by cautana Buddha. Othwise<br />
fnoyn rs kma, intenional acrion by mind, body or speech has a rection dd irs<br />
epercusion is the reason behind ihe coDdinons ed diffe.edc€s we come dc.o$ in<br />
Onc! sulTe.ing prindity originates &o,n pasl ncgarive ded, o. jnsr Fom<br />
b€ing in samsM (tn. cycte of bi.rh md death). Anolh€r redon for rh€ prevate.l<br />
suiieling we expedenc€ is due b impemmenc€. Since evdyrhing is iD a coDsbnt<br />
stale of flux, we ex!,erio@ di$arisfrction wirh rhc fleeting ev.nrs of tife. To<br />
break oul of sah.sfia, one sinply musr rcalie rheir true n.tue, by Enlignlemot<br />
in the present moinenrt thh is NiNana.<br />
For Buddhists, sinc. rhe fBr prec€pt ir ro rctairl iom the dsrruction oftife<br />
(including oneselo, suicide is ct.ety coNidqed a negative form of action. Bur<br />
despile this view, an .nciot Ariar ideotogy sinilm 10 seppuk! (rafa,&r, p€sisrs<br />
10 influ€nce Buddhisrs by, whs under oppr€ssion, comittiry the ac1 of<br />
"honourable" suicidc. ln nodem dm*, Tibetan montB hav€ ucd this ideal in<br />
order ro protst ibe Chinese @cupaiion of Tibel and lhe peolle,s Republic of<br />
Chinas humm riShts violations against Tiberas.<br />
10
2.5 RtrYIEW <strong>OF</strong> RELATED LTTERATURD<br />
The themc of suicide h6 widc pot ntiatiries for enquiry, evcn rtougl a<br />
linited sociological research work is avaitabte in a sysremaric way With regard b<br />
thc inc.6ing fato of suicids in palisraq inctuding suicid€s h Sindh, remob<br />
studrcs de ar hand. This maredat is bciDg discuss€d in tne p.esnt study. Ttis<br />
sction prcsents a.eview ofliteoture oD studies on suicrdes.nd coves:<br />
2.5.1 Siudies on Sricid. rr ctoblt Lael<br />
h is a facl that suicidc 6es @ poorty recoded<br />
od cven whcre dealhs are regis&red, rhe caus€<br />
1o mosr @u.ris of Slobe<br />
of death is inadequarell<br />
estabrished or, qufte one!, not sialod .t a[. Thc othd iJ (hat the er of suicide is<br />
somctimes conceated and rhe deart is ar,dbuted ro &cidental caus€s. Hence,<br />
suicides re urdeFrelon€d.<br />
Diflererl wrireE have Fdtren on<br />
suicid€. The litediu.o on the theme of<br />
suicide at globat levet hd been .eviewed i,o lhe following $crio$:<br />
Halbwachs (1910)3rob!ened rhat suicide is ofth a rcspmse ro -prcblem,,<br />
s,nntions. The problem My be enotidal, fanity probl.m, b@avmdq rhe<br />
''unbearable feeling of lonelircs" Iinancial ruiD or poverry, cnronrc painfut<br />
disese, or menbl dhorder. The author turther Doled lha. cvo eren Oe incide!@<br />
ofsuicide wa athibuted ro mmrd disordeB, social influences were implicated, ar<br />
l€asl panly. According 10 Halbwach! suicide does not occur a, a resDtl ol thcrors<br />
purely "inremal" lo the individual tierc is atways e inralctiotr bctwen the<br />
individual bd his/her social €nlironment.<br />
ll
in his study enrirled ..Sqicide: A Sociotogical od Statiiical Srudy,, observed that<br />
all $e mjor religioB of uE wortd srictly lrohibit ro comir suicide. H€ further<br />
nored lh.t a pe.soD who @dnirs suicidc is condedmed md considcrcd lo have<br />
died in mortll sin- Tle aurhd frrhcr srared that ,s a rempomt puishnen! no<br />
rcligious ril.s de 10 b€ onducted at fie ronb of such a peFm, no Mals is said for<br />
d)e repose of $at pson's soul, and rh€ body is tr$ied witr r$pect of buded in<br />
Th. Wodd Helth Orgdiation (\vHO, l9?a) r6in a report sralcd fiar quliry<br />
of data on suicide noiality is to ! consid@ble deg@ associarcd wirh th€<br />
!rccedures undedying the ascstainmmr ofa suicide. That was based otr a rwe<br />
staSe process. Fi6! the death hs ro be recognized s being duc to other lhs4<br />
narural causes. Second, it trd ro be e$abljshed thar it was caisef by ^ detibetute<br />
zcr of lh€ deceased with tie lrrerrb, of €.din8 hjs d he. orn tifc. The rcpon<br />
Iu .r srarcd rhar the proceducs and ihe Bporuibility for d€rc.minadon of<br />
suicide as the ca$e of deslh vary fiom @ury to @untr./. A@orditrg to thai<br />
repon in mlny coMlrie, d@rh can onty tc t@gniad s suicid. by a 6rcne.<br />
aftq ajudicial enquiry.In olhers, rI€ decision is made by an ofncially designared<br />
medical doctor. While In most counrries, rhe invesngation of rhe circumslances in<br />
which suddeD dea$ occmed is cdi.dour by rhe lotie.<br />
Kovacs od Beck (19?7)3tin ehcir study emined the mgnin|(te of wish6 ro<br />
die dd wishcs to live dong mples of suicide altempts. Thcy foud thal<br />
highs lercls of ambirala@ b€tw@ wishes io tive v6u whhes to die had Oe<br />
polenlial lo lower suicidal inten! rcgardl.ss ofthe mgnitude ofthe wishcs.<br />
Kirmayer (1993)'" in a study hav. shoM th€ coreltnon bcrwee. suicide<br />
otes and pov.ny- He noiod thll suicidc 6res inl)l@c duing rimer of sonomic<br />
hudship ed dcfieae in iiD* of relariv. prospqiry. Kimyer tunher d@tared<br />
72
that suicide mres have b@ fol|trd to be strongly coretatcd wirh p€r.enra8€ of<br />
population b€low the poverty level.<br />
Asnis (1993) 3' conducted a deraitcd srudy capiiotrcd ,,suicidal BehaviouB in<br />
Adult Psychiaric Ourpitienq I; D€scriptid atrd prcvltcnce,'ro tnoy thc<br />
relalionship bctwe€n suicide aDd anempled suicide. He h.ld the vi.w lhal diffe.enl<br />
studies of suicide sugSesred rhat onc pcrcetrt ro two p€rccnt complete snicide<br />
within a year after the initial attempt, with dolher one perccnr commining suicide<br />
in edch following yed.<br />
In hd book dtided '"The Long St..p: youg peoplc ar|d Suicide-, Hill<br />
(I995)4rconducred odesive inreNiews in the Uoired KinSdom sirh youg popt€<br />
yho had all€Dpted suicide, and wirh r€lativ€s b€Mved by suicide within rheir<br />
own fmilies. Shc noied lbal tie trcnd of suicide amonS youth ws incrcding<br />
ralidly. The luthor suggested rhal thc problenE of youth nc.dcd to be sotved on<br />
weicb od Lewis (1998)arconducred a sludy entitto{t ..pove.1y,<br />
Unonployroent, od Colmd Mcnial Disordel' in rhe United Kingdom. The<br />
authos labeled suicidal behaviouf as a nentat disorder comonly li*ed to<br />
poverty dnd unenployment. The inverigaloF found rhar povorty ad<br />
mdploymcnr ircBed ihe dumrion of whar ttey 6dl€d .!pisod6 of ndral<br />
disorde6". bu1 not the likelih@d of rhci. oNt (suicidc). Tley foud fi@cial<br />
stmin to b€ a bett.r predictor ofplychiat ic norbidity a mor€ scientific lme for<br />
Dr Chia (1999) r'z deqibed suicide s d<br />
miMn eptions that no suicide exbr.d in lhe<br />
motiv€s were e$enrially the s.me like lcv€nge,<br />
73<br />
.sqold prctice. He dispened rhc<br />
pasl. He di$ovcr.d that $icide<br />
a dsire ro r€unite with a departed
one, escape from pain, punkhlncni of dishonour. Lrcughout the bmk D. chia<br />
mphasized dEl suicide is penooal acr ed lhar suicide in<br />
g@t honor hd disbelief for bolh rhc famity m.mb6s d rett<br />
Shneidme (2001)'r in hi, book captioned ..Comrfthendins Suicide<br />
Lhdl@ks in 20Tl-Century Suicidology', prescnr€d numerous exanlt,les of<br />
scholarly discussions in rhe field. Som€ of ihe excerprs h€ had choso inctuded<br />
case studies, s€gneDls of personal diaries, and survivor accourrs which offd€d d<br />
i$ight into the very hunan, emoiionat, ald peBonal side of self_destruclion. The<br />
lulhor considered suicide as the buninS so.ial and psychotogical problem of the<br />
presmt ofllle day. According b him suicides had become the noae in a over<br />
the wodd. In rhe end Shcidmar sugg.sr€d some drastic ners ro rEduce ite<br />
glowiry ratio of suicides.<br />
Blakely (2003)' in his study mentiooed rlat suici.l€s were rho Bult of<br />
numus complex ard intettwincd socio-culurEl and @nomic facto6. He slared<br />
that suicides wse mo.e likcly ro mw during poiods of s@iat lltBq f@ti.gs of<br />
injusrice, fnElcial, r'e.sonat or fanili6l crisk tikc uemploymen! los ofa loved<br />
one, lirilurcs at the wo.kplace, eilh tov€d on*, and lo$ ofhonou.<br />
L6o dd Evans (2004) r: in a book captioned ..lntemation.l Suicide Rates and<br />
Prcvontion Stral€gi€9' analyzed the laresr rrcnds in suicide Eles eoud the world.<br />
This cont€hensiv. examination of intemational lrends provides a uiquely cld<br />
picture ofsuicide modelily in the last halfcenrury, with an emphasis on recent dd<br />
energing trmds. The authoB stared thal ilc suicidat @ses had becone the nedrce<br />
for fte society all over the world. Thsr atarming siruation the writ6 suggst d<br />
need€d to be resolved on ur8enr basis.
2.5.2 Studies otr Suicid€ itr Devetoping CouDfries<br />
Beautrais (1998)$ in his study reported sociat exclusio! s a leading.ause of<br />
suicide amonS $e youth. He rcveated rhar the people liviDS in dep.ived.<br />
underdeveloped dd e@nomically fragmenr€d reas genqally have high suicide<br />
rat€s. The anthor oncluded that peolle prcfer ro ond their lives in most<br />
developing countries due ro depiivarion, ude.developnent ard aonomic<br />
Prcriand Miono (1999)1? in a study on rhe suicidq commirled in dcvcloping<br />
countries revealed a srrong associarion b€$een uemployment e.t suicidc ntes,<br />
especialll among the young males. Ite witds w€re of th€ opiDion rhat<br />
une'nployment fo.ce the youtrg generation to end their lives in a srare ot uttd<br />
frustration. They suggesled that devetoping wortd mus. t ke sone coDcrclc sreF<br />
10 curb poveny ed umploymenl<br />
cadn (200013 @ied a gerc.al sudcy ro know the rctalionship b€rwcen<br />
suicidal eishes ,nd actions in devetopin8 counr.i€s ofthe wortd. Hc rcval€d ttEt<br />
farnily membes of 500 menralty ill parien$ disclosed thar 50% of rhein had<br />
.xpresscd at some poinl or ooth€r pan of their lives thei. int€ntion to comnil<br />
suicide. Among those sufeling fron d€pression, nore than Z0% harboured<br />
,uicidal thoughls and 30% resortcd ro delibemre self_hm. Of schizoph.enic<br />
palients, 6% develop stroDS suicidal intenrior ed among sub$ancc use6 4_5%<br />
also reponed to have suicidal u.ges.<br />
Page (2002/' ir a sudy hhied rh4 doctrhented studies hav. shos! a wider<br />
range of cont.ibuling facroB, esp€cia y donssl the d€velopinS counr.ies. Tho<br />
impact of economjc, political and envircnmental vuiabtq on the general health<br />
havc been showo to be asociated wirh hider measms ofdelrivalion, lows birrh<br />
75
weigh and higis infanr motuliay and low.r life cxpedancr, whicn repoaedty<br />
dn@dy affect $e suicide rar.s in d€!€lopinS countries.<br />
Th€ Associated Press (2004) Joh a rcport caprione.l ..Rales Now <strong>Higher</strong> fo.<br />
Ienates thaD for Malet' r.porr.d fiar ahloogh suicro€ .ares doDnd the world<br />
rere about rhree times highef for men ihan wom€n, evioence was mountng rhat in<br />
develolins counrries ofAsia, suicid€ was fu morc conmoq Mong young wond<br />
otm meo. The fi6( evid.nce 1hat suicidc rares we.e higler mong young woinen<br />
thm arnong meo itr Asia emergcd nvo yca|s ago ftom a srudy conducr€d in dral<br />
Chim. Rsearchds lhcrc found ra&s of 10.4 suicides !s 100,000 wonen<br />
@mpar€d wilh 2l.8 ruicidcs p€r 100,000 mcn.<br />
2,53 Strdier or Suicide iD South Alia<br />
Pakista4 India and Bangtaddh have be€n und€r BriGh nle<br />
cotury ed lh6 have ccrtain simitff laio.cuhurrt tife stylcr. Mosr<br />
in this section focus on lhe rheme ofsuicidc in India md Bdchd.sh.<br />
In a study entirlcd ,.Suicidc", Kcilh ( l9 t 2) J, merrion.d lhar Hindu phitGophy<br />
held bl€fut anirude bwards suicide. H. noled lh6r the nolion in Hindu<br />
philosophy wd ba!.d on rhc vi€w thal tife did not end with dealh; d€tlr afler all,<br />
only leads to.ebinl in anothcr body or form. Hc had cired ttF exanpte ofwidow<br />
suicides ud 1ri€d 10 jurtify $€ir case coNidering the viewloitrr of thal<br />
R.o (1975)r: in another study caprioned ,.Suicide in D lbelt Cullnres,.<br />
menlioned thal in IDdian Hindu Cutru€, vdiowr€ligious and philosophic kitinss<br />
had enuciated views on suicide. Sone permincd suicide on €lieious grcunds (1he<br />
best sacrifice wa! m6n,s lifc itsett; olh€rs censur€d suicide. t d lhe self_<br />
immolalion of a widow receiv.d th€ sarcrion of religion: by her self_destrucrion<br />
76
on lhe tune.al lyre of hq husbard, rhe widow would atone fo. rhe sins of her<br />
husband, free him fton puDishm€nr, md olen the gares ofpdadise for him.<br />
Zimicki (19E5)53 mdtioncd $ar in Bargladesh, the only informarion aboul<br />
c.uses of dearh w3 availablc in thc r.cords of rhe Ma.lab field srarion of rh€<br />
IntcmatioDal Cenrre for Diarrh{ Dis.asc R.s@ch Bugladesh_ He noted 1hsr rh.<br />
@rtihcalion of the cGe of d@th srs brsed otr lay rcpoding of symptoru. The<br />
au0o! ltrthd stated that in Begtadesh the qu.tiry ofthe caue{ldclth d!r! wss<br />
Doi hid. Zimich held l[e opinion thar &s a Mutin @ut y, ltde mighl b€ a<br />
lendency 10 disguise sdcide as accidental deafi since suicide was socialty aDd<br />
€ligiously unacceptabl€.<br />
Wilh rcgrd to the norrality from viol.nce in Indi4 Bhdt (1991)ra cjftfully<br />
ass€ssed $e monality situarion. Hc nol€d llar $@ were tbre differ€nr souccs of<br />
infomanon on mortality from vioten@ in India. Hc ntdhd sa.ed rh.r @ch ofrhem<br />
provided sone infmarion about rhe incidcn@ of suicide. Bhar lmenrcd fiar<br />
norc ofthe infotmtion w&s of a hiSh st!dd.|td.'IIE altM sugg€6ted rhar suicidc<br />
prcvmrlve @nte6 husr rcpon corcrelc fig@s of suicids. Thal situation would<br />
facilitate io control the suicidal case! in India.<br />
Wai-Hoi (1992)rr in a study remeked that in socieries in which ananged<br />
mariage p.dailed md where divorcc wss diflicutl nr obtain or was socially<br />
unaccepbuc, the only elution some uniappy wife 3ees to dishmony wirh her<br />
husbad atrdor inlaws ws in t king her o\{I tife. The uitd furrher was of lh.<br />
opinion that wd t[e nain .eas behind widow suicida in rndi&
2.5.4 Studies on Suicidein p,kistaD<br />
MMd (1998),6 in a! anicle caprioncd ..Suicide ard An€npred suicido in<br />
Pal.jsrd" nentioned lhat suicide md anempted suicide wee udeBtudied subjecrs<br />
in Pakist3n, d klaDic counr.y where fiey de consi.lercd crimiqal ofenses. Tte<br />
aulhor tufther nolifi€d ihat Dational suicide sratisrics werc noi conpiled adeqDarely<br />
no. we.e suicid€ moitatiry sraftlics eporred to the wortd Hqlrh orgeizarion<br />
(VHO).He was of rhc opinion rhal.hhouSh th@ w€i! sEong rctigious sancdons<br />
against suicide, $qc were m clear princitles against an.mlred suicide in tstm.<br />
Even thougl rhere was a punishment for those who ommit suicide bul<br />
surprisingly t|e numbe$ ofsuicid€s in Patisre w.re conrinuoully d the risc.<br />
Sultan (2@0) r7 in e anicle srared thar in a period of risilg uenptoymeDl<br />
suicide c6es increasc. He lmmred $ar in pakist n uDcmploymont figur€s are<br />
ollals twisted by lhe govetunent agencies_ The aulhor was ofthe opinions that<br />
ns€ in th€ suicidc cas€s w@ due ro rhe poverry atrd hugc udploymmt in rbe<br />
In an article caption€d "Suicide, on rhe Rise.,Asnis (2001)rr caregorhally<br />
stated $at h Pakistan, ihe wioeconomic conditions ofp€olte aE nol srabtc. He<br />
mentioned that the masscs oflowcr.nd lowd-niddle clds bsicalty face lhc mct<br />
n'rmb€. of problems. Economic constraints we@ crushing the esieem of the<br />
p€ople. Self{espect and some mount of pride were $e basic requirements of<br />
each iDdividual. When lhey fac€ wlv.d problens, f€€l d.f.ated ed encounier<br />
hopelessne$. Therc wa no plae provid€d by the govclmdt dd the privatc<br />
sector where they could rctum lo fo. thc symprily and belp. The siruarion hd<br />
r$ulted h the rise ofsuicides in the courlrX.<br />
78
An anicle publisfied in daity Dawt (Kuachi, 2tu Aprit, 2001) Je rse,tcd rh.r<br />
|he govemmcnt was b wony l€s abour th6 wMing cnptoym.nt sitution in<br />
lakisrd. Tle repon metrtioned lhal there wd linle progress on th€ loverty<br />
allevialion front. On the mrdy, therc wss a mdked deterioration as exposed by<br />
lne growing numbe. of suicids on accounr of Mnomic disircss. Illis distress wa<br />
ldgely 6used by widqpread pruning in govmenr d€paritrents ed nac<br />
€nl€rprises, d.asric cuts in public sedor developmcd pmgames, ad lack of<br />
investne iD the !,.ivale secror. all l€ading to incr€asing joblcsness. Tle r€pon<br />
furthd slated $at rhe growing uncmploymenr is combined wirh th€ qosion of rhe<br />
p@Ile5 puchasing powe. throud rcp.ated inc.ejs€s in utility ch.rges ed<br />
ln an anicl€ endiled ..Rcsoning 10 Violent Behaviou" Ailm fDa*n. 23rd<br />
April, 2002)'"srated the suicides by vjotent merhod! k a common phenonenon. To<br />
sutton nor ar8ln€nr ilE author quord two rcpqts. According to rlF f6r report<br />
tle father shol his rwo teflaged sons dd wife befo.e shoodns hireti In the<br />
second. $o fathcr srrdgled his three youg chil{trm in rheir sle€p bef@ harying<br />
himselt Tle au$or st led that what€v€r rhe resons thar drove a ptreni io sucb a<br />
staee wbereby he saw no betts alt€manve o. soluion ro his problens ihan to<br />
induls€ in such abnornally aggrc$irc b€haviou roweds his oM childre, ed<br />
fanily. Aileen called rhese two evefts as suicides. Ac.ording to hq all thesc<br />
exrnpls de indicative of e i!cr6in8 r€nddcy for peoplc ro s@k to sentc<br />
prcblens ed dispures by taking ih€ law irlo then om hands,<br />
Humd Rights <strong>Commission</strong> of pakilte in a repon lublhhcd in daity Dasr<br />
(27{1 Febn.!y, 2002)"' rcported pc@rage-wisc suicides ftom pakisld. Tt.<br />
report staled thar over 49 pq cent of rh. rotat suicides w.re @mitred in sindh,<br />
ll p€r cenl in Punjab, 12 ler @t in NWIP dd eigil ps cenr in Balochisran.<br />
19
Poveny ed joblessness werc cited as the l.ading causes for $icide, because<br />
almosl all the cses were rcporM fiom economically depressed s@ial clss.<br />
According to a repon by Malik (2003)6,cap1ioned ..Rising Trend of snicides<br />
in Pakistm", Pakislani yout$s were vutnenble to suicid€s. Reporr turthe srared<br />
thal young people always iried io show $eir abiljties but they had inslfficient<br />
opportunities, That had cieared frustralion into $e rank dd fite of comon srmla<br />
of seiery. Tle aurhor was ofth€ opinion that rhe fiusiration mong the youth had<br />
incited lhem to commit suicide. Malik in rhc €nd menrioned rhat tiough it was<br />
dimcult bu1 nol impo$ibl€ ar all io coDrtol ri. suicide molg the pakistdi<br />
2.s.5 S.ldies on Soicide io Sirdh<br />
Shaikh (t996) di in a rsc.rch anictc crptioned ..Rising Incidene of Suicid6<br />
in Shdh" reponed rh. huge nuhber ofsuicide cas€s in Shdl, prcvine. She srared<br />
udproymot, (rnpdon, lawlc$nas, high prics of daity Ds€ @lmoditie, ald<br />
s@ial injuti@ as the le2ding cjuses ofsuicides. Shaikh in rhe d
Arn,n (200D"'] in an ariiclc captioned ..One Suicid. Every Th@ Days,,,<br />
slared thnr diffdmt case studi$ corduct€d on suicid€s h Sindh showed that pnor<br />
ro suicide ihe rBpond€Dts werc hidtly d.prcssed du€ ro jobl$sn€s d poverry.<br />
Among lhen najority of them wer€ women who killed themetves d Ueir<br />
husbbds were either jobless or doing low paid jobs. Itose won€n foud ii very<br />
diincull lo nat€ both ends me€r. Th€ {inamial distress bom ofrhis situation ofi€n<br />
led to domestic brdwls! weighiDg heavily on th. nerves of ihe spous. Tl€ aurtd<br />
iuther srated thal differenl fesearch$ sho.wed $at sone 50 to 70% suicido<br />
occured duing tud due to ar epirode of depressior.<br />
Kakaoro (2002: 5)oiD u anicte .ntitled ,'povdty in sindh: A sociologiat<br />
Analysc rportod hiel incidcncc of porcny in Rural Sindh. A@rding to him<br />
high nio of lovelty was foud in rh. deas dminat€d by feudd ed spiritual<br />
lords. Th* &eas, in geneml, had low flrming inrcnsity wirh insuflicienr watq<br />
supply and d€ficid1rcsole b6e The aurhor wet of the opinion lhar prcvateni<br />
povqry in Sindh wa rtre nain cau!. of incrt sirg inciddm of suicides.<br />
Kakepob enlisted !e fottowiDg facrors as rcsponsible for rhc povsly od ris in<br />
$icide incidoes al Sindh proviDce.<br />
. Hiei prices ofgenesl items<br />
. Prevalenl d.orighl siluarion<br />
Burfal (2002: 6)6? in an aricle captioned ..A S@iologicat Sludy of Social<br />
probleN of Sindh" mentioned that prclenlly the Sindh trovin@ was jn swere<br />
grip of sociological, psychological, political ard ecommiel probtem. He not€d<br />
that a slicide in Sindb was a common o.curace due to the problem. Burf.t<br />
suggestod tbat govemm€nt must rate concrcie sleps to end th€ vicioB cnclo of<br />
increding ntio ofsuicides in SiDdh.<br />
8l
Rind (2002)a in e arrictc stded rlEr rhe young popurnion of Sindh, sins<br />
no light al tho €nd ofrhe runnct, found ih.msetvg ilm€rsed deep in the morass of<br />
nolelesness ed despai.. Unabte to cope wirh rhe obea8bte bud€ns ofa nomal,<br />
tulfilling life, tne yoqrh, who choose not to continu€ with thei. struggte cul shorr<br />
0reirjoumey ltrcugh lo tife by calously atienpdng ed often comifting suicide.<br />
It nighr be tugu€d the aulhor claimed $at non ofrhe pspte wno atehpted or<br />
connined suicide wqe fed up wi$ rh€i| tiv€s. Tha( situalion migil be attribui€d<br />
to iinmcial constraints, unernploym€nt, or pov€rty. Rind nlrthq henrione{t that<br />
nany leople who committed suicide, over rhe p4t l0 yeds, 6 rcported in $e<br />
pro$, wer€ eilhe. laid"offwork or uph.nvat ot$eir livelihoods, duo lo decad{ of<br />
lohical inslability and eonomic chaos.<br />
A@ording to a rcpon by Social policy and Dcv.tolmeDr Cenre. (SpC Repon,<br />
2002)6e i! Sindh many d6 werc dcp.ived of $ei. baic figbts of acc6s lo lhe<br />
firdde al D@d5 to sslle a quality lif.. Disrrict! tikc Sdghe, which had one<br />
of highGt lileEcy rarios in Sindh, w.rc anongsl rl,Ge areas wirh the hisnest<br />
delnvatiotr index md not surprisingly so of the reporrcd suicid6. Ropon fuths<br />
sialed that Ssghe districl was m. of those distticts of Sitrdb shere hugo<br />
nhbqs of suicide ca$ wde rcport d. Badin, Milpu*ts, Tlan4 lrDrprkd.<br />
Jeobabad md Chotti also had fie highesr deprivarion vatue dd togerher wilh<br />
Smghar conslirute 19 percent of the reponcd suicides in lhe rual seclor of Sjndb.<br />
The o$er districts, like Dadu, Larkana, Khairpua Nowshera Fe.ozo, Nawabshah,<br />
Sukku dd Shika.pur conslilur€ a group whos€ deprivation index ws desienared<br />
In anoths anicle caplioned ..Sociotogical Study of Suicide in Sindh,,<br />
Kakepoto (2003:162)70 presenred a derail€d dsriprion aboul suicide incidenls in<br />
Sindh. He sbted that ir ws too dimcul 10 bow 1116 .Fct figu6 of stricidal<br />
82
casel bcc!$c no officid up|o.dlr. rccord wls svtibble. Mosr of rho6! c{r6<br />
w@ r.porcd in difrdur ne{vsprpcls. .ItG aurlor hctd ttc vid thlt suicid. c$.s<br />
in Sindh *cE hmpcd sincc t990 and ufortunarcty lh.y w.trr ln.balcd ,iiour<br />
ey ch.ck. Kakcporo wss diricat of rhc gov.mmdrfs relc ro do som.rhinS b<br />
iniriatc clTolrs to coo[ot rh. sinltion.<br />
Mohsin Blbba. rnd Ati Abbsj (20O4Jrr coduclcd , rcscarch study in ri!t.d:<br />
Unenplolma , povaty dd detining socio-€conmic sratus .ssocirtcd wirb<br />
inc@cd suicidB anoog Prlisisni yd$: . csc sMy of 366 .rGmpr.d suicides<br />
in Sandt. Acconliog ro rlis p.pa. e roral of 366 suicidcs *rr! r.portcd in Sirdhi<br />
drilies ,ovcr . pe.iod of fou monrldscpte'[bq io [rcdbcr:0{D),of wbich<br />
22162v0) pcri5h.4 whilc ll9(38%) $fvivcd.<br />
Of rh. iorsl who $.mpt &rcidc, 25?(70/6) wcE Dtc and t09(j0%) wcn<br />
fanrld sho*ing. prcdoniEiclt!trd of l[e high6! . of suicidca,nong mtca.<br />
Among t[c 365 victim of anatrF suicid., ttE vlsr mjority wd MBtim t87%),<br />
whilc th. r.niining ftrc Hindu!. A5 fo. rtc Mird srlnl3 of ihcac wio ltr.rDt d<br />
suicidc, 187(51%) *!rc sinslc, t72(4? yo) wqc mrFicd .nd ojty 1(zy.) w('.<br />
divorc€d. Thc vasr mjonty of lhosc who .udnpEd slicidc waE young s<br />
229(63%) wcrc in 0E 15 ro 24 y€.r! agc 6r.gory ,od.l1132%l in tlE 2545<br />
yc4 of.gc dt gory. At rhc $m. rin., this lMy slos.d tblt t5 (4%) of !b.<br />
itdivi&als who aticnpEd suicidc wc v.ry younS cbildra bctow rbc .gc of t4<br />
Rcg.rding thc rcgi@st dirlribution of rhc Epon $icid. by rhis sMy, 302<br />
c&r.s (837d) vr.r. non |h. runl lr.ls of Sitrdh, eirh d,c hiShcst b€ing in rI.<br />
s..rh.(19%) Dldu (15%) .nd r,rrroa (royo).O!ry l7p.r cenr of tbc iot l<br />
luicid6 occuucd in lb. urb& c.orq ofsind\ wirh O. hgb.sr Mb.r GDod.d.<br />
8J
REFEAENCE^'<br />
'^P"qe. !.-.Mqrc.U- S ad T"rtor, R. a004 sunde and poti cot Rzaine in Np||<br />
";::i,,:;;;;"# i"f:i!# *ihe 'he 2uh c.nh,v r Epid.dror. t'onntuity<br />
',HMton, K, AreBdm, 8., W6seman, D., HultatL A.. et ot. (tg98) Retatioohip<br />
bcMen attmpted eri.te atu! sucide nQs anose,o"nt peopte ih Ewope i.<br />
Lptu.n@t. Lonnunity Heatth. 1998 52.t91- t94<br />
'sha1et D !t993) prcveui,eSui.i.te n fotus peopte ID@Ai4E_aa4 B4I!9!!L<br />
2(4). J 9.<br />
' Adtq, A. (19i8) suicide, Jopur of tidi,atul p@hrlod. t 4,<br />
57-6t.<br />
' hed, S. (1957) MoMkB snd Metancholia. rn J. Stroche!<br />
The stahdard editian of the @mtete psvchoto1icat work o{St nahd Fler4 (Yol.<br />
14,pp.213-258).<br />
t h"ery, P. E.<br />
258.<br />
(1938). Mdn Agoi$t HielJ. Nq Ioh Hatcowt Bttue_<br />
(1983) Adold.ert Depessin dnd Slici.te. Adot.tcence, tB, 24,<br />
t Stiltiah J M-Md McDtuett E E (1996), Suicide A.tuss the Lite Spdh (2nd Ed).<br />
T.tlar ohd Fruncit: Washihgba DC.<br />
"-FTny.c,-8.tlo|lt A FMtbtut Awttsis ol Dey.stioh Anetictu<br />
P rr holosi st. 2 8, 85 ? -E ? 0<br />
tn Fr.nerick, D. J., an! R*'ich, H. L. p (197t) Eow tticidar Beh@iows are<br />
Le@n d. Aneri.aa Journdl ofPsvchotherutu 25, 37 i5.<br />
t) Aerhan A L and Jobes D !1 (lggt), Adolesent Suicidz A8tsnent aad<br />
ldd|eation. Aneriem Pwh.to.iet A$@iatios: Wshirytot DC.<br />
84
t7 Becla ,l f., B,o||n G o"d Aeer, R. ,1 (tg\g) hedi.hon oJ Ew,tut Sui.ide i,<br />
f:!:!:tt.E r.yt:hi b, ?.:h!.at Rati"e ot HopeksEs lo_s4e!et!)e414!!7s<br />
and Cliaical Pecholos. 57, 309-t IO.<br />
B R^h. A J.. and Bc.t A. T !tg78) Coghitive therap, oJ Depr.sion aall<br />
Suiaide. Aaeri ah Jovnt of prrchothe,opr. j 2 2A t -2 t !<br />
". Dwkh.in,E.Q951) Suicide: t study in sociotos,, Fre. '?err, NN<br />
York[Ot ig iMA! publilhed ih] 894.<br />
':,c!andl4t.. Mi.!.!t ! & Cttistophet Larq.ktqoS 'Cuttwot cohtia,iry a, a<br />
uedec ogai8t S,t.idc k Ca@da\ Fi,,t NatioB TraNdttwat psrtha|y<br />
35(2):t9t-2t9.<br />
" D.noe, Widn A KatW<br />
Ditplacement in Conadd: Chiarcn<br />
20(2):2t-33.<br />
Canpbe 2002 'Cswltiei oJ Aboriginal<br />
at Rirk Anong the Imu of Labrudor" Reluee<br />
'' LoFrcnbo$e. Tcr.sa D & B.h Howard-plth?y trh -suiciaat B.hovtot in<br />
Aderican Indian Fpnak Adoletcents. In wohen and Suicidat Behawo4 editcd<br />
by Syvia Sata Careto & David lzst r, !jZJ68. Ne\| Iork: Spialt puilirhkg<br />
'' Frer4 Sign@d t963 Introdutory Lectses o^ prrchoatuIysh. (Tramtated by<br />
Ja ne s S b a. he y. ) IX ddteset Engt o nd : p e n sti,.<br />
tt G4tqa, Ehgkl988 Cagdas yafuh w Nomat.tiri DNrakistot (Contetuporcry<br />
Lile an.l Cou"ter'turtulieeBehatiowl Islakb"t: Redzi Kitabevi.<br />
'r @anflald, Hdold (Et.) l95g O.at Cases in pqch@natyrb. New yotk:<br />
rt vijayak@ar, L & S. Rajhmd t999 "Arc Ri:k Frctdsld Suickle Uni|e'oP<br />
.l Case-coitol St't in India.,lctaPtychiatico :tan lituica trg:t0Z-4 ! I.<br />
1zMM.Ka t978olly5l E tuni. qd phitotuphuat Man@i/, of t8t1<br />
Ia m. Moa-Ene?k Rpadet e.lite.l bt Robe C rrekr, bo 125 Nen york W ,y.<br />
')) Iolan, Ba/1ds1983 ToplM Biltatetine cbis (Ihnodrctiot to S@tat Sciences).<br />
Antaru: SansYayineri.<br />
85
';::|.yj t*n": ?.!r_whit e. B tta8a,..,t Na,iotut s@pr oI schooty"!<br />
*,.:::y- s!':d" prcyenion pros,M rotut of tha Anercan<br />
A.adent oJ ahit.t & Adotete"t pstchiatry 28 aJI-AJ4)<br />
'^ Hapere S. Fava2m A tlog-t Inprt,iv,^ in S.f-naildlive Behawal<br />
fs).honetr a44 B;otogi.al Fthdia?. J prthbt Res: Jt:45t 465.<br />
" sti bnJMandMcD@. 8 E rt9o6t. su|rde leos thz Lit span zzd Ed)<br />
T@lor and Fruncis Vbhizstoa DC.<br />
'1lThe Nob[e Qvah - An-Nisa4:29.<br />
?rqadith Buktan 7:576, N@rded edb bin Abi E@in, *e dtq Br*J@i E: J6t, 4r8<br />
tHadnh Atttui 7:5?6, N@at.d gais bih ,1bi EeiD, R. ako B,t!tui B:36!,<br />
Ja Hodith - Rtkha,i 7:576, NMote.! gak bi, Abi H@n, see abo Au&ari<br />
8:361, 438.<br />
' Hadnh - Mwlih 1618.<br />
Hadith - M8lik *6480 opcit.<br />
Hadith .tt-Iimidhi tt613, Naftaled Jabin iba lbda ah.<br />
! Hadith eldsi, Op.it 28.<br />
rt Hatbwachs, M (t930) Les .auses<br />
Ehglish ta8lation by H.Gotdbtatt<br />
Roltledge and Kegm Patl.<br />
to WHO (Wottz! Health<br />
Public Heahh Papers No.<br />
du suicide Libruiie Fe[& AIcu, pa|il.<br />
(1978) The Cases of S,icde, Loadon:<br />
Orqonizatio! tla7a, Suicde ond Ancnpted S,tcid.<br />
58 (Geaeyo Wolld Health Organization).<br />
86
" Kovacs, M. otd B..k /t. T. 0972) Ik Vt h to Die ard the Wbh to LiE in<br />
,lnm4ed Suicides. Jot@l of Clhi.atpMhotoa. j3, 361-365<br />
: Kn':4ye: Lly'fe J.. .t at (rs93) Srici.h ia abortciAr populatio&:<br />
derytry | r."a 'n Kae@h a'd pr.vt tioL Dtdl rcr.eh,tud, prcpu.d Io<br />
th. Rorol Ctuision on lborEinot peopt t. O awa.<br />
t' Atnit O. M. et al. (t993) Slicid.rt Behoiot, h Adult prychiatrtc OutpaUent , I:<br />
Dewiptio, and PrcwLrce, lnqim Jovtut of psychiaia. t50: rOE_i2.<br />
' Hill. K. 1995. Ih. tbne St.p: tou,g peqt. oad S&cid.. Irndd: vbap<br />
"webh, S. and L.rit, c. (1998) Pov r, t E,'ptoyn d, a,,a confut nq,rat<br />
dbordet populatiot-bate.l @hort fidr. R itith Medi@t Jovaat. 1998. 3t?: I t 5<br />
'zchia R. L (1999) Suickh in Slrya'Dt., Ti'A Eaotl Irrturtutiotd SinCap.e<br />
ti shEi.bnoa Ed\9in S. (200t) Cohp.tuidke S'icid.! _ rn,,a&.k i, 20Th-<br />
C.nnq Sucidologl. Ade|ic Pstthobti!,I AtsoNi.ttio<br />
" RIot ly, T.A., Co t^gt, S.C.D. or.l )ltkirsor\ J (200j) UQnptotneat and<br />
eicide. Eydetue fot a caMI astociction? J. Epd.niot. CMbity Heamt<br />
2003. 57:591-600.<br />
o lzo Dz and EyaB, R. (2004) Irtnlatiotul Subne Btt s otd haertid<br />
Stat Ai.s, Prc,tice HaU Ir.-<br />
"aea1arcb, A., Joyc., P. a"A Mdder, L (1998) U@npla/tu"l a\d Senos<br />
Suicid. ,lnenpts. Ptt hol. M.A 19,98. 28:209 - 2 t8.<br />
t'P,eti, A. ahd Mioto, P. (t999) &ncde and Urunptorm.at in hal!, tg82 - 1991.<br />
J Fpideniol. ConMit HeaklL 1999. 5i:691 - 701 .<br />
E7
Dr. QAqq A rc@at st wy rd.ats,<br />
26-07-2000.<br />
'lPag..A.Mhett S. andTqior, R (2002)<br />
Sarth wakt and ABtnle Dwtre th. 20th<br />
Heahh. 2002. 56:766- 772<br />
Ptblbhed k Dai, Dttuz,<br />
Suicide and Political Regim in Ntu<br />
Century. J. Epideniol. Cohnwit!<br />
',.lhe Asst.'oted PAs t200at Rar., Non Hryhet /or F?nolet rhoh lol<br />
' Kcth A. Bftiedale (t91, Sunde tHunuf. k.<br />
Eatu lo@dia ot Relie@n and &hns EdiibtuAh: T. a,.! r<br />
Clart) t2:JJ-35<br />
(1975) Suicide in India, in: N.L.Fafteroe (ed.) Sti.ide in<br />
Ba inorc: Univenity Park Prest.<br />
'j Zin.*'. 5.. L. Nahor. A M. Satdtu and E. D,Stuu<br />
lT:":q i, y"'!.b A souae qoo/i (1983). c@e of Death<br />
ol t-aae.spe.ili. Mortality Rates, t975-<br />
1981 ktenfi. Repoa No.6j @hat Intetniowt Ceatr.<br />
Dise.se Re tet.h fot Diwhoeal<br />
Aahstadesh)_<br />
' that, Mqi tloal) Morhhrr ron !tc.id"ra, onrt yiole@ ir t,n4<br />
letet'h Rlpo't 9l-06 I c3j!!LbLPep!!s!bu!!4fu!is oid poh1<br />
t6ddp of pubh. Andb\. u^*,,.y q u^if,n;iry.n.<br />
,.Wot Hoi. L I t a92 , Snddat Beh@b@ n Hong Kons, ia Kor. Lp? p.np ak t<br />
nan-thng t s?ng (eds.) sui.tdat Aehaviow in the Asi.-pa.if. Regton. Sinsipon.<br />
Sihgapore Uniretsity press: 83J I L<br />
.Muad VMa^Khan-tt9o& Sui.ide and A enp!".! Sri.idc ,a pakisdn,<br />
IhpJaunatot( ri:is Int?nehhoa andsut ide prc,"dtok. yolune Io, No 4<br />
Ct!{<br />
rlsulah Ahned (2000) Prrire with @ndolheat jigwes, Dait, Dawn, Kdrchi.<br />
59,tnit. ,1. (200 t) suicides on the rise. The NNs rn atutioMt M@ch ! I , 2001.<br />
88
'" Po8e, A., Moft4l, S- and Tarlot. R. (2002) Suicide tud potiticot R.Fine i, Nw<br />
Soui Wales oad Awtatia Dtks the 2Uh Centary. J. Eptuteniol.-Cobnunity<br />
Heahh. 2002 56:766 -772.<br />
';:l:1::";::'*" t2004) Ra4 Now H9he, ro, F"nares thon ro,<br />
" Keirh. A. Eemedak tt9t2t Sukde dtadq.. ih.<br />
Lnn( topedia of Reheb" and El|,id lEdtrburph. I ant f.<br />
CIa*) 12:33-35.<br />
(192, Sri.rd. n l".ttz. in: N L.Fatbet@ (".r) sm.i,te<br />
oaxrnorc u4ivqtirJ Pafk Prcs.<br />
" Zinck. S. L Nahar, AM Sardat ond E D,Sotu<br />
flcpothe in Ma ab: / Soue Boo* ol Ctu eSpaif.<br />
^epo No. 6J (Dto|a: lht?aanonat<br />
uBeos e xesearc h, Bu stada h).<br />
" Bhat ,Uan ttagtr MortotiDrJrcn l.rtddL, @d yiote,.. r, IDd@<br />
:::::,: h yp-.,:.1 1. t.<br />
96: CslelJnjpplkrreAleLLuld p"!<br />
t;;1;y" u e,m",rn a. iiiiiii7fiiiffiffiffi",<br />
(t985). CaBe of Death<br />
Monality Ra@, t97t-<br />
Cate lot Didrrh@ol<br />
'::.I::-t- !ar2.su:t!lt.Eeha,iow,4 Hons Kon|. h: Ko^ Le. pehe and<br />
::;:#:,J:::,::f /.:::!::,a, ho** -,r," t' a- i*'t" n"gi- sl,s;;;;<br />
t6M'tud Ma6a Khan ttgg\) Sutcde ond tttenored s)<br />
thp rounat ot crx' kr.N,no, d.d suicid. p.oe,noi::'i:,:::i;:';::rett*<br />
:'?S/ttan ,4htued eA\q p@,s with nenployfuqsves, Daity DdM, Kuachi.<br />
"Asnb, A (200t) Suicidq tu th. 4se_ The Nea t,tetunonat_ Mat h ! t, 200!.<br />
t'Dai!, DNn, Kotuchi, Za Aprit, 200! .<br />
';i#en (1002) R5ttks to ytotent Behavio,t, Dal! Dawn. Katuchi. 2 3rd Apnr
CHAPTf,R 3<br />
RESEARCH MEI'IIODOLOGY<br />
Chapte.2 describ€d rcview ofdirqenr srudiB on suicide. Chaprer I d€scribes<br />
lhe melhodology used to provide dat! to investigate them. Thjs chdple. aim to<br />
provide d$rance that appropriate prccedures have been follN.d. The chapt€. is<br />
orgn'zed arcund twelve major hedings: Inroducrim, Berch d6ign, ryp€ of<br />
sludy, u.iverse, smple size, Dethods ofsampling, md methods of data co ection,<br />
mlysis ofdara, prc-restine, codin& labutarioD dd shris$cat merhods ofeatysis.<br />
3.T <strong>IN</strong>TRODUC'TION<br />
Tle medDd! and pmedures apptGd for discovdirS oswe6 ro meeirgful<br />
queslions through the apdicarion of scienrific method is known &s Dethodology.<br />
Tl€ merhods apllied in thc investigarion ofany phcnon€Da ar€ such which validare<br />
the srudy to be scienrific, rcliabl€ and precise. R.scarch nerhodolos/ rcfeu ro thc<br />
nelhods rhat dclerinin. how dara h collecred and analyzed (Marshal, l99E)r.<br />
Resedch mefiodoloey h one ofrh. r€quirqnents ofthe scienriflc iDvcstigarion.<br />
fhe oerhods apptied in rhe invsrigation arc Oose, whch vatidaic the study to be<br />
scientific, reliabl€ ed preaise (Adarru dd Schvaneveld! t985z; Hatim, l9E7j; .d<br />
Nachmias,19961. Basically, the sci€ntific method invoFes inducrion ofhypotheses<br />
brsed on obs€rvaion, deducrion of implicafoG of rhe hypothescs, retine of rhe<br />
implicalions, and confirmarion o. rejection of tho hypolrese!. I he scienlific method<br />
is e ordedy process ot]ailirg nmber of sequentiat srcps. !-ew {e tisted below:<br />
S€lectiotr dd d.tiniaio! ofr preblcDr A prcbl.m is a hWorh.sis or<br />
questioD ot intercst ro the res@cher that cd be tesled or mseeEd throrgh<br />
the collecrion ad datysis ofdara.<br />
90
Er€cution of B€.ni pioc.duB: pt@dues typicauy irclude selecrid<br />
or devetopment ofmeasurenenl methodoloSls. Tle desiSn ofstudy will<br />
dictate, ro a g.ear exrent, $e spccific pro.€dures involved n the study.<br />
Analysis of drtr: Data analysis usually involvs applicatioN of one or more<br />
slatisiical iecbniques. Dara analysis Suides 1he rcscarcher b lesr th€ rcsetuch<br />
nyporhess o. ro arswer rhe r6.@h questions.<br />
Dr.wing lnd staring conctusionsr The conctusions are Dased on the results<br />
of data eatysis. nley should b€ stated in rc.ms of rhe ongrnar bypo0escs or<br />
qrestions. Conclusios shoutd indicare, sherle. te research h)poltlesis wd<br />
supponed or not (R6e ad sullivm, 1993r and Bak% 19945.<br />
3.2 RI]SEARCH DESIGN<br />
The goal of alt scientific endavours is to exptain and predicr phenone.a. This<br />
goal is based on lhe assunlton that all behavious ald wents hale dderty tud<br />
.rrscovdabte causes. p.ogres row& this Soal invotves acquisilioD of knowledSe<br />
ed the d*elopmcnt od rqrhe ofd€o.ies. The exisr<br />
reirirates scientinc p,%ess by simur;-_-ffi:r"ffiT]"Xl<br />
Conpded ro oth€r sources of knowtedge, such as cxleno@ of scienlific merhods<br />
is undoubredly &e nost efficicnr ed rclirbte.<br />
The fundamcnral goat ofa rescdch design is to oeverop a ser or meinods md<br />
p@edu* $at will arswe. the eeech questiot d tqr ltre lessrch hypolhsis<br />
w'th a high degree ofconfidence. In orher words. the rcsedcher silt ,,ahempt to<br />
o4r8! a study s rhar i1 wi yield rhe sto.gesr possible evidcne ro support or<br />
refutc a klowledgc ctaim., (Borg & Galt, t989: 324)'. h o.der ro ecomdish rhis,<br />
researcneB must develop prccedws $al will allow them to conclude co.fidently<br />
9l
urat the relults rhey obrain€d werc due ro $e facto.s thcy were studying and not ro<br />
exuarsns o. ir.etevalr facrm. A Sood res€lrch d€si8n wilt h.tp lhe lcs.arcls<br />
bolicve $e rtsulis of6e nudy so thar dy conclusioru about the effecriveness oflhe<br />
nes technique ce be mad€ with confidence.<br />
Banjafield (199a)r point€d out thal r.seeh N the tbrmal, sysiemalic<br />
aplication of ih. scimlific mer.tod to the study of prcbterB. Research tu e<br />
objective. ubias€d quesr for.eplicable rndings. tn Morsc,s (1994), tems, r*earch<br />
neoods Ffq lo "ovqatl shate$, folowed in @llecting ed atralyzing dara: this<br />
erategy is rcf.ned 4 ihe rcseeh design,,.<br />
The renn ,nsearch
Crurol-comprrativ€ Res€lrcn Desigo: Involves selecting two e.oDls<br />
dirging on somo independelr vuiatte dd conparing em on sone<br />
dcpendert variable. ahese two grou?s a.c knoM as cxp€rm.ntal md conrrol<br />
nip€rineltrl Rse$cl Desigr: Involves o expe.immtal study in which at<br />
leasl one independ€nt variabte is meiputa@4 othd rel.@t variables aft<br />
conholled, ard effet is obswed o, one o. norc dependot va.ilbts.<br />
The r$earch design us€d i. th€ p6enr study b.lon$ to the cofetatioml<br />
rcsearfi @te8ory. Trre variable typ* de rhe depeddcnt ed the indep€ndent.<br />
Diffdoi tesrs were us€d to mesue the rctationship b€twc.n the dcpendenr and the<br />
The reseech design 6im€d to emure that tle obra,ned fesults were due to the<br />
faclou under sNdy snd not ro ex6eeou5 o. irelever facto6. It helpcd in<br />
achievinS greard accuacy in ih€ resulrs md iDcM&d confidenc€ in outom€ of the<br />
3.3 TYPE <strong>OF</strong> STUDY<br />
Each .es*ch hd its own narurc and specific obj€ctive. There de differat<br />
q?s of studie. Th€y e expsinenral, d6oipdve or diagnostis atrd exploBtory<br />
(Kld, 1989)". The presetrr rcserch h n €xploBtory rcsc.sh. A law studis ar€ at<br />
hdd on suicides in Siqdh_ A(empr has bed mad€ to u€arth rhe probtm Aom the<br />
idtial stages ro reach at rh. soud conctusion. Th€ exploratory resceh is usually<br />
enployed when one wishes to beein work on a litrtc rescdched dea, or is<br />
dweroping metods for a tater ndc fomat study (Wiltiarns, 2OOJ] t:/.'.t.t.t)tr.lt<br />
h€lps the reseecher b define his rcseech problem and fomulaic the hyporh€s€s<br />
9l
more easily dd accuratety. The ajm of explodrory res@h is ro glin fanili€riry<br />
with ihe prcblem, or situariotr or rh. comuiiy nor knoq beforc. lr aho etrables<br />
the resedrcher to choose rhe nosr suiiabt€ techniqu€s for his €search md to decid€<br />
on ihe queslioN inost h ne€d of emph.sk 6d derailed hvesngaton. I is fldibte<br />
enough ro pmil rhe cosidfrrion of muy difcr€ arp€.ts or a phoorndon.<br />
YounS (1962)rr has descnM three nerho& of investigations in an exptomrory<br />
. A review ofrcla(ed tircEtur€ and invesligarion througn avairabtc tireratue.<br />
Thequdey ot peopte who have lhc erperience ofrheprobleh.<br />
An mlysis of i.sidr slimularing exmltes.<br />
ln fie exptorarory study one or more of ihese mcrhods cu be udlized. As nol<br />
sulncicnr study has be€n ondlded on this ropic so far in rhc are4 excepl<br />
researches oD low level. Thu therc h very limiled dala available, which pe.haps<br />
could have helped the reseechd. Therefore, the rese&her adopred explo.alory<br />
snNey meinod dd olecred dara rlrcugi inreryicw schcduie.<br />
An exptomlory srudy is always €aried out in a fi.ld where<br />
available T}e preseni sludy is, howcver, the fiBr ofiis knd in<br />
explorc insigni and a th€orcticjt bse fo. fornularing prctminary<br />
precce and deep irvesrigarion.<br />
3.4 UNIVERSE <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> STUDY<br />
In ords ro be more $idrifiL ard accuFre uivcrs. is sl€cled f.om wherc d.la<br />
's colleded. I. statisticatseGe rhe rcm hiv.Be mea., the agarogate ofpersons or
objecrs udcr srudy. Univ€Ee is thco.orical md hyporherical aggregarion of alt<br />
€leneDls ar delmed for a givo rcseech (Babbie,200t)ra. Ir i! more precisely<br />
detjned as rhc entire goup from which the smpte I cn6en as lne popnlation<br />
supply or univeBe. In the metho{toloSicat teguagc tllo urv6c is defined d rfie<br />
place from where retevet dala is collecled. The poprtanon h very imponel in ary<br />
rcsoarch. Ir h.lps lhe esearchq ro goeraliz tie Esutts ftom the dara co ecred. A<br />
defi.ed population has ar lsst o& diffdmt chaEcte.istic. Gay and Diehl (1992) LJ<br />
nave rrmiioned two imponad poinb abont popularion<br />
. Populalion may b€ virtualy ofany siz€ and may covq amosl any<br />
fl)€ grcup rhe Bearchcr woutd rcally tike to Sdenlize ro, be rtety<br />
Ite popularion Il|.t rhe researchcr ide3lty would tike to geneElize is rcfered as<br />
the targer populalion. The populalion $ar researchcr realisrically can seiecr from, h<br />
Eferred to as $. avaitable o. a@ssible lopularion. tn pmdie, rhc defnirion of a<br />
populalion is generalty a r€alhtic choice, not an idealislic one. Methodologically<br />
spealdng, a poputation is rhe agsregarc of alt cases $at onfim ro some d$igmred<br />
set ofspaificario4 ,leople fesiding in tuy uc!,,.<br />
Tle selecr.d uiveBc fo.lhjs study is Sindh.The Sindh province @np.ises o,<br />
rwenry rhfte adhinistrative dislrich, Due ro limitation of tmc ed finm.ial<br />
rgources lhe pr.sar study is cticted lo suicide cases ftom seven dttricts of<br />
Sindh namely: Hyderabad, Sanghd, Dadu, cholki, Mi.pukl6, Shikaipur, dnd<br />
95
Tlat rstriction h4 provided a chece lo rhe rBr{rcher conducring an in_deprl<br />
rcsemh fd rrlly .@ons. Fils! the .Mcher belongs to Sindh provin@. It wos<br />
quite helptul ro stablist rappoit with the concened respondents b dk seEiiivc<br />
quesdons. s€cond, due to limied arca ii wd easier ro uneain $e prcblem from ib<br />
3.5 TIJE SAMPLf,<br />
A sample is represenrative wh.n ir is e accuare proporrional reprcsentation<br />
of the popuhnon uder study. For rcliabte concluions to be dEM Fom the<br />
rcaemh, samples for Gearch nut be rclr€snlative of rhe tdSer group. TIere<br />
de a vdiely of ways ofehieving thh, iD varyin8 de8rccs _ .tudom samptes off€D<br />
beng regdded as rhe most pnE ed statislislty correcf (od usully the nost<br />
cosfly), quob samples Getecting .$pondenb ro match cerlain criteri4 e.g. s@ic<br />
demognphic) ihe nore cosr_.ffdiv., and srill rcliablc. $hil€ ir nay seem mcl<br />
cosl-effective to buy in a mailing lis! it is hithly likely thar $e poor qualily ofrtle<br />
list md rhe Gulta low rslorse .aie wiu produc€ highly nisleading and<br />
3.6 SAMPLtr SIZE<br />
A sampl€ is a finito lan ofa srathtical population wnos6 pfopenr* e€ studied<br />
to Eain informarion about rhe whote_ \then dealing wilr) peopto, it ca be defin€d<br />
as a $t ofrespondenrs (peoptc) sel*red fron a largd poputarion for th€ purpse of<br />
a swey (Neman, 1997: 201)16. A good senple is to possess dle pro!€.ties ofrh€<br />
populatior fron which ir ias bem d!?M. tn oth.. wores a good slhpte nc€ds ro be<br />
represeotarive of th€ lopulation_<br />
Smple size is simply the nunber ofp€opte o. ud6 available ro be studied. In<br />
lhis study a srarified random sanpt€ ofl00 respondents wft drawn. TXe sie wd<br />
scl@ted on rhe bdis of rough idq b€..ue exact figu6 we.e nor avaltable for<br />
96
cnoos'Dg sampte size ecurarety. Th€ exact figu.es lerhaps migtt have tetped tne<br />
researcher in sample setection pro.6ss. Tbe numbq vaDcs trom one souc€ to the<br />
olher. Smples wer€ co €cred ftom fiose iu-fated hojlies wheie one of nore<br />
membe( @mrnitkd suicid. duing lhe paiod I 991 2005.<br />
The selecrion of a research $ople has importd! @nsequenccs rbr the validily<br />
ol .escmh fildings (Vaus, 2001)17. IlE hajor purpose of condudins tbe resceh<br />
is to be abl€ b make some claiD abont la€er potutalion. Tlerefor€, it is essenlial<br />
rc cnoose a sample thal enabls ro Ssentize tndings ro llar ldger lopularion_<br />
sel€clion is Dsually perfomed in differenr ways_ Random selcction is a basic<br />
requircnent io g€t bette. dd compmrively accurale infmnsrion (Babbie, 2001<br />
otcn). Mo$ dara e cott€ded through saEplc sweys. Sampling is bded on rhe<br />
thsry of probabiliry, md inducnve rcasoning. probabiliry is a chance, liketihood,<br />
ortlausibility ofsomethingt happening. Ttuou8h sanpllng @nctuions de ddived<br />
about ch@clerhtjcs of large e.tiry by srudying only a pan fiercof (Hagood ard<br />
Price, t957)". Il saves time, matrPow$, dd money (cay ard Deht, t99t opcit).<br />
3.7 <strong>THE</strong> METIIODS ON SAMPL<strong>IN</strong>G<br />
Sampling essentjally fefe.s to choosing a portion of the lrrgcr population fof<br />
resctuch- Tho p.imary advariagd of wplinS arc fejsibiliry dd convdiocc. If<br />
lhe ttrget population is sDalt. fie eriire population nay oe a@€ssed. Orhe.wise,<br />
mpling metlod c.n lossibty be applied.<br />
The universe of lhe present study is SiDdh prcvince. snce rhere is no databse<br />
available rhar has d@Menred tbe number ofsuicide 6es b Sindh. It is iltegal to<br />
attempt suicide, !o govemment swey ha encompased this aspecr. It is atso a facl<br />
that people ltde rhe suicide cases due to the fc.r ofpolice .rd orher govmmenl<br />
aeenci€s. Hmc.! lhe nanes ed addreses of tho$ who comired suicid€ wd<br />
91
oblained ftoin Iocat media.epo.r pubtished in various nwspap€B ove. titteen_yem<br />
poriod (1991 2005). All fte.etev&r irfmrution was obrlred Aom the anict6,<br />
reports ed stdies published in ihe Sindhi newspapcF, ttre Daily Kawish,lbEr<br />
Hrdembad, and Madadgar Magazjrc of Humd Rights ald Letal Aid (LHRIA).<br />
which have rho widesl nerwork? On rhe basis of tx.t infonnalion Ile setccEd<br />
respondenrs wde co.lacted by the tse{chd for interview plupos€. T}ey rce<br />
promtsed not b disclose th€i. names and ad.tresss in public.<br />
A multisrage samplilg p.ocedurc w6 used due 10 timitaion of rime md<br />
Bourc€s wjrhin which dris study had b b. compteted. Muttistage sampling makes<br />
6e or difercnr sanptidg prcceduB ar each staee_ Srarification was us€d al $e<br />
fi^1 slage and nndom smpting at 1he second srage. lhc fisr sraSe unir5 in a<br />
mDrbrage sampting are knoen as primaly sarpihg tnils (pSUs). The secord si.ge<br />
unils &e elled scmd,ry s0rnptiqg units (SSUS). Tte f,nat srnge unir, alE kno*n d<br />
url'mare smpling udrs (USUS) (Singh, l99t,ri Bian, 1997b. Zhou, d al., t997)rr.<br />
At tjrsi stage statified prolortionate nndon sepxqg pr@edue<br />
on the basis of numbe. of suicjde cases. At second srage or samlliD8<br />
ofmea was made fo. data co etion to save fm€ aft Gsources. At $e<br />
sarnprrng rhe respondenr, were setecred ror dala co ecnon.<br />
3,8 Mf,THODS <strong>OF</strong> DATA COLLECTION<br />
..- Therc de vdious metho& ofdala co etion delaohg o! tne type ofthe eudy.<br />
ltese methods de used a! suirable &king h view fte lype oflh. univqse where<br />
Esearch rs conducted. The mosl commonly used m€thods are fie executi.s the<br />
srucrured questonnaire ed conbinarion ofinrerview scnedute nefiod.<br />
98
In $e prcsent se3rch both of $c said meinods wqo ured. Tle merhods wc.e<br />
found to bo lh€ mosr suitable for dara collection. Thse methods were used ir tte<br />
prescnl study due to th€ fofiowin8 rcasonsl<br />
> In ordcr to crcate ed grablbi<br />
cssentidt for the couelioa ofsuch<br />
Elpo.t wfth the rcspoDdcnts which is vcry<br />
> Moreov€r the resedcher has to estabtish a direct and pe$onat contaci with the<br />
respondents (fanily nenbers) ro ger penonat infomrion, rype of fanily, daily<br />
peFonat aciivities, numbq of frieids elc. of dlos. who had @nmiried suicide.<br />
The questions wcr€ ctosFended ac.ording lo the sioaron.<br />
> By lhis mc$od it \}s easi€r ro exptain h€ mearmgs<br />
misudhrandirSs, wtich migh develop. That recnnique tctped<br />
ro explain ue meaning dd dnte4t of ll|e quGrions<br />
mkuderstardinS and Disinterp.eration, which mighl have oevetoped.<br />
rntewrryschedule is bsed upon rh€ quesrions !o be tiled in by the<br />
n a fae-reface situation wilh rhe frDity menbeB of dcceased. In<br />
study. arkins &e dircd queslioN fion respoddents ft€d rle<br />
questionnaire conhining diffaent r?es of quqnons.<br />
3.9 ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> DATA<br />
ln a resqrcl study once dara have bem cottecied, the next step usnalty<br />
involves the anatysis ofthose data. The cloice ofthe analyticar proc€dure deDends<br />
on \eveml lsdou. includiD8 Lhc t}?e of Bemh quesLion r,rpotle.e, rr,ar'*er.<br />
developed and rhe ch.tuie.isrics of coucded dar! (sowett & Cas.y, l9E2)r2.<br />
Ditrerenl ,latyrical iools dd tehrjgue w.rc ued b dmw he accmrc resutts.<br />
99
3.IO PRI.TEST<strong>IN</strong>G<br />
lre-resring p.ovides not oDly a r€st of ih€ clariry of the questiomaire and<br />
concctness of inrerpreration but also provide, $e possibilitis of discove.ing lhe<br />
new aspects ofthe p.obteb srudied ,nticilated in $. plaring st gc (yomg, 1962<br />
Preresring of the qustidllairc is the pre_reqDisile of data colteciiotr. p.io! ro<br />
fiDalizarion of quesriomairc l0 qucsriomim w.rc pbresred dd sone<br />
nodification tud addirion ws done wheBq requircd_ The pu.pose of the !rc_<br />
lesting sd to.emove erors and ambiguitj$ ftom $e {inatired quesiiomire.<br />
3.IT COD<strong>IN</strong>G<br />
Compute. malysis rypically requires that people\ mwqs ro queslons or our<br />
oM obsedal ons be converted inro numbes. Ttk convdion pro.ess is called<br />
coding- This invotvs fou nah stcps: allo@rin8 cod6 b rb. answeB to qch<br />
quesr'or (o. wiable); allocating compDrtr @lunns to each qu€nion; producin8 a<br />
code book; and checking codes (Brymar ed Ducan, 2001)x.<br />
Data p@qsing is a tink beh4m dala ollection sd d.ta analysis whe.eby<br />
observalrons d€ lransfomed inro codes thai ue arnenabte 1o datysis. In rhe presenr<br />
sludy, studied variabl$ wqe fisl edited lo ninimiz. Ine mor, and then a code<br />
book listing of all vdiables ed vatuc labels ws prcpaEd. Each v&iable lab€l had<br />
iB own nMe of mdimun eight charactdstics. Tle vatue is li€ number Dsed ro<br />
desc.ib€ levels of rhe vdiablos. For example, rhe vaiable tex, has rwo polsibte<br />
values, male o. f€mle. The vatuq ofrle dDie ud fcmale we.e @ded d I dd 2,<br />
t00
All the coded values were entred ro prelate the tally she€r. Il was further<br />
dsured thar the lally sheer wa chccked dd ediEd. The rescffcher systemized,<br />
organiz€d and ananSed dara in o.d€r ro 6nd ord.. ammg f&b. ahe data were<br />
piesented firough fr.quency aomts, pe.cenlages, cro$-tabtrbnon, coefficient of<br />
mnelal'on ed gnphics ro dmw cooctusios, infercnces m.l lheir impti@tio6.<br />
3.12 TABULATION<br />
11 is rhe p.oces ofar.nging the facrs or figues in the fdm ofiabtes (J@lhe,<br />
I99E)':4. After coding, thc rsearchcr rrafffered lhc coded marerial on a tauy sheet<br />
dd simple rables. In the presot study both sinpte and cro$ lechnjques ,ere uscd.<br />
In snnpk tabulatioo the data is tabulated otrty for o indivirtual iten al a tine. In a<br />
cross rabularion rhe dala is tabuht d fo. rwo or mor! ircms h rctaron ro ech othcr.<br />
3.T3 STATISTICAL METHODS <strong>OF</strong> ANALYSIS<br />
PoccnragE distribution is the simptest fdln of r€prBetrthg .€s€arch fndilg.<br />
So, i! the pcsenr study fi6t of alt simple tables werc m@e represenrhg each<br />
question ed le.@ntages were drawn. In o.der ro 1cst rle validily of hypoteses<br />
yanous slansn€t inferenq aE madc by which fte si8nifi@c€ ofrhc vdiabts is<br />
e&lained. Durilg lhe euse of aratysis major ernphais was on tesring<br />
independence of difilrent dttributes. A w€ll-known statistic foi tstirg<br />
indopendeae of attribut€s is Ch!Sqr@. rn additioa veios extcnsions of Cti-<br />
Squm aE also availabt. in tit@rue.On rhe bsis ofri$. t6is n fie h).poln6es<br />
de ullimarely accelt€d of r.jected. In ttis study, thrce basic exl.nsions of Chi,<br />
Squarc, namely Penson\ Chi-SquaE, Liketihod patio, ud Manrel HaeNzel<br />
statNtrcs eere dDloyed.<br />
l0t
Chi-Squrr.: Chi-square rcsr is the simptosl ed nosr Betut sratsricat merhod for<br />
Neech€rs. Ir is aho an erective t$t fd studying lne exist.nce ofrelarionship<br />
belween $e indepondenr ed delendenl v.ri6bl.s of a hworhesis. In $e pres€Dr<br />
study chi-squarc tes. wl! apptied lo veriry fie rclarionship bct*e€n two vdiabtq.<br />
Tlte mon comnon forns ofit ue rhc chi-squ&€ iest for coaringency ed rhe chi<br />
sqwe iesr for independcn€. The chi-sqt@ test for conxngency ls nrerp!€ted 6<br />
slrenglh ofas@iano! melsure, whil. the chi,squarc lest for iDdependdcr (which<br />
Gqunes two sampleo b a nonparameric resr ofliSnificdce liiat essotialy rulos<br />
out d nuch sam?iing eror tud chafte s possibl€ (Brlman ald Ducan, 2001<br />
Formula for chi-squale:<br />
{!!:&P<br />
Fe<br />
After thc spplicadon ofchlsquafe, Oe €lculatcd 6ult3 de comparcd with the<br />
labulaled .sults to fild oDr the degre of Aedom. tf $e carcuht€d vatue is higher<br />
thd $e rabulared vstue thd the rull hylothcsi! is rcjecled od the vorking<br />
Degr.. of freedoD: tn ordd ro compue rbe value of cbi_squarc Am conringency<br />
iable, the number ofdegrc. ofieedom dut atso be tnom beldre ihe t ble is used_<br />
Atier flrding the value of the table, the valDe of ohi.squrre for padiculr t€vel of<br />
sisnificance ws noted ed @mp6r€d wiih lii. catculared valuc of chi_square for<br />
0.05 lev.l of significan@.<br />
102
Formula fo. Degree of Freedom<br />
DF= (C-1) (R-1)<br />
Corehtior Coeffci.o.: A conelarion coefficie is a numbq berween ,l and t,<br />
rhich meAures the degre ro which two vdiables &e lincdty .etat€d. If there h<br />
pcnact linea. rctalio.slip wirh lositiv. sto!€ b€Mccn rne two vuiablca,<br />
corelaiion coeflicienr is l_ tf thqe is posiriv€ onelation, when.ver one veiabte<br />
has a high (low) valuc, so does rhe olher. Ifrher. is a perfecr tineff relarionship<br />
with negative slole bere@n the two va.isbt6, coftlatmD coefficie h -t. If<br />
lhere is nesariv€ cor.elalion, whercver orc vdiable has a high (tow) vatue, rhe<br />
orher has a low OiSh) vatue. A oorclatioD coofrcjeni or0 mees thar $tr h,o<br />
lrnu rclario$hip berwed thc v&iables.<br />
P-Yrlu€: Tle probabiliry value (p_value) of a sbtisncal hyloUEsis t$t is the<br />
probability of gettinS a value ofrte t6t starislic as qtcme as or more qrreme<br />
than $at obsened by chdce aton€, if the null hypotness Ho is true. Ir is the<br />
!rcbabilny ofwrcngty rejding lhe nult hyporbcsis ifn b in f&r t ue. It is equal<br />
10 thc siFificaice levcl of$c tqr fo. which we wolld only just rcjed rrE nuu<br />
hypothesis. The p"valu. is comped witn rhe sigDificdce bvel &d. ifil h<br />
smaller. the resutr is significanr. Thal is, if rle nul hypohees wde to b€ reje.ted<br />
at = 0_05, this would be.epodcd a ,p < 0.05,. smatt p valucs su8gsl rhar rhe nutl<br />
hypothesh is uDlikely to be rue. Th€ smaller it is, llle more convincing is the<br />
rcjcction of Ue nnlt hypothesis. rr indjc$es the $@erh of .videnc€ fo say,<br />
rclecling lhe rull hypo$elis Ho, mrlta than simply conctudng ,rcjet Ho, or do<br />
l0l
3.I4 <strong>IN</strong>ITRPRDT<strong>IN</strong>C R.ESEARCE RDSTJL?S<br />
Following rh. ortlsis of dala, rh. nexl sr.p for rhc res€lrche. k !o dgania dd<br />
nteryrcr the rcsulrs of the dab couectiotr. Shce ltc g€oenl prpole ofconducling<br />
a research study is to answer questio$ in a sysremaric manner, me Dlefprelauon<br />
otthe rcsults m$st focus frll on thc queslion thar w!3 4r.d, o. infcn€d. in rhc<br />
ln qder ro inte.Pret tlc r.sults. tbe .Esedcho mur ffist relon rhen in a clcj,<br />
ed undcElardable maime. N*r, rhe r€search.r should drnw rle conctBion<br />
regard'ng te variou! r€s€!.cl hnolicses. Filaly, rhe rercrrchcr should discu6s<br />
lhe implications of ri. res.arch findings and offcr r@mmqdar,ons based o,<br />
I04
REFERENCES<br />
' Musha Gotdoh 0998) DdioMDt of S@iotost, qod Uni,elitr p,es<br />
'ffi:1f,;gX*^.**a' r.D es85) unde,staadiaa Research MetM. New<br />
'rf#f"i;"!,!"1r2"ff:f;l"Dedsic4 statesies and choices i, th. Daisn or<br />
'J#!"i{f;,f;X,#",!'"itu' D Qee6) Re'edch tkthod' in the so.i.t<br />
'!:;::2-:r"ll!,:::,, o, t ee|).tnoodv4| Dara Aaatysis Jo, so.iat sckhthr,,<br />
6"cun8tuh fhtadetphia. open uairasir, pre$.<br />
' Rakt, T.L. (!994) Doing S@iat R*eqch, Ntu yok: Mccttu, !tu<br />
' Bor&^:R.. &-Gan. M.D. (tg8at E&latio@t Reseaah. ,tn i,nodution t5@ pd.).<br />
""#X:!:!j:,trt; minkine criti@ttv about Besearch Metho.b". B6toh: ,uttrl<br />
'"{fiil;l{;oirr:r*' ^,* in Q@tihtite R.set.h Metho.b" London: sase<br />
tu Ca.t. L.R aad petq Ai^iah e00Lt Uadio@t Res.arch Lodpetcrci.slor<br />
AnaryrB ann 4ppti.dhu, p,enic.-Hot!. tn.. NN J.aey.<br />
',i.,:!,.i:-y:4, .ly !"**"! Me,hodorosy ro, B6nu and sxiar prcbtpns.<br />
BtaMDad Unive^itt Gn4ts Condission<br />
'i,!#6;i'^^ o*, Mati,s se*e or s@iat Rese,ch, sase p,bti.atio6<br />
'' You& Pollke (1%, Scientat? Sociat Sutue, ahd Research, Totro, prcntice<br />
105
obbie. tdt Q-00tt The p4.rice ofsocid! R&earch ryADA woah pubthhtrS<br />
Lo h. Beldonr Callorhia<br />
",* y;,!; \,K, I;llf;!;, ihi:,;* y"' ^ o"- ^'*<br />
* a nd Ma tu I e h ea,<br />
'"r1;;i"n t''"^* w. (tse7) socidt Re'earch Methods, Aryn and Bocoh,<br />
t7 va6, d. D.A (200t) Swy in Sociat Rese.rch, RurtedAe_<br />
';iif:#t#ktri;;;:'"o 's'|a'1isti' Fo, s@iotosi',s Ntu ro* Eetl<br />
';:;;fi^,i;;j:ii:Ii;i ^ *,hods ofsociat R4eoch... New Dethi: s,e ihs<br />
']a qiM. y - &nghg SnuS h.s Ba.k Ja tadvect<br />
ruo,earch u.hrtu..,tha,ico,<br />
"*rr"." r*,*.1,;;rr;ii:: !;':t"' .,<br />
131, ,]r^.*.y::: " .t^tiluho@l chhae aaa rob shn palen n uba,<br />
rhrtu tc4qbta94 Aneri, an Sociotogi.at R-?vie^. t gg. il,llo-SO: "-..<br />
';i', i::l,I:;:,f,'#?#''Anat'zias Ed'ca'|io^t Re'eqch Betnon, . |eB2.<br />
't a7*n, 'tta" aaa Ounun, O4het. ,,ewntitatire Dotu Atubsis- Rltt.dse,<br />
';,1,:::'#;,"::trX: 'oxrud Advarced Lew, ' Dictiotu,- (,rod<br />
106
CEAPIIR'<br />
ANAIYSIS AIID <strong>IN</strong>IERJNETAIION OII DATA<br />
Ttc &ta io tbir cttll- hvc b.co rccadld ir t!. forD of trbL! ed<br />
dirgnns. Sl||llticd D.ahodr ft.! iIpt j,!it in 6. Flsdlrio of cotkct!,t ,t i..<br />
fte &rlysis d irtdpr€ardoo proc*s .ntribd:<br />
l. Fd0di@ ofcotilt rsy trhhr,<br />
2- Tfi. onlylir of &! rchlicdhb bctFca tudaEod.d Dd dep.ad.d vdrHcs-<br />
rellt d ro llc anldy. Thc focu! ro.incd q tho lct.ct d vadrblcs oor.<br />
3. ltc o
TABLE 9<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBIJ.IION BY Gf,A'DER<br />
Getrder<br />
fte dara in otc tablc md thc<br />
Male, 58.?% and femalc, 4l.3yo.<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
diagbn show dFtnburion<br />
I08<br />
Cu@ul.ti!e Percerr
E<br />
TABLf, IO<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBU.ITON BY ACf,<br />
DTACRAM<br />
Tll€ dara iD the rabte md the diagnm show disttibution acconting to age. Age<br />
grcup I5-25,60.7%; age group 2@5,29.7n4; 8d 46+,g_,t .<br />
Cubu|'tive Pcrcetrr<br />
Low(15-25) tE2 601 60_7<br />
ltgrage (2o.45) E9 29.7 90.1<br />
Ee!llqo+.) 29 9.7 100.0<br />
300 100.0<br />
t09
TABLE II<br />
FREQUf, NCY AND Pf, RCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY MO<strong>THE</strong>R TONGUE<br />
Sindhi I3l 43.7 4].7<br />
9iraiki 39 r3.0 56.1<br />
t2 4.0 60.7<br />
60 20.0 80.?<br />
Brchi t7 5.7 E6.l<br />
t3.7 100.0<br />
r00.0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
Thc data in the rabte and the diagnn show distribDtion according io morher<br />
rongues. Sindhi, 43.7yoi Siraiki, I3.0%; Batochi, 4.oyoi Utd]u,2t.Oo/ot Rrchl 5.t%<br />
lt0
!<br />
.IABLE 12<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTACE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY CULTURAI BACXGROI]ND<br />
Culrumt arc|i8roubt<br />
92 30.7 10.7<br />
20E 69.3 100.0<br />
tolal J00 100.0<br />
DTAGIIAM<br />
rablo ed the diag.d show distdbunon aeordrnS to cutrul<br />
30.7o/o. and tut!'l, 69_3%.<br />
lll
TASLE 13<br />
FREQUENCY AND Pf, RCENTAGE DISTRIBIJ'IION<br />
BY MARITAL STATUS<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The data i! ihc tablc and lhe diaSram show disrribution accordinS ro darital<br />
stalus. UnmaFied, 41.3%; maEied, 52.3rh dNotcee, l}i/o; vjdovt, t.3%,<br />
setaraled, 2.7%; and widower, L3%.<br />
CoDulrliv. P.r@-<br />
124<br />
t57<br />
l<br />
41.3<br />
52.3<br />
1.0<br />
4t.3<br />
93.7<br />
94.1<br />
lpqat"d 8<br />
l_3<br />
2.7<br />
96.0<br />
98.7<br />
Iolal r00 r00.0<br />
t00.0<br />
|2
TABLf, 14<br />
FREQUENCY AND Pf,RCENTAGE DISTRTBT] ION<br />
BY N{IMBBR <strong>OF</strong> CHILDREN<br />
Nunber orChitdre;<br />
0.2 20<br />
73 24_3 31.0<br />
6-8 68 22.7 53.7<br />
9,ll<br />
l2+<br />
Iotal<br />
Nunb€. ot ch ld€n<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Tle dar. in the tabte dd rhe diagr.D show distriburion &cordiDg to number<br />
of childrcn. Numbs 0-2, 6.?%i nrmbet 3-5, 24.3o/o; nt)mbet 6-8,22.,tr4, g-tr,<br />
3.3%: l2+, | .7%t<br />
^td<br />
La, 4t .3%.<br />
l0 l.l<br />
5 1.1<br />
57.0-<br />
58,7<br />
t24 4).3 100.0<br />
100 r00.0<br />
lIl
TABLE T5<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY I]DUCATIONAL LEVf,L<br />
Educrtiotr.l Level<br />
JiSh lcraduare Mastq<br />
p<br />
30<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The data in the iable and &e diagan<br />
eduqtional slatus. Iltilazre ed pinsry, 66.3%;<br />
gmquarc to naste., 8_0%.<br />
l14<br />
Cumuhtive Perc.nr<br />
snow distribunon aeo.ding io<br />
secmdfiy lo inrer, 25.7%; and
TABLE 16<br />
IREQI.IDNCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY<br />
PERSONAI OCCUPATION<br />
Pe.sobal Occuprtior cumutsovcp;G;i<br />
20<br />
6.1<br />
!!!qd!toyed 14.3 2t,Q<br />
I04 14.1<br />
4t t3.7 69.3<br />
52 l7.3<br />
867<br />
Sludent 40 ll.l<br />
100.0<br />
J00 r00.0<br />
DIAGTTAM<br />
Tl€ daia in dE rable dd fie diagrm show disi.ibution accordins to pesoDal<br />
occupation. co!1_ job, 6.7%; selt€rDploy€d, 14.3% house wifeAousetnsi4<br />
34.7%r laboure., l3.7yo; jobl6 s, t.t .3./o: and sn denL 13.J%.<br />
lt5
T,A3LE 17<br />
FRf,QUENCY AND PERCENIAGE DISTRIBIJ IION<br />
BY PERSONAL <strong>IN</strong>COME<br />
ffi<br />
Pe.solrt ltuone<br />
209 69-7 69_7<br />
66 22.0<br />
HiEh (&. 91.7<br />
3O0t+l 25 E-l r00.0<br />
300 100.0<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Tte dal. in the rable od rbe diogm sbo$ disuibuti@ tccordirS ro p.6onsl<br />
income. Low (L6s r,b,,<br />
hisl (Rs. 3001+), 8.3%.<br />
Rs.1000). o9.7q0: svcmg. (Rs. t00t.1000,. 22 0roi drd<br />
ll6
TABLE 18<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTACE DISTR]BUTION BY R.ELIGION<br />
Reli!ior qqmul.live Perce<br />
TIE dah in thc tabl€ and rhe .tiagr.n<br />
MusliD, 82.7%; ad lon_Mustim, 17.3%.<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
ltl<br />
show disiriburi@ according to rctigiol.
TABLE 19<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTACB DTSTRIBT]T ION<br />
BY HI]AD <strong>OF</strong> FAMILY<br />
H€ad ot Famly<br />
DIAGTIAM<br />
The data in the rable and $e di6gm snow distribution<br />
fMily. Iather, 36.3%; huban4 28.3Vo; moth.t, t_7%. sett,<br />
5.30/o.<br />
3<br />
ll8
a e<br />
3o<br />
TABLf, 20<br />
FREQUENCY ANDPERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY TYPE <strong>OF</strong> FAMILY<br />
TyDe ofFrDit<br />
DIAGRA[T<br />
The daia in lllc rable ed rbe di!3lm snow distriburim accoftting to typc of<br />
fmily. Nuct€r, 20.7%i joinvexleded, 70.7%j and sitrgt€, E.?o/o.<br />
ll9
TABLE 21<br />
FREQUENCYAND PERCf,I{TAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY SIZE <strong>OF</strong> TAMILY<br />
Size ofF.mily<br />
E-10<br />
Il-lJ<br />
14+<br />
ll<br />
9E<br />
l3<br />
1!.1<br />
32.7<br />
q!<br />
4.3<br />
!r!El" t2<br />
4.0<br />
100 100.0<br />
DIACTTAM<br />
CqpEhtive Perc.rt<br />
10.3<br />
9!<br />
87.0<br />
9r.l<br />
%.0<br />
t00.0<br />
The dar! in rhe tabie and Oe dis8mm show disrnbnrion ac.o.din8 io<br />
family. CrcD! 24. r}.3o/"., gt@p 5_7,32.7%i goup s-r0. 44.0%; grou!<br />
4.3%t 14+, 4.1oh &d sinAle, 4.0o/..<br />
120<br />
ll-t3,
9<br />
TABLE 22<br />
FREQUtrNCY AND PERCENTAGf, DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY FAMILY <strong>IN</strong>COME<br />
00t-6000<br />
001-9000<br />
Famiry In@e<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Th€ data in fie tabte ard thc diagmD show disttiDuuon according to tamily<br />
income. Rs. Less thrn 3000,43.0% k.3001,6000, 32.0%; Rs.600l-9000, 18.3%;<br />
ald Ps9000+, 6.7%.<br />
l2l
TABLE 23<br />
TRDQUtr!9I AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY EDUCATION <strong>OF</strong> GUAIIDIAN<br />
EducrtioD ofcurrdia;<br />
DIACTIAM<br />
The dara in th. tabte and rhc diagFn show djsldbution accoidiry<br />
€ducaron of gu.rdian. Itilcmtc, 47.0%: p.imary ro middt€, 26.7%; naLic<br />
nlcnnediate, I3.0%; graduate and above, 2.?%; and.ton.t how, 10.7%.<br />
t22
TABLE24<br />
FREQTTTNCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBU IION<br />
AY OCCUPATION <strong>OF</strong> GUARDIAN<br />
O.cuprriotr o(cu.rdi.; Dqu.trcy<br />
Covt Senant 106 35.1 J5.l<br />
l)9 46.3 El.7<br />
55 t8l I00.0<br />
100 t00.0<br />
Tlte dara ir the tabte md<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
u'e diaSiam show diskiburion according<br />
of guardib. Cor4 sweq J5.3%; ferner, 46.32q dd businessmd, tE.3%.<br />
123
TABLE 25<br />
FRDQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT<strong>THE</strong> SUICIDE <strong>IN</strong> TIIE FAMILY<br />
Sricid.in F l||ity<br />
E g<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Tle data in rh€ r.bte .rd Oe diaAiam show dist iburon ac.ordiDg ro suicidG<br />
D d1e fanily. Ye!, 53.7% ao ,32j%: .{td don,rktuw, t3..to/o.<br />
t24
"fABLE26<br />
FR.f, QUENCY AND PERCf, NTAGE DISTRIBUIION<br />
BY TIIE Hf,ALTH CON'DIT|ON<br />
92 30.'7 30.7<br />
&Ecs l(x 34.7<br />
65_3<br />
104<br />
,4:7<br />
100.0<br />
100 t00,0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The data in th€ rabte and fie diagm show disLioudon<br />
condition. cood, 30.7%j averEg e, 34.7%; .[1d poot,34.7%%.<br />
125
TABLE 27<br />
FREQUENCY AI\TD PERCENIAGD DISTRIBUTION<br />
BY FATAI, DISEASE<br />
QDuliriv( perc.rt<br />
104 34.7 34.7<br />
No t08 36.0 70.7<br />
EE 29.3 100.0<br />
300 100<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Tlt. dara in the rable and the diagnm show dishburDn accordDg !o the fatal<br />
d'sease. Yes, 34.7%; nq 36.0%;<br />
n.^, 29.3o/o.<br />
^nd<br />
t26
I<br />
lrc<br />
luo<br />
150<br />
t'<br />
loo<br />
120<br />
r10<br />
I<br />
lo<br />
L<br />
TASLE 28<br />
ITEQUENCY AXD PIRCENTACE DISIRIBUTION<br />
ABOIIT HOPELf,SSNESS<br />
EoFL$m!. qqul.dv. Perc.ri<br />
12 24.0 24.0<br />
ta2<br />
!9<br />
300<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
Percent<br />
60.7<br />
GJ<br />
t00.0<br />
Yes Don't Know<br />
84.1<br />
100.0<br />
[--PeJce,'t ]<br />
fte d'ra in thc hbte .nd rhe egam st,o* disEiDuliotr .ccoding to<br />
hopclessrcss. Yca, 24.0%; nq 60.7%j 6||d dont torqlv, 15.3%.<br />
t27
3o<br />
TABLf, 29<br />
FRtrQUENCY AND PERCEMAGE DISTRIBUfiON<br />
ABOI,I'I TIME <strong>IN</strong> HOPELESSNFSS<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The dal' in llrc t bt. od rhe diagrffi show distdburion accoftling io rhe tine<br />
p.riod in hopelessness. Since one month, t8.0%; sincc ldr six months, 24.7%;<br />
morc &ar six oqthq 24.0ploi md dotr'r tnow' 31.3%.<br />
128
!<br />
3o<br />
TABLE 30<br />
FREQUE\CY AND P[RCENTACE DISTRIBIJ ITON<br />
ABOUT <strong>THE</strong> REASONS <strong>OF</strong> HOPELESSNLss<br />
!MptoFfil<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Tle d.u in the rable and rhe djagrm sho; disrribution according io lhc<br />
reasoN orhopet*sn€$. Faftly prcblems, 22 3%: uemploym€nt 16.?%; disese,<br />
14 - " dedd or dear one.. l.o. ind oon.r krow, 16.000<br />
t29
TABLf, 31<br />
. -^FRf.QUtrNCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTT'JAUTION<br />
AAOIIT EXPRESSTNG TNTENTJONS TO COMMIT SI,ICIDE<br />
CuDrl.tive Pe.clbt<br />
150 t0.0 50.0<br />
15.7 85.7<br />
43 t4.3 100.0<br />
Iotal 300 100.0<br />
E<br />
DIACRAM<br />
The dala in the bble dnd $c diag.m shos disriburion according to<br />
exlressing intentions to conmjr suicide. ycs, 50.0%; no, :,5.7y0; dd dor,r k ow,<br />
t4.3%.<br />
lt0
TABLE 32<br />
-.^-JREQUDNCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOTIT TIME PERTOD EXPRESS<strong>IN</strong>G <strong>IN</strong>ITNTIONS TO SI,ICIDE<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
Tlte dala in rhe rablc md llle diagEm show disrribution a@.din8 b the rim.<br />
expEssi4 int€ntiom ro comnir sricidc. Sincc oft nonth, 26.3%; sinco lasr sr\<br />
monlhs.3l.3%t more fim six months,29,0%; ed n,a, r3,3%.<br />
t3l
No<br />
TA3Lf, 33<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBTJ.TTON<br />
ABOUT ATIf,MPT SUICIDE<br />
Fr€qu.ocy qLnuhttve P.rccrt<br />
t03 34.1 34.3<br />
5t.7 86.0<br />
14.0 100.0<br />
Ioral J00 100.0<br />
8<br />
DLAGRAM<br />
table and rft. diag.an show<br />
no,51.7%; and don,t know,<br />
1ll<br />
dislribulion acco.dine ro att€ntt<br />
t4.\yo.
TABLE 34<br />
FREaYE_!g! AND pERCENTAGE DtSTRIBUrtoN<br />
AAOUT Rf,LATIONS WITN PARf,NIS<br />
Esquency g!n' rriv. pcrcela<br />
14,7 t4,7<br />
ll3 52,4<br />
r4J 47.6 100.0<br />
300 r 00.0<br />
DLAGRAM<br />
Tlt. daia in $e bble and &e di.graE show dislribulion acco.dins ro relarions<br />
vnh parmir. cood,l4.7%; norm at,37 .jo i alrd bsn. 47 .6.yo.
TABLE 35<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCEI{TACE DISTRJBUTION<br />
ABOUT RELATIONS WITH SPOUSE & CHILDR<strong>IN</strong><br />
Cum'rktiv. Perceot<br />
Cood 2E 9.3 9_3<br />
59 t9.7 29.0<br />
Bad<br />
297 5E.7<br />
124 413 100.0<br />
Iolal 300 100,0<br />
DL{GRAM<br />
and the diag.m show distribDrion according 10 reldions<br />
Cood, 9-l%; nomal, l9.Z%j b an,29]%: and n.a.,4t.3%.<br />
t]4
TABLE 36<br />
FRf,QIJENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOTJ'T THI FIGHTTNG WIn{ FAMtr"Y MTITTBERS<br />
FiAtti.g eith F.b v Crool.tivcf.rcr!a<br />
2t5 7t.1 7t1<br />
t4.7 E6.3<br />
3o<br />
100 t00.0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
YA s.mdi,r<br />
100.0<br />
The dara in tie table and the diagrdn show disbiburcn ac.ordng io fi8htn8<br />
win\ tamily membe.!. yes, 71.?9/oj somefm€s, l4.7yo; ed rq l3_?o/o.<br />
D5
TABLf, 37<br />
-.FREQUENCY AND PERCEMAGE DISTRIIIUTION<br />
AAOUT <strong>THE</strong> FEEL<strong>IN</strong>GS <strong>OF</strong> ICNORAN(T TN <strong>THE</strong> FAMILY<br />
&gqoemy qLnrtrtiv€ P€rc.trr<br />
l16 t8.7 t8.7<br />
t28 Et.l<br />
56 IE.7 I00.0<br />
100.0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The dala in rhe rabl€ ud the diagrm show distriburion accoding to feelings<br />
of ignonnce by fmity. yes, 3 8:7rh; to some .n nt, 42.70 , and no., I 8.7%.<br />
lJ6
[;-<br />
TABLE38<br />
FREQU.ENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRlBU I IO\ ABOUTTHf<br />
MEfTI]\G B4SIC NfEDS <strong>OF</strong> FAMTLY, II. MARRIED<br />
N.-<br />
folal<br />
Thc data i, the tabte<br />
barc needs ofhis fmily.<br />
Jrequ.!.y<br />
96 3).0 32.<br />
130<br />
ioo<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
24.7<br />
43.3<br />
1000<br />
and rhe diagmrn show disribuiion<br />
Yes, 32.Q'/": ro so6e extenr, 24.,tyo;<br />
t)7<br />
56.7<br />
100.0
TABLf, 39<br />
rRf, QUENCY AND Pf, RCENIACE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT TEE FAMILY MEET<strong>IN</strong>G BASIC NEEDS,IF DEPENDEITT<br />
45<br />
40<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Percent<br />
Yes To some<br />
e)denl<br />
Tl€ dara in 0E rable ud $e dhg6n show distiibution accordilg ro family<br />
meeling bdio nee&. yes, 32.0%, ro some s
TABLE 40<br />
M^EQLIE\CY {ND PERCENTAGE DISTRIB( TION<br />
ABOUT FEEL1NG FREE WITH FAMILY MEMBERS<br />
The data in $e tabte<br />
free with fenily meDb6.<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Feelng Lee wilh famity memb€6<br />
Cubl|l.tive Perc.bt<br />
and the diagnm show distriburiotr achding !o feling<br />
Ys, I8.3%; someiimes, 34.2%:. ud N,4.1.oo/o.<br />
139
TABLE 4I<br />
"*gg"dfiH?fi ,%.&Tf f; &'m**#.'".<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Cu|trol.rive p.rcelt<br />
diaglen show disrriburion ac.ording<br />
3E.7%. no,26.3%o;ed to some ext.D! 8.3r/o.<br />
140
TA3Lf, 42<br />
FRDQUENCYAND PERCENTAGD DISTRIBIJTION<br />
Type of Temperon€Dt<br />
M"d;re=_-<br />
cool ...... _- '--<br />
-....._ _-<br />
rotal<br />
ABOI]T <strong>THE</strong> TYPE <strong>OF</strong> TEMPERAMENT'<br />
DTACRAM<br />
The d.u in the rable and rhe diagrrm show distribution ac.o.ding to type of<br />
remperameDi. Emorionat, 85.3%; modemte,<br />
256 65.1<br />
E5.3<br />
26 E.7 94.0<br />
IE 6.0<br />
t00.0<br />
100 100.0<br />
l4t
\"r.;i<br />
TABLI] 43<br />
FREQUENCYAND PBRCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT LOMLIMSS<br />
l2l 4t.0 41.0<br />
97<br />
80<br />
32.3<br />
26,7<br />
lL3<br />
100,0<br />
.]00 100.0<br />
The dara in the labte and fie diagrrm show disribution accordins b fcelings<br />
ofloneline$. Ycs,4l.0%; ro some extenr, 32.30lot and no,26.7%.<br />
142
TABLE 4{<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENIAGE DISTRIEUTION<br />
ABOUT <strong>IN</strong>I'ERIORITY COMPLf, X<br />
Feeiing€ of 'nterjonly omptor<br />
The data in the tabte<br />
of iaferiorily. Yes,32 O%j<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
143<br />
Cu|Dul.rive Percenr<br />
show dishibutioD accordiDg lo feetings
TABLE 45<br />
FRDQT]ENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT FEEL<strong>IN</strong>G AS USELESS<br />
DIACRAM<br />
show djshiburion accordirg ro f€etings<br />
28.7%i and ao, 35.1o/L
E $<br />
TABLE 46<br />
FREQUENCYAND PERCENTAGE DISTRTEUTION<br />
ABOTII TFE WISIIIUL TH<strong>IN</strong>KNC<br />
wLhfulThtukitrg<br />
10.3 .10.3<br />
123 41.0 7 t.3<br />
66 2E_7 t00.0<br />
100 100.0<br />
DIAGITAM<br />
, -" Someiim..<br />
wishfutThinkjng<br />
n. d.|a in rhe rabl€ and rhe dilgm show dist ibdion<br />
thinking Y6, 30,3% b sn. ri na, 4t .Wq 6d rc,2a_7%.<br />
I45
TABLE 47<br />
FRIQLENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIB LTTON<br />
ABOt/T TflE STRICT ROME ENVIRONMTI{T<br />
Skid nome stmospherc<br />
lJ0 4J..1 43.3<br />
96 12.0<br />
75.3<br />
14<br />
r00<br />
24.7<br />
t00.0<br />
100.0<br />
DIACRAM<br />
The dala iD the hble and fie dirgtun snow distnbution<br />
home environmdt. yes, 43.1%i to sone ex&n! j2.0%; o no, 24.7%.<br />
t46
TABLE 48<br />
TRNQUENCY AND PERCEM'AGE DISTRIBU T,ION<br />
ABOL"T <strong>THE</strong> BOIJR<strong>IN</strong>G LIFE<br />
Bourirg Lif.<br />
122 40.1 40.7<br />
0 36.7<br />
68 22.1 100.0<br />
J00 100.0<br />
Df,{CRAM<br />
The.lar! in tie labtc dd rhe diaSm show disrribulior acco.diq ro bolring<br />
life p.tted. Yq, 40.?%i ro $m e e)
TABLE {9<br />
FRI]QUENCY AND PERCENTAGEDISIRIBUTION<br />
ABOM TEE DISGUST FROM DAILY ROI]T<strong>IN</strong>E LTFE<br />
Orsgdst at da'ty rolrrine tiis<br />
qmd.tiv. Pcr.€rt<br />
tE3 61.0 6l_0<br />
60 20.0 6l_0<br />
57 19.0 100.0<br />
J00 r00.0<br />
DIAGI(AM<br />
Th. data in the table snd thc diagln show disiiburio accoflting ro disgNt at<br />
daily life. Yes, 6l_0%; to some.xroq 2o_0yo; ed nq 19,0%.<br />
148
TABLE 50<br />
FREQUENCYAND PERCEMAGE DISTRIBTJTION<br />
ABOI,TT PASS<strong>IN</strong>G TIME<br />
ll 3.7 l.?<br />
64 2t.3 25.0<br />
t2 4_0 29.0<br />
l0E J6.0 65.0<br />
Doins household chores 25.3 90.3<br />
E,J 9E.7<br />
4 l.l 100_0<br />
Ioral 300 100_0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
b9dd6|'fu<br />
The data h th.lablc md the diagrd show distribulion a@o.ding to pNi.8<br />
time- Watching t€l€visio4 3-7%; Sossiping with iio&, 213% playilg ganc,<br />
4.0%; doins nolhing, 36.0%; doing howehold chores,25.30,6; doing hbou, E.3yo;<br />
and pdfoming Sovt duty, L3olo.<br />
t49
TABLE 5T<br />
FREQUtrNCY AND PERCBNTACE DISTRIBIIIION<br />
ABOI]T Tf,E IRIENDS<br />
184 61.3 61.3<br />
l16 3E.7 100.0<br />
totd 300 100.0<br />
z g<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The dali iD th.laue ed lhe diagram show disiributiod abou to &iads. yes,<br />
61.3%i atd no, 38.7r/o.<br />
150
T,{3LE 52<br />
^"oJFF$,9"["."#B#ml#+s""iTffi#Ii9il"".<br />
SUICIDE<br />
DI.AGRAM<br />
Tle data in the tabl€ md ihe diagum show dht ibution sccording to fti€nds<br />
wbo had corNritted d attdpled suicid.. ycs, 24.3%; nq 3 L3%i and don,t know,<br />
44.30/r.<br />
t5l
z 3<br />
3<br />
TABLE 53<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCEMAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT TAX<strong>IN</strong>C <strong>IN</strong>TEREST <strong>IN</strong> ROT'T<strong>IN</strong>E LIFE<br />
Taking intBrosl in outn€ lifs<br />
E6 28.7 2E.7<br />
214 7 t.3 100.0<br />
300 r00.0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
Thc data in rhc r.abl. and &c diaglm show disr.ibution accodi,|g lo int6.rr<br />
in daily lifc. Yes,28.7%t dd nq 71.3%.<br />
t52
TA3LE 51<br />
FR.EQIJENCY AND PERCf,NTACE DISTRIBUTTON<br />
A3OUT MISBEIIAV<strong>IN</strong>C<br />
229 16.3 76.3<br />
t{ 4.7 95.3<br />
No 51 t9.0 100.0<br />
Iotrl 300 100.0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
'nlc data in lhc r!bl. and rhc dilgram show dblibdion ac.lrding lo<br />
misbeh.ving. Yca,75.3076; sometimes,4.7%; ud nq 19.0%.<br />
t53
R<br />
TABLE 55<br />
FRf, QUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT TIIE PARTICIPATION <strong>IN</strong> SOCTAL ACTIVITIES<br />
DIACRAM<br />
Padicipalion In !o&rl aclivili€c<br />
67 22.3 22.3<br />
231 71.7 100.0<br />
J00 100.0<br />
The data in the trblc and th€ disgrun rhow dishibulion acc..ding<br />
p.dicipation in social aclivid?s. \ca,22.30/o, and no,11 .10/o.<br />
I54
TABLE 56<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCENIAGE DISTRJBUTION<br />
ABOUI PLAY<strong>IN</strong>G GAMES<br />
2l<br />
4l<br />
7.0 7.0<br />
20.7<br />
Iotal<br />
23E<br />
300<br />
'79.3<br />
100_0<br />
100.0<br />
9i<br />
to<br />
100<br />
Play game6<br />
DIAGIIAM<br />
Tlte d6i6 in 1be table ed thc diaghm show disrribulion according to play<br />
games. Ycs, 7.070j io some €x!en! 13.1%t 6d no,79.3o/r.<br />
lt5
TABLE 57<br />
FR.EQUENCY A"IID Pf, RCENIACE DISTRIBUTTON<br />
ABOUT DISCPI<strong>IN</strong>E <strong>IN</strong> LITE<br />
DirclDl|!. lif.<br />
t0 3.3 3.J<br />
t69 56.3 s9.7<br />
l2l 40.3 I00.0<br />
Totil 300 r00.0<br />
,1<br />
5<br />
DlAGRAM<br />
The d.r.N in lh.lable snd lhe diagnn show dilribution lccording ro dis.iptin<br />
life. Yes, 3.3%; no 56.3%i atrd don,r know. 40.3%.<br />
t56
8<br />
TABLE 58<br />
FRBQUENCY AND PERCf, M'AGE DISTRIBUTION<br />
ABOI]T POVERTY BE<strong>IN</strong>G A REASON <strong>OF</strong> SITCII)f,<br />
IEE 62.7 62.7<br />
\o 69 23.0 E5.7<br />
14.3 100.0<br />
IoLal 300 100.0<br />
Tlte darz itr th€ r&ble and ilE dirEan<br />
reaon ofsuicide. Yd,62.?%; no, 23.0%;<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
t51<br />
show dishibution about the poverry 6 a<br />
and dm't know, 14.3%-
TABLE 59<br />
FREQUENCY AND PERCEI{TAGE Dtr;TRIBUTION<br />
ABOUT DOMESTIC UOLENCE BE<strong>IN</strong>G A RIASON <strong>OF</strong> SIJICIDE<br />
z p<br />
3<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
r58<br />
show disiibution aboul thc domestic<br />
no, 2l.0%; and don't klow' 17.?%.
TAELE 60<br />
FREQUDNCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTR]BI.TTION<br />
ABOUT OTEER Rf,ASONS FOR COMMITT<strong>IN</strong>G SUICII)f,<br />
55 l8.l 18.3<br />
]E t2_7 31.0<br />
EO 26.7 57_1<br />
ul 11.7 95_.1<br />
l4 100.0<br />
Iotal 300 100.0<br />
s.dj hjlrde<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
Pori. iijlde<br />
o0'er R€so6 ot onmidng sui(:icte<br />
The drta in the rablc nd rhc ditgran show di$ibution ac.ording lo r.lsons<br />
for comnitting suicid.. Failu6 in tovc, 16.3%; wial injusti@, 12.7010; potic€<br />
injustice,26.7%; m€ntal illness,3T.7o iand d6't]oow 4-jd/o.<br />
159
TABLE 6T<br />
FREQTIENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTruBUTTON<br />
ABOIII <strong>THE</strong> MEITODS <strong>OF</strong> SI'ICIDE<br />
6 3E.7 J8.7<br />
40 52.0<br />
[alged 59 t9.7 7t.7<br />
Sun5ho1 50 t6.7 88.3<br />
Shl'p blade 5 t.7 90.0<br />
5 t.7 91.7<br />
25 E.l 100.0<br />
Ior!l 300 100_0<br />
DIAGRAM<br />
The d3ta in th6lable and rh. di!8mm show distributim ac.ordinS ro metods<br />
ofsuicide. Poi$n,38.7%; pesticider, 13.3%; huging, 19.7o/ri gn shot, t6.j%;<br />
sharp blade, l.?70; droMin& 1.7%; tud buming 8.3%.<br />
r60
COM<strong>IN</strong>GXNCY TA3LE T<br />
lio: Th*e is no r€lariorship bctw€en €ducNtionsl l€v€l ofrhose who comitted<br />
suicide and age ar the lim. of suicid..<br />
H I I <strong>Education</strong>al level of ihos€ who commincd suicide is tikely to be .etat€d with<br />
rhe ag€ althe rimeofsuicide.<br />
Q. No.7 & 2<br />
Table No. 15 & 10<br />
Low (15-25) Hish (46+)<br />
t2l 66 't2<br />
Tot l<br />
47 l8 t2 77<br />
sigh (Gndule - l4 5 5 24<br />
3<br />
199<br />
lE2 E9 29 t00<br />
Gmph showins the relationship b€$eeD educalioral levet ad age.<br />
l6l
(u tuynp. Sig.<br />
(2-rided)<br />
10.886 .028<br />
Lik€lihood Ratio t0.223 4 .0J7<br />
2.235 I<br />
300<br />
I cells (l L lTo) have ex!€{rcd counl less than 5. The mirimurn<br />
2.33.<br />
Pe6on ChrSqude Value 10.886<br />
.o2a<br />
Thc model of independence has b€en used ro th. dala giv€n in contingmcy<br />
table No. L Tbe chi-squtue relr is applied 10 t6t the iDdependenc. of ti€ two<br />
veiabl*. The valu. of chi-sque calculsted Am the dlL of llbtc I is l0.EE6<br />
silh 4 dcgr@ of ftedon. Thc con€sponding p vatue is vcry smal,<br />
apprcximalely zm. It shows rhri rI. variabls e dep€ndenr or rh@ is a<br />
signincot associalion mong th€ variables. Sir@ ihe oodel of ind.pcnden@ of<br />
variables is .ejecied by chisquore test. Thereforc, it is concludcd ihal rhe rwo<br />
r62
iaclo$ are significandy iniaacred. Tle eslihated valus of interactio p.mncr.6<br />
lbow thdt t'c lollowing intchdiors werc found significtutty diffsent ftom z.rc.<br />
l. Ihc cd@tional Iael har positive 6ss@i.lion eillt rhe age of rhosc wno<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
@mnitted suicide at fie tittle ofsuicide.<br />
Thc low educalional lcvel has somwhar positive associarion wi1h younge.<br />
age of fiosc who comrhined slicide ar rhe timc of suicide.<br />
IE avmSc .ducslionat lev.l h4 logilive arsociation with the tow ed<br />
average age offtose who commiBed suicide at fie nmc ofsDicide.<br />
T)ie higl educational tevet hss positive ssociarion wirh low age of itose<br />
wno comided suicidc at rh. tine of suicide.<br />
From fte above disoussions il is coDcluded that 1b€ rlend of commiiiing<br />
suicidc is more prcwtent b youlgs agc atthouSh the .ducalronal l€vet hs<br />
lone impact. But the phenommon ofmmmiting suicioe m youngs age h not<br />
a slrpose bocause it is ulua y tullofenoriors ard d.€tutrs.<br />
t6l
CONT<strong>IN</strong>CENCY TABLE 2<br />
Ho: Th@ is no rctatiorship berween .docstionat laet snd peBoal i!@m€ of<br />
thce who comhined suicid€,<br />
Hl: Educarional l€vel is tikety ro b€ rlated srrh lelsoml income otrhose who<br />
comrllcd suicide<br />
Q. No.7& 9<br />
Table No. 15 & 17<br />
High<br />
:Les tlan tu.10001 Es. 100l-3000) Rs.3001+)<br />
llllit€mle and Pdmary)<br />
156 38 5 199<br />
42 23 t2 77<br />
High ll 5 E 24<br />
Iotal 209 6 25 100<br />
Graph showiDg rcl.tionship betwe€n .ducarioDat twct ofrespondenrs dd pdsonal<br />
164<br />
rb<br />
-a
Chi.SquareT€!rs<br />
is2.0l.<br />
40.554<br />
34.791<br />
28.753<br />
Asyop. Sl&<br />
2-!id.d<br />
cxpeled coud lss rhe 5. Thc rninimm expored munr<br />
P*son Chi-Squ@ Valle 40.554<br />
.000<br />
Tle nodel of indepeadence hs bccn used !o rhe daia givd in condngscy<br />
i.blc No. 2. Th. chisq@ r€st is |Pptied ro lesr rhc indep€ndcnce of$e two<br />
variables. The vatue of chi-squa.e calculared Aom the daia of tabte 2 h 40.554<br />
wilh 4 degree of freedom. The corrcsponding p_ value |s ao. n sbows thft lhe<br />
valiables @ sr.ongly dependol o, th@ is a sigDificanr ssocE&oo anong rhe<br />
valiables. Since th. model of indep.nd.nce ofvdiablcs is rejecrod by chi.squse<br />
ies1. The.efore, ir is conctuded that tte rwo factoB aE signifi@rly inlcmcred. Tt€<br />
e$imared valDes of int@criotr par.Inerers show thar h. folowi.g inlemc$ons<br />
werc foDnd significetly difroenr from zero.<br />
165
l- ne educationat l.vet bas posirive associarion wi0l rhe incomc oflhos€ who<br />
2. Thc low €ducarional lcvel hdr negalive association wirl high6 inconc of<br />
tlos€ who comitted sicide.<br />
3. 'fte .v.n8c edu..tional l€vcl h!! pooitive als@idion wilh av@ge incomc<br />
ofthosc who conmitt€d suicid..<br />
4. 'fte highcr educational lev€t hrs positiv€ asociation with higher incom€ of<br />
lhose who coneitred suicide.<br />
It is concluded that education of€ls more €onolltic opporrudries. From ihe<br />
abovc d.tr it is infsrcd tbar the educalcd suicide coDmittcrs nad m@ incon.<br />
than the olh6 group. Bul due ro uncmploymdt em ihe .ducltcd youlbE sre yct<br />
to get d@d incomc oppdtuoiti.s.<br />
166
CONI<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TABLf, 3<br />
Ho: Therc is.no r€lariorship berwe€n pe|sonat incoin€ md a star. hop€t6sness<br />
atnong the those who cornmirLd suicide .<br />
tl | : PeMnal in@ne is tikely to bc .etat6d wirh ! si'e ofhop€l.ssnss among<br />
the rhose who conmilred suicid€ .<br />
Q. No. 9 & 22<br />
TableNo 17&30<br />
Eop.lcnft!. Tot!l<br />
No<br />
Low (lss rhu R3.t000) 62 lt8 29 209<br />
4,@se (R's 100l-1000) 4E t3 66<br />
qjcl (Rr. 300 I +) l6<br />
Iotal 72 t82 46 300<br />
3o<br />
-No<br />
IY-<br />
IDtrlKmw<br />
Cfaph showing relationslip berw@n peFoml income md hopelcssdess.<br />
t61
Cbi-Squere Te.rJ<br />
df Asynp. Sig. (2sidcd)<br />
1960r Chisqude t1.734 .008<br />
16.138 001<br />
.768 .l8l<br />
300<br />
I cells (ll.ldothare exper€d @urr les 5. The minimum qpeccd counr<br />
3.8t.<br />
'lran<br />
PeaMn Chlsqu@ Val@ t3.734<br />
_00E<br />
Tl€ model of independenco has beeD used b iic dara giv€n in contingency<br />
Iable numbs 3. The chi-squarc resl is applied to tcr lhc indepmdefte of rhe two<br />
variables. The value of chi-sqDare catcularld from rh€ dara of tabte 3 is t3.?34<br />
wilh 4 degree of Ae€dom. The conesponding p_ value is v.ry small,<br />
approxmarcty zero. It shows 0rar thc vuiabtes ee srrongly dependor or there is a<br />
significant Asociation mong rte variabls. Since rhe model of inde!€ndmce of<br />
va.iables is rcjoct.d by chi-squd€ r.s1. Th.rcforc, il is onctuded lhar the two<br />
facros aE significlnrly interacre{t, Thc e$iDared vatu€s of intehcrion !.mmeters<br />
show that tie foltowing interactiDns were found significantly differcd Aom zdo.<br />
t68
t. 'Ilc paBonal lncome has somewhat pGitivc asrocittion with a stale of<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
ft. Iow penon.l incon lrs positiv. alrociarion wltn grclt r siiic of<br />
Thc Nvc!.g€ F ord iaconr. h.r po€iriw r$ocidion wirh av.ngc !r!ie of<br />
Tlc ligh p.r!od.l inc&c hr. mgativc |lroci.tioo with glat r srite of<br />
Fron thc .bov€ &!i ti €n be n|Dn d up thr, i@ ed nQd!r!a..! l'3 ,<br />
dict liol. Bu d! io 16. oth.r locid .rd cdmic frda! cvE tb @ga<br />
.mo'nt mrk ! Iifc d mirlr?bL onc. M.jodty of c6see j! tll6 pr$!|!t sbdy [ad<br />
low i@ 6.r!tuc lt"y *nE urrblc ro r& r l'ry ilb . Fo.pdo,r, tic<br />
ftrrtd ttffid i! ruc d$. of6.i lift.<br />
t59
Ho: lterc is no relarionship berween<br />
comnred suicid.,<br />
CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TABLf, 4<br />
age dd tyPc of tdpelmenr of ftose {ho<br />
H | . Agr is likely ro be rctared qi$ rlpe of rempeBrnetrl of rhose $ ho commined<br />
Q. No.2& 35<br />
Table No. I0&42<br />
ow (15-25)<br />
v.hse(26-45<br />
Iish (46+<br />
Type ofTemDer.m€bt<br />
l*"**'<br />
Ire""<br />
lc-'<br />
CEph showing relalionship betwen age ed typc of lmpc@eru.<br />
110
:<br />
DT ArybF Sig.<br />
(2-sid€d)<br />
27.392 4 .000<br />
20.108 4 .000<br />
16.000 .000<br />
300<br />
2 celh (?2.2"0) have expecrd;;;te;Gj The ninrmm €rleted cout<br />
|.14.<br />
Pe:@n Chj,Sq@ Vatue 27392<br />
.000<br />
The dod.l of indepodcnc! h.s bm used ro lhe dala gNen jn conringocy<br />
lable nuhber 4. The chi,squarE t$i is appli€d to rqr ue ,ndcpodcnce of the two<br />
variables. Tte value of chi-square calculaied from $e data of lable 4 is 27.392<br />
wil,\ 4 degEe of ft€€don. Ahe conespondirg p value is zc.o. Ii shows rhat tbe<br />
veiables arc srrcngly depcndcn o. rhft is a significdr ssociarion dnong Oe<br />
vdiables. Since the model ot independdc€ of vdiabis $ eJecred by chi_sq@e<br />
lest. Tl'€refore, il is conclud€d thrlfie two factos are signific.ntty inremcred. The<br />
.slimared valucs of inrescion lu.meteB show lllar the foflowing inlenctjons<br />
were roud sigrificdily diffemr tom zerc.<br />
l7t
t. Tfir age hr! slight positiw esociation wi& tbr gpe oflomletancot<br />
2- ltc lffi ed rrqtt! rg3 irvr pcitir& .rlocidid oiii .odiml od<br />
noooy rcipaeal<br />
3. Ih. IoJv ard rv.ngc ag. hlvc ncerdvc ,!soci.tio, wirh coot .!d hod(td!<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
'Ih. high lgc h$ pailillE ulcidio wi6 cool |dt D!d.r& bp..m.d.<br />
fb. fiSh rS. ls aceaiw .lloclrtiod wi6 crnotloml ad noody<br />
X n cooclud.d 6d ]outh hiDS! lnoliGd t rycfrmont lflDosc €rtrotioq! a!<br />
not c{r!d w.[ ultlrndcly lift ...o! ofD uta I[ th! Fe.d ltt ly tb Eo6t of<br />
$ici.le p.rp.rrtoF rv-:re youg.r !o u.blc to oqtrol d!.ir c€EFlm.d ed &l<br />
viditr of €Nnotidd cryd&|at<br />
t72
COI{T<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TAI'LE 5<br />
Hor 'fterc is oo relatio.ship bctw€€n he3lih cdrlition md int ntion to comnit<br />
H I : Hellh condition is likely to be rcbtcd with inlenlid !o oonDil suicid€.<br />
Q. No. 18 & 23<br />
Trble No. 26 & 3 I<br />
Irl.rtion to Commii Suiclde Totrl<br />
34 47 II 92<br />
80 t2 t2 104<br />
36 48 20 104<br />
Iotal 150 t07 43 100<br />
tY..<br />
tu<br />
lDsiKiM<br />
Craph shoNing relationship betwecn hcallh condition md intent to commft<br />
t73
Chi-Squrr.T6rs<br />
Df AJynp. Sig.<br />
ll2-rid.d)<br />
52.|6 .000<br />
55.892 .000<br />
1_257 I .262<br />
100<br />
a 0cdh (0%r hareexpe(ed oDnr l.ss rhan t Tle minimm expecFd courit<br />
ll.l9.<br />
Peson Chi-Sq@ value 52.1l6<br />
The model of ind€pendence has been used ro $€ data given in conring€ncy<br />
lable numbe. 5. The chi-sq|@ tst is applied ro rcst lle indcp.ndcrce of rhc two<br />
vdabl$. the valD€ of chi-squar€ calculared Aom he dara of 6ble 5 is 52.116<br />
witb 4 dcgr€e of freedom, The coftrponding p- vatue s ze.o. ll shows thal the<br />
vdiables are srrongly depddenr or rhse is a sigtrilicafl 4soc,alron mong lhe<br />
veiables. Since the model of indep.nden@ of variables is .ejected by chj+quare<br />
lal. Th€rcfore, il is conctuded ftat ihc teo facroB ar! sianifi@rty iDteracred. The<br />
estrmaled values ol interaclion paramettrs show thar rhe following interactions<br />
wqe found siSnifimtly diiTdenr from ao.<br />
t74<br />
000
L Thc hei.llh cddirior hrr highly posilivc sr(,cistiao wittr i,ration !o<br />
2. Thc Spod bdth coodirid h!! hig!.ly ocgdv6 rlsocidio i,ith iotothn io<br />
3. Ih !v€.€. ..d poc t!.lth cmdd6 hv! higtry F.itv. $socidd<br />
with int.dtion to connit sutcidc.<br />
It ir ce'ludd trr !oo. h..16 condtioo ooq.h poodc to $* io ldopt<br />
httlh 6.tto g.a.idofit Inthopr..cd$dytl nCcity of thor. who mmnr.d<br />
$idrlc trd ill t rlL<br />
t75
CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TABLE 6<br />
Ho: ft* i\ no retar ionship betq een a teeting of ,nfftiori$ @hptex ed a<br />
sane or nopct6sn6s.<br />
Hl: A feeling of infefior y complex h likely to be related w I a stat€ of<br />
QNo.37&20<br />
Table No. 44 & 2E<br />
Ho<br />
t7 75 lll<br />
t2 35 5 52<br />
Iorfll 72 182 46 100<br />
h'odority @mptet<br />
t9<br />
22<br />
Ib<br />
Er.<br />
IMIK@<br />
Graph showing tho relarionshi! betw.en feling ofinlenorily complex and a st t€<br />
t76<br />
\37
df Arynp. Sig.<br />
(hided)<br />
10.?4.1 .010<br />
I Ll?3 .025<br />
.007 .935<br />
100<br />
a 0 @lls (.0%) hav. qp@ten c@t kss tt.n 5. The milihun exp.ctcd @mt is<br />
't_97_<br />
Pea$on Chi.Squde ValE 10.743<br />
.030<br />
Th€ hodel of indepadme hs betr ued to lh. d.ta givcn in ontiryacy<br />
bble omber 6, Th. chi-squee tel is applied lo t4t lh6 ird.pcndcncc ofrhe two<br />
variables. The value of chi-squa. calculat d ftom the dat oftlblc 6 is 10.E66<br />
with 4 degree of ile€dom. Tle coresponding p' vlhe is verr snall,<br />
approximarely zcrc. Ir shows that rhe variabl.s re strongly dep. .ni or rh* ir d<br />
signifi@t asoci.tid mdg th€ vffiablcs. Sin@ the mod.l of hdcrddmce of<br />
ruiabl€, k Ej@t.d by cbisque 1est. Thercforc, ir is @rclu.Ld lial the two<br />
factoc .rc aigoificmdy inls&&d, Tl. slimated valu€ ofintd.ciion pedetes<br />
show thal the following int ractions woc found signifimlly dircrent frcm zqo.
I Thc bf€oion'ty codplq h.! stight po6iti\,€ .rlocilttd rvifi thc star! of<br />
2 Th. lofr hftiriv oq|l6. L! podtiv. Boddio ,ift t lowlc drr! of<br />
3 ft.ligh ifricity c.qtt{ b lrgaivc rlso&ria wi6 th low., sbb of<br />
Fmh 6c abdc di!.[!!io tt is bfond frd ioftridity coqld d,t<br />
nop.L!$c!, ec te tm E|h n !e! sh.idicd iE Lcy frd.:! tctiod tbc<br />
luicidcr reoog th. yuDg S.n .!tio_ HoreG, thc dd. Mica. 6d b.6 of<br />
|[esc' two iocDrs .l. dcpd&r wilh !@c vriaim, io tte d.gtc of na.{!ity !!d<br />
lalooiarioo"<br />
li'E
COT{TTNGtrNCY TABLf, 7<br />
Ho: There is norelariomhip berween feelings of Dsel€$ness and panicipadon<br />
in sial activiri€s.<br />
H I i Feelings of Dselessness is likely to be rclared with lartioiparion in sociat<br />
Q. No.38 &47<br />
Table No. 45 & 57<br />
F.elitrg3 of Peaiciprrior ir sociat ecfiviGi<br />
Fe€ll.g. of ur.ld$*<br />
r'-<br />
I&<br />
Cmph showing relaiionship bctween feeling! of usetcssnss and lanicipalion itr<br />
179
10.756<br />
a 0 celb L0"/") have €xpeled @ulr Ics oo s. nr minimm qpeledc4GG<br />
t9.21.<br />
P€ason Chi Sque value 10.526<br />
2<br />
.005<br />
The rnodel of independeDce ha beo $ed to the darN eiven in @niingency<br />
t.ble nuDber 7, Tle chisqu.r lesr is appli.d ro tcsi lhe indelend€rce of6c rwo<br />
vdiabler. Tte v!t& ofchi-sque catcutat€d Aom lhe dala or hble 7 is t0.526<br />
with 2 degrc€ of frcedom. The cftspotrding F value is v.ry sn!U.<br />
apprcxinarely zere. rr shos rtjrl &e veiabls de srrugly dcpendedi or iherc is a<br />
signjficei ssociation .mong rbe vriables. Sir@ Oe hodel or indepcnd@ce oI<br />
va abl* is rcjccted by chisqu&e r6i. Ttcretorc, jt is conclldcd rh.i th€ two<br />
factos are significh y int@cte
I thc fcclioS! ofur.lcdla.sr t.vc po6itiv. a'toddio wit 6. psrticip.doo<br />
h sooid aoriviti.s.<br />
2 Tt higD.r ft.litrg! of||leLlslr, t v.l€gaivcdlociiiowifith!&tiv.<br />
ArnictDdioo io !oc&l .dn ni!.<br />
3 fllc bss.r ft6llDgs ofurcl€siLr, hflc Dostdvc.$ocntion wirb 6\. &tive<br />
pqriolpctim iD rocid !.riviric..<br />
Tt !b@c (ht itrdicrt tut edio8' of or.leB hrvc dirlca inp.d oa<br />
lanicipalior in soctal r.dvltics. Ttc rcspond€nl! rto hd son lort of,ucl<br />
f€eli4, ,voidcd Fdcip.aioS iD .ocilt rdiyiti.$ celidnld ft! mt @.rtn t ir<br />
Foviditrs tbc pledu! ed mklF{ in d.ily tifc.<br />
lEl
CONT<strong>IN</strong>Gf,NCY TABLE 8<br />
Ho: Tlerc it m Gtarioruhip b€r$ een currunt background ald fe.lings of<br />
'nrftronry romptex.<br />
Hl: Culrud ba.kgroud is likety to be retated with feehgs ofinfaiority<br />
Q. No. 4 & 37<br />
Table No. 12 &44<br />
Culru.rl Feelinqs of tnferioriE d;;;i;<br />
cutturat aadqound<br />
Iv-<br />
Ir..frd.^l<br />
re<br />
Cnph showing retarioDship berw€€tr cult'nal backeround and fe€lings of<br />
182
Cbi-SqurrrTesr!<br />
2s.629<br />
Lr{etpood fdtio 8.95A 2<br />
Linearby-Linea- t9.496<br />
r5.95.<br />
df<br />
,<br />
Asynp. Sig_<br />
(2-sided)<br />
!@<br />
.000<br />
,000<br />
300<br />
I la'e expccreo .ffi res fiar s. ftriitnimfi expecrca ouG<br />
Peauon Chi-Square Vatuc 2s.629<br />
2<br />
.000<br />
The nrcdei of independ€nce hu b.s ued ro dE d.ra grvo i, contingcncy<br />
lable nuinber 8. The chi_sque resr is applied io iest rhe jndelerdence ofth€ rwo<br />
variabtes. Tbe value of.hi-square @lculated from rhc dara of tabte 8 is 25.629<br />
w'0r 2 deErce of freedoF. Tlc cocponding p- vatue is zero, Ir shows thar fte<br />
va.iables are srongly dep€ndenl o. intr is a sienifi@r asoc|atiotr mong ilE<br />
variables. Sinc. the model of indcpendence of variables ts reJected by chi-square<br />
test. flErefore, n is concluded rhat the 1wo f&toB are significaltly ini€.acted. The<br />
erimared valu6 of intcmcfoD panmdeN shw rhar ue rb owina inreractions<br />
worc foud sigrificatly dillerent ftom rcrc.<br />
l8l
I Ttc cuhnd b&Jgr!l|!lf [c big , lo.ilirc .God.66 wit 6. iifrtciay<br />
c.nflor oftlole who coEri!.d sui:td._<br />
TL nnd c||hnl t*rkgrctnd b highv poritv! lllodniod wirt}<br />
iotoiai9 codplo. ofthcc x,to c@|q6.d ,ui*h<br />
thc ubor c{hrrd br.tgqrd hr higbv egdlc uloolrtia aidr<br />
irferioriB cornplq ofthos. n no coEnin d ldcid€.<br />
'Ihe d.tl indiod. trai qdtual b...t gro|Dd [r, I dir€ct iEprd on dd/dopiDg<br />
cmfd@ r. tLa6d th. l|od inlFatd iogrdia,t tD ranovi4 lhc infcrldiiy<br />
cqLi. It trbG Fopt hnE ,.de6 fi. Dd! n nic ro qioy |}m t ii<br />
ru|r oo'rrlt.rl}|.l3. hElctitrSly it n . foi&d thj th. ti6c wb conhirh,t ldddc<br />
xDo b.lm8.d to nlrtt r!r! wc!. in compL*ity b6f6! adlu thei! live!.<br />
184
CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TABLE 9<br />
Ho: Tbere is no relarionship bcr$e€n loneline$ and hopctessne$_<br />
H I : tanetiness is likcly to be r.lated wirh ho!.tcssn6s.<br />
Q. No.16 & 20<br />
Tabl€ No.43 &28<br />
Crdph slotrrnS rejarionship berween lonetinBs tud hop(qsres.<br />
185<br />
-*<br />
-,-<br />
Ih-*
Chisqurr€ Tests<br />
Df Asynp. Sig.<br />
(2-sid€d)<br />
24.106 4 .000<br />
25722 .000<br />
4.224 .040<br />
300<br />
a 0 cell!(.09o) have e\peckd cout tcss rhu 5. The ni,'mum expered cour is<br />
12.27 _<br />
P.t6on Chisque valuc 24.10E<br />
4<br />
.000<br />
The model of indepcndfl@ has been used ro rhe dara giv.n h conlingency<br />
table nunber 9. The chi-squre tesl is appti€d lo tesr fte i t.pendence of the rwo<br />
variables. The valne of chi-square calcula(ed &on rhe dsla of table 9 k 24. 108<br />
with 4 deere€ of fteedom. Tte @n.spo(ting p_ vatte N &ro. u shows thar rhe<br />
variable! arc stongly dependeor or the.e is a lignificot alsociarion among the<br />
vadables. Since the model ofiadependene ofvariables is rcjected by chi-squde<br />
lcst. lErefore, ir is coDctudcd that rhc rwo factors ee significantly jntemcted. The<br />
esrimaled values of interacrion p&am€te6 show that the following interacions<br />
were foud signifi@Uy diflerenr fron zqo.<br />
t86
l.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
Tt lo[clirc3r b's bifbly F6itiv. r!3ocidid wi6 h.Flcss.!!.<br />
RdirioS mt.hD. ha lid0ly ECdi! u.odtd6,ift foPcl@,<br />
Rcmlining doDe moltly hss podrivs urocilriG wirh high hA.l€€!nc$.<br />
Fr!frl tbc ilove ib it i! c@lud.C tha lctn .r hilgr @Lr!d.s!<br />
t ou!. 6osc rho cmoit!.d $;dd. op&g nd ldbg ro rloritr il6o fttr<br />
r@t{h!ahop.l(Gs<br />
IE7
CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TABLE TO<br />
Ho: Tlrerc h no relationshit benveen poverty and intemiotr to comit suicide.<br />
Hl: Poveny is likety io be rclared wirh int€sions b conmir suicidc.<br />
Q. No.50 &23<br />
Table No. 58 &31<br />
ttentiom ro coiiiiliiiie Toltl<br />
NO<br />
99 67 22 188<br />
.18 t8 ll 69<br />
l3 22 43<br />
Iotal 150 lo7 43 J00<br />
rY*<br />
Ib<br />
Cnph showing relationship bctwcen poveny lnd intentions ro suicide.<br />
188
dt Asymp. Sig,<br />
(2-sided)<br />
1t.085 .026<br />
lt.39l .02.]<br />
4.937 ,026<br />
100<br />
a 0 cclls (.07d) havc *p@r€d @br les the 5. flr nihnm c,p."@ od,;<br />
6.16.<br />
P@on ChiSqEc V.lue 11.085<br />
4<br />
,026<br />
The nod.l of indcpod.ne hs b€€n us.d to thc d.ra given in conring.ncy<br />
llble numb( 10. Tn chi,sque rsr is appti.d ro tst dre ind?.trda@ oflhc two<br />
vdiabls. The vale of chi{qu4 elcutaIed fron 0te dat of rable l0 is ll_0E5<br />
with 4 degrce of fF.don. Tne cor$pontlin8 p value is very sdall,<br />
approximtcly rrc. Ir shNs rhar rte veiabt.s e shongty d.lcsdot or rh@ G a<br />
sisnificd ssociation dong rhe v&isbles. Sin@ lhc modet of independencc of<br />
vdidbl€s is rc.j&led by chi+quee Lst, Thereforc, it is @nclud.d ihdr lhe rwo<br />
facroB re significadly inler.cted. T1. esiimared vdu.s ofilrdacdon pa@.t6<br />
sbow Oa1 thc following itrtofuri@ wcrc foed sigdficmrly difi@r frcm ero.<br />
139
I Povlrt ic F.irii! soci.ti6 wi6 th. id.otkE to cohh !ui:idc.<br />
2 Tt !rcd9.n'ty t ! !!gdv. usodrtid wttt 6c intErio., to c@rn<br />
suicid..<br />
Pove.v i! h. nd!( of r[ eyth rd.r t .{rli" Itcopol, p.qLro go to<br />
cxtlm€ l!v.1. Tt. aboveo.otiomd dlrr ,rpporr r!. id.a ofthod. lrno oomnifi.d<br />
$irrd. rho ltl!! poor dF!.!.d 6! i@dd! to c@mit loicidc ba$c lhc,<br />
ftfr thr!.litwitbou e.yr,r! urErib.<br />
r90
CONT<strong>IN</strong>GENCY TAALtr II<br />
Ho: Tlcr. is no rehrionship bete@n domsric viotcr|e ad irredions ro comir<br />
Hl: Domesric violerce is likcly to b. rctated with inrenuoN ro coftnjr suicide.<br />
Q. No. 5l & 2l<br />
'Iable No- 59 & I I<br />
Irl.tr.io!! to .oDE Soicfi<br />
Iv.<br />
It<br />
Ih\b<br />
Cnph showinS rclarionlhip betwen domesric liol.nc€ dd suicide.<br />
l9t
2t.849<br />
l7.42)<br />
o 0 cells (.0%) havc qp€crcd 6ut<br />
1.64.<br />
Pemon Chi-Squrc Value<br />
AsyDp. Sig.<br />
lc$ tntu 5. Ir,e ninih@ exp.cFd counl is<br />
23.E49<br />
.000<br />
The nodel of independcne hd ben scd to the dr1a given ii contingency<br />
table numb€r 11, Th. chi-sque tst is applied io rsr rhc ind?end.,r6 ofrhc t o<br />
veiables, The value of chi-squft calcllaied ftoE rhc dara of r.ble I I is 23.849<br />
wnh 4 degree of Aeedom. The @rcsponding p_ value is ao. It sho* fiat tbe<br />
va.iabl6 &€ strongly dcperddi or th.E is a signifc&r 6s@reon eong tne<br />
vfiiables. Sirce the nodel of id€!€ndsce of vuiabls is rcj€rcd by ctlsquft<br />
r.sl. Th€rcfoE, ir is conclu.l€d rhar th. two hcio$ ue signilictulty int{acrcd, The<br />
Blr@tcd r.lu6 of i @ction pamcteB show r[ar ite following itr!@ctioB<br />
were found sigtrificanlly diff€rcnt ftom aro.<br />
t92
lDomcnic viotrnc. h.! polirhr 6ssocidior wi6 &c lnt€dlioo, ro cohntr<br />
luicide.<br />
2 rca.rt d@rb viohco k!.. t dlErofddde.<br />
3 Gr..t .thc dom.iiic vto&o.c liShc. t!. ctoc.3 ofsuicib.<br />
Dctic violac. is fugl.ou, ca,."t.tt fti lrq@ x,no urullly ftfi fr.<br />
Uctia. Tb di! irgg.rr thd $€ n p6,td pstdhy 6. ftE|ks cmoidcd<br />
$icid. bc.rr!. rh.ir 'o Lr lr,rlly fhF&.lly b..r e.m mw ,!d lt o. Tt<br />
violloc. agliDrt wom.n hr! b.conc ! pr(t of cuhlr. s, hdiod.{t by vdriouj<br />
Esdrt s, Tt Flr.oi rclcach rlro r4Do.r,lh. idca 6d feddc, *lo wa!<br />
be{.o opred ro cld thdr liv!. n IIdy to t rlt t d ri6 th. {. d tt. do. of<br />
193
CHA}Tf,R 5<br />
SIIMMARY, FTNDNGS, CONCLUSIONS, LIMT'T ATIONS AND<br />
RECOMMtrNDATIONS<br />
In lhe lr€ceding chaprq, thc resulrs of the siDlre md<br />
werc exreNivety di$ussed_ tn this ch.prer, lhe ovqalt<br />
significqt fildings de subrnarized @d rhcn conct6io6<br />
lin blions ot rhis Benrch as we s recomncndatioE<br />
5.I SUMMARY <strong>OF</strong> TIIE STUDY<br />
Suicide is a serious publjc sociat problem. Mdry peEons rdr t!e!s of<br />
soci.l and emorional sufle.ing md los of hope conmrt surcide. Tl,erc e<br />
the rnnuherable otheB, such as f@ily nelnbe$, frieDds, coleagues dd care-<br />
€'veB, whose lives m prcfourdty affected. Accordingly, rhe problem of suicide<br />
od orher nlared matrec may be vi€wed in tems ofine rote pe.rOman€ failure<br />
of rhe s@iat synem conc€ned dd the s@iat driri.s in rheir enviMofrr.<br />
Analogously, rhc probtem may be inr.ryftGd in tcrms ofde nal- nbdioning role<br />
relalionships bded on fie re4ipiociq, of expecbrios amorgst txe nremcring
Despite rhe inpon6ncc of lhe p.obl.m, r.lalively li(te rsearch on suicide<br />
in Sindh has appeared in tirchtuc. Morcovcr, rclarivety liftle has ben done in<br />
tems of fo@ularing a multi-dincnsional ffaework addrcssing the @uses ed<br />
codsequenc* oi suicide. Many rescorch€B hav€ ar&mpted ro discover evidence<br />
about a pan ofrhe whole process. previous rcsdch hs invesrigared the prcblem<br />
ol suicid€ wilhin limiied &amwort, i.e., one issue ar a dDe. ftis study adopred<br />
tn integrated ed holislic viwpoint that ircludcs the m6t qiricat issucs<br />
sinultaneously md in a mDui-dimensioDat f.anework.<br />
Tlte lurpose of rhis study was ro fi somc of rhese gaF. This study<br />
at1einpied to deremin. rhe mon importar! innue0al ficlors rhat have sigdnent,<br />
value-added impacts on overall suicide problem. Stecifica y, rfie siDdy att€mpted<br />
l0 syslcmatically discovq evidence aboul rhe delnninants of@uses of incr€ajing<br />
ralo ofsuicides in SiDdh.<br />
'Ihe ?resent .esearch work hrs focuse.t on suicjde in Sind[ T]e probrem<br />
ha b€cone a menacc fo. rhe *hole sociely. The.esearcher in lhe lresenl .cserch<br />
Itas made a bumbte arcmlr lo .mpnically assess lhe problen. patkhi sciery is<br />
slill s tradition,orierted s@iety.lto*evo, it is changmg, bur rh. rate of s@ic<br />
cullural chege especially in non_maredal aspecrj of @lrlre is very slow. The<br />
s(ualion hs c.eared cultural tag. Majority ofpopulalion of Sindh is illirelate and<br />
195
Tle present study is an exptoratory oft_ Tte seter€d u,ve.se ofrtris srudy<br />
ws Sindh. According to 1998 cenjus, tne lolalpopularion ofsbdh ws j0440<br />
thousand. ODi of which 1609E (52_880,6) rh@s&d were male s nd 14342 (41 .tloh)<br />
lhousand *e.e females. The IMl poputation of Situth provinc€ in 1998 vd<br />
15,600 rhousdd whicl is 51.25 percenr of roral poputarion_ Out of which 8t93<br />
(26.92%) tho$ard rde nales and 7407 (24.33%) thousand w€@ females.<br />
Th€ sludy smple consisted ot 300 cases frcm sevo districts of Sindh.<br />
Namcly: Hydenbad, Sanghe, Dadu, chofi, Mburkhs, Shikarpu, ed<br />
Kldrpur. A multislage samplirg procedufe w6 used duc ro timitation oftime and<br />
rcsoufccs within which this srudy had lo b€ complcted_ Mutristlge sarnpling mat€s<br />
ue of diifercnl sampling proedus at ach sllge. Stratification wa! ued ar rhe<br />
first stago dd randon sampling al ihc seaond srag€. The dara w6 collected<br />
the help of e inldiew $hedule_<br />
'ith<br />
Funlq, rhc presc Esealch has p.€scnbd dlra on impo.rat issu6<br />
peuonal proiile of solected sample of thos wbo commificd suicide during 1991.<br />
2005r hobbies ed activiries; q?e @d sire of fmilyt oo tnc l%ons ad methods<br />
ofsuicide. Tle simple md contingency rabls we.e made ro conelare $e different<br />
v&iablcs nsed in the hyporhcses<br />
t96
To ten the I'?othe!es, stalislicat netiods including SPSS w..e alptied to<br />
the data menrion€d in conringdcy tables. Tle chi_squue tesr was apptied to lesl<br />
the existdce of ihe r€htionship berween th. rwo vdi.ble of hyporhesb. If liie<br />
null hypothesis h rejected theD fi. nod.t of independence wele aho used to<br />
n@ure fie degr.e ofr€larionsnip. The hryotheses wae tho finatty interprcted<br />
and the esulis werc oblained.<br />
5.2 F<strong>IN</strong>'D<strong>IN</strong>GS <strong>OF</strong> SIMPLE TABLES<br />
5.2. I The eender dht ibution of those who onmitted suicide in th€ present study<br />
sho$s mal., 58.7%r ed fmat€, 41.3%.<br />
5.2.2 The agc dislibution ofttGe who @mmined suicidc in<br />
snows age grotJp M5, 60.704. a9e goup 26-45,29.7o/rl<br />
i 2.1 ftre ,li'lriburron of rhore who comiaed !!,c,de<br />
prcsetrr study indic.t6 s'ndhi. 41.790: smiu,<br />
U,du.20.00o: Brch'.5.7'": and Mdffi, Il 70d.<br />
5 2.4 Tle disiribution oflhose who comitled<br />
the pftsent study indiclt6 uban, 30.?./o;<br />
t91<br />
by moth€r longue in the<br />
13.0%; Balochi, 4.0%j<br />
suicide by culhual backgronnd
5.2.5 In rle prcsent study rte dislribDrion of thos€ who committed suicide by<br />
mdiial sraNs, unmaried, 4t.3%t manied 52.3.0%; divoree, l_0%;<br />
wrdow, 1.3%i separared,2.7%; ad widower, 1.3%.<br />
5.2.6 Tle distibulion ofthose who cotunirred suicid€ by nmb€r of children i,<br />
rhc presot study ilusrracs numbq 0_2, 6.7%t numbu l-5, 24.3%; numbd<br />
6-8,22.70/ot 9- rt.33%t t2+, t.7%., Md n.a.i 4t.3o/L<br />
5.2.7 The disrlibnrion of lhose sho conmitEd suicide by educatioftl level<br />
the prcsenr study illusbaies i ir@tc ad p.im!.y! 66.1%; seoadary<br />
inter,25.7%i md g.aduaie 10 naster +,8.0%.<br />
5.2.8 ln rhe prescnt study lhe<br />
occuparron d@orurtares<br />
wifdtouscmai4 34.?%;<br />
t3.3%.<br />
distribution of those who commitred suicide by<br />
Ao\,t. job, 6_?%; self-mptoyed, l4_l%; house<br />
labouer, 13.7%; joblcss, 17.3%; dd studen!,<br />
5.2.9 Tle peBonal incomc distibulion of those who comftcd suicidc in rhe<br />
present sludy strg8esb low (Less than Rs.l000/month), 69.7o4i $yetug.<br />
(Rr. l00l-3000).22.00lo; Md hish (Rs. 3001+), 8.3%.<br />
5.2.10 Tle distibulio. ofrhose who @nnincd suicide by rcligion in rhe p.cs€nr<br />
study illDsriates nulim,<br />
82.?%; od lon m6lim, 17.3%.<br />
198
5.2.11 In the p|$enl ltudy the distribriion of rlose wno<br />
head of f.mity indicates farh.r, l6.3yo; h6band,<br />
self,28.3_%; and brorhd, 5.3%.<br />
5.2. 14 The family incom€ distribulion per nonlh of<br />
in rbc preoi study sbows Rr. L*s rh.n<br />
32.00loi Rs_6001.9000, 18.30lo; ald Rs.9000+, 6.1%.<br />
2E.3%t no$'q, r.7%;<br />
5.2. l2 The dtur.ibulior of rhose rto comined suicide by type of fanity in the<br />
prcscnt ltudy illustrates nuctesr, 20.7%; joir/ext€nd.d, 70_7%; lId single,<br />
8.7'/..<br />
5.2.13 ln fi. presel study lte dislriburi@ of rho6€ wno comfiod suicide by<br />
size of family demoltsrur$ grotp 2-4, tl.3o/o, g(,oup 5-7 , 32.70/ri E|oup a-<br />
10,44.U/ot g.o\p I t-t3,4.3oh; t4+,4_7o/o nd sitCt4 4.Wo.<br />
tllos€ who coftniltcd suicide<br />
3000, 43.0%; Rsl00l-6000,<br />
5.2.15 Tlc dht ibDlion of rh6e who committed suicide by cducatiotr ofguardian<br />
D tne preseDt study indicatcs<br />
mt ic ro intm.diale, t3,0%;<br />
ta.1%.<br />
illiterat€, 47.0%i prilD,Iy to middt., 26.7%;<br />
graduate ard abore, 2.?%: md don'r kn@,<br />
5.2.16 The distribDrion ofbose who cornmitted suicide by occupation ofguedian<br />
in th. pr6qt sludy sbos govclmor scprn! 35_3%i fdns, 46.3%; and<br />
busn$sne,lE.3%.<br />
l9
5 2.17 In lhe presenr study the a8e djstribudon otthosc<br />
su'crde in the farnily stbws yes, 53.ZoZj no,<br />
t3.7yo<br />
5 2 18 ?tc disEtuurion of those who @bmitrcrl suicide<br />
pEsent srudy itlustlares very good, 30.?%i ar€nge,<br />
who con@itlcd $ricide b),<br />
32.7%; ad don r know,<br />
by helrh condirion in d|c<br />
34 7%t ndpoot, 34 1%<br />
5 2 19 The dishburion of thosc who m|mjncd suicid. by farat disease jn.rhe<br />
pRrnrstud! rllustrares<br />
yes, 34 Tyoi r\o, 36.0y,, and n 4 29 3o/o.<br />
5 2 20 In the presert srudy the dishibutioD of those wno coDnfted suicide by<br />
nopclessDess d€moNaares ycs, 24.O./o: no, 61jyo: ed dn,t know, I j.t%<br />
5.2.21 Thc time period of<br />
suicidc itr the prcseit study shows sincc one monfi, l8 opldj since last six<br />
months, 24.7%t mor€ th.n sx inontls, 24.0%; ed don tknow,33.3%<br />
5.222 The disFibution of thosc who comnified suicide by reasons of<br />
hopelcsrc$ in the prelenr study indic.tes flmily ptobLmr, z7.3yo:,<br />
unenplolmcnri I6.7%j discas€,t4.7%j d.a6 ofdea! onq 5 3%; and don,t<br />
5 2 23 The disrribution of rhor Nho<br />
iDtcntiod ro @mmir suicidc.<br />
t4.3%.<br />
nopele$ness distributiotr of those who comitted<br />
conmitr€d suicidc accordile ro expre$i,rg<br />
Yes, 50.0%; no, 15.?./o; md don\ \nos,
5.2.24 In rhe psent study the diskiburior of tho6e wno<br />
accofdmg to rie tiDe expre$ing inrmtions to commir<br />
nonth,26.3%j since ldt six mongs.3l.l%; mo.€ hm<br />
5.2.25 ln &c pBenr study rhc dislriburid of rhose wno com,ne
5.2.11 Th€ dislribution of rhose who colmined suicide according ro famity<br />
mcerirg bdic nccds. yes, 32,eo,, to sore extsn, 27.|n/oi a\d no, 40,30A.<br />
5.2.32 TIe distribution ofrhose who connnitred suicidc ac@.ding 10 feting free<br />
wilh fmily inembe6. yes. l8.3yo; someime! 34.7%j and no,47.0%.<br />
5.2.33 The dhtributon of rh$e who comitred suicide acco.ding lo feeling free<br />
wilh f.ieDdr. yes, 26_7%j n.a,38.7%;no,<br />
5.2.14 Thc disrrburion of rhose<br />
iempqlmenl in the psenl<br />
I1o/oi Md cool, 6.Oo/r.<br />
26.3% to sone cxtent 8.3./0.<br />
wno committ€d suicide aboui rype of<br />
study illutrales morionat, 85.3%; moderate,<br />
5.235 lle disrriburion of ftN who conmitted suicide about rhe f€ling of<br />
loneljnes slows yes,4t.0%j s ome times,32.3o/ot nd N,26.7%_<br />
5.2.36 In the p.esent study the disrribudoo of thosc wno @nrmincd suicidc abolr<br />
rhe feelins of inferioriry y$, 37.0%j ro som€<br />
t7.3%.<br />
exenl 45.7%i and no.<br />
5.2.37 Tie dislribution of$ose who coinmided suici.le nrne pr€senr sludy about<br />
thc f€eling of 6clessn6s yes, 35.?%; ro some exlent, 28.j. yoa a d no,<br />
35.70h.<br />
202
5.2.38 ln rhe present srudy the dislribution of tnose who commilred suicide<br />
accordhg ro wishtul rhinking. ys, 30.3%l io sone ext€i'l41.0%; and no,<br />
2E.7r/r.<br />
5.2.39 h the lreMr study lr|e disEiburid of those<br />
srndness at honc indicares yca, 43.3%; lo<br />
24.70/o.<br />
who comitt€d suicide .tour<br />
some oxtcnl 32.09/0: md no,<br />
5.2.40 ft. dktriburion ofrhose who comined suicide abou! bouring daily tife<br />
illusrrates yes, 40.7%; ro some exbnt 36.7o/r., ed N, 22.7r/o.<br />
5.2.41 The disrribution of those who conmil&d suicide aboul disgst al daily<br />
rouine life illur.ts yes, 6l .ff/o; io sdne €xtenq 20_0%; and no, 19.0%.<br />
5.2.42 In tE pres€nt srudy the dhrribulion of those who @mmirc.l suicide about<br />
ptssinS rime dcmoErates watching tctcvisid, 3_?%; SossjDirS w h<br />
fdends, 21.3%; playing gmq 4.0%; do nothing, 36.0%; doing hor&hotd<br />
chorcs, 25.3%i doitrg labou, E.3%; and perfoming gorr duty, l.J%.<br />
5.2.43 Th€ distibutioD of rhose who connincd suicide abour friends iUut at€s<br />
y.s, 6l.3%t a d no, ta _7%.<br />
201
5.2.44 The disrribudon of fiose who corrunined suicid. accordng b Aidds *ho<br />
bad commited or atrdnpred suicide. ya,24.3%; no, jl.3%; and don,l<br />
5.2.45 Tlte diskiburion ofthose who cormined suicide aboDr intqest in routine<br />
life demoDsrratq ys, 2E.?yo; a^d r1..,7 t.3oh.<br />
5.2.46 The dislribution oftose who comitted suicidc lboul misbehaving ycs,<br />
76.3%i som.tmes, 4-7%;<br />
''td<br />
no, t9.Or/r.<br />
5.2.47 The dislriburion of those who conmitted suici.te about parlicilarion in<br />
social activilis illustrates yes .22.3yq nd no,11 -1o/0.<br />
t.2.48 Tle dist ibudon of ihose who @tmired suicidc .bou1 playing g.nes<br />
illustrat€s yes, 7.0%; r,o sone zxrent, t3.7o i a d no,79.3%.<br />
5.2.49 The dislribution ofthose who comined suicide accordilg lo disciplinc iD<br />
lile. Yes, 3.1%; no56.3%; and don,r kDow, 40.3%.<br />
5.2.50 TIe distribulion of those who conmitt€d suicide 6bout rhe loverty ae a<br />
re.lon of suicide. Yes, 62.?7ot no. 23.0Zo: ad don't k ow, 14.3%.<br />
5.2.51 The disriburion of those who @omitted suicidc !bo( the dom€stic<br />
vrolence as a reson of srdcide. Yes. 61.3%; no 21.0, and don'r know,<br />
204
5.2.52 The dislriburion of those who corunitted suicide abour the r6ons fof<br />
cotunittitrg suicide dmonsrates failure in love, t8.3%i social injuslice,<br />
12.7%; policc ir.iustice, 26.7%; mental i[Dcss, 37.7%; and don.l know,<br />
s.2.53 The distribulion of those rvho conmitted suicide by methrG of suicide<br />
illustals pohor,lE.?%; p*ticids, l3.l%; hegio& 19.?%: gb shot,<br />
16.7%isha+ blade, L7%;d.owrin& l.Z%; and buming, E,3%.<br />
5.3 F<strong>IN</strong>'D<strong>IN</strong>GS <strong>OF</strong> STATISTICAL ANALYSIS <strong>OF</strong> HYPOTIIESES<br />
The balysis of dala .€Sdding pe$onal lrofile of those who omitled<br />
suicidcs, q?e and size of fanity, previoB suicidc incidonts in lhe familt daity<br />
aclivnies and hobbies oflhosewho committed suicide, ano caus€s aDd mefiods ol<br />
suicidc has been sciedilically done. In ro corducl rhe l,Bent sildy eleven<br />
hypoheses were fomular€d ed chi-squsrc is appticd to t6r iiei. validity. Tle<br />
The fiNt hylolllesis infeB that ..educational levet is likely to be rclated wi$<br />
tne a8c at the lime of suicide". Thc @lculated vllue of chi+que fo. rhis<br />
hylodesis is l0.EE6 wi$ 4 deercc of ftcedom. T1le coresponding !- value is very<br />
small, apprcxibately zero. tt shows th61 ile vdables de st ongly dep€nddr or<br />
205
lhere is a signifi@r dsocialion bcrw€.tr the vdiablcs. Tlsefore, t6 ,ull<br />
hFolhesis is rcjected and rcsearch hypo$esis is &c€ple.t. Hence it is concluded<br />
that 0te educarional l€vel h6 hidly posilive ds@iation wirh the age offiose who<br />
cotmilled suicide. Thc low educationat srrints I.s somewhd positive aswiarion<br />
wtu yolnge. .ge of th6e who @mmiled suicide.<br />
Tle av€iage oducalioDl status has posilive assocraoon wil low and<br />
avenge a8e of rhose who @ftnincd suicide. The high cducationat starB has<br />
positive associalion with tow age ofrhG. eho @tllnined suicidc.<br />
The sccond hypothsis i crs fial ..educarional level is tik€ty ro b. related<br />
with le6oDal income of |ii6c aho @mmined suicidc.<br />
"rlte calcutaied vatE of chi_squaE for this hypolhciis is 40.554 wifi 4<br />
degr€e of fFcdom. Tle coftsponding p value is zero.It shows that fie vdiables<br />
,re strongly dcpendot or rherc is a significet asocialion b€tween th€ v&iablcs.<br />
Thercfo!., rhe nutt hypothBis is rcj.cted dd ceach hpothcsis is acc€pred.<br />
H@@ it is coDcluded that th6 educational lqet hs highty posirive sso.iarion<br />
wifi lh€ pc$onal incone of suicider. Tbe low educalionaj lwel has highly<br />
negative alsociaiion wil! highs income of $ose who conjnifted suicide. Tle<br />
avenge cducaiional ldel hd losiriv. ss@iatio, wilh ave6A. incone of (hose<br />
rvho comined suicide. The higner edu@rional lwel ha! highry lositive<br />
dsociation with hiSher income ofriose who comi$ed suicide.<br />
206
Tle thi.d hporhesis infes lhar ..peBonal incom€ s tik€ly ro be relard<br />
wtn a s(ste hopelqsness amoDg,'. The calcutated vatue of chi-squarc for rhis<br />
hypothesis is 13.734 with 4 deeree of freedom. The coftspondlrg p- varue is vdy<br />
snall, approxjmarety ero. Ir shows rhar rhe vtuiables are strongly delendcnt or<br />
there is a signifi@r dsociarion smong the valiables. Tberefore, the null<br />
hyporhesis is rcjected and reseeh hyporhesk is acc€pted. Accordhgly ir G<br />
concluded rhal the pdonal irconc hd posirive ass@,auon wlth a srate of<br />
nopelessnes. The low peBoDal incom€ has negadvo ssociarion with g.eater stat€<br />
of hopelsness_ The av..ase peEonal income has posmve a$o.iatiotr with<br />
average state of hopetesn$s_ T}e high pdsonat income nas negarrve 4sociation<br />
with grcaler stare of hoFtcssness.<br />
Tte foDnn fiyporhesis infe6 rhar ..agc is likcly to be relared wirh<br />
rempefanent oflhose who cortunined suicid€,,. Tbe catculated value ofchi_squde<br />
for thi$ hyporbeis is 2?.392 wirt 4 dcgree of freedom. Th. co@sponding p- vatue<br />
is zero It sholvs thar the vdiables.re stoDgly depeDdcnr or there is a significdr<br />
association berw€en the variables. Then thc null hypoihcsis is rejected md<br />
research hy?othesis is acc€pred. Ihereforc, rhe age h4 nighty posirile asociation<br />
vilh thc type of tenperamcnt, Tte lor drl aveiage age h65 posirive ajsociarion<br />
with emotional and moody r.mpemmcnr. TIe low dd avemgo age hs ncgarive<br />
dsocErion with cool md moddare lmporamenr. Ihe high age ha losiiive<br />
207
associalion with cool dd mod€rale remperament. The high age has ncSaiivc<br />
assocjation with emotional and noody temperment,<br />
The fiRI hlTothesis infe$ Illat,,heafth condnion is likely lo b. relatcd wilh<br />
intem to comir suicide '. The catcutaled vatle ofchi-sq@ f6 this hypoitesis is<br />
52. I 16 with 4 dog.e of ftedom. Th€ coftspondins p- vatue is aro. Il shows rh.r<br />
the lariables de stongly d€pmd€Dr or rhcre is a siSnificsnt ssociarion berwc€,<br />
lhe vdiabl€s. Therefo.e, the nun hypothesis is r€jecred and research hypolhcsis is<br />
accapted. 11 is concluded that lie hcalth cotulition hd posirive alsociatioD wiit<br />
inlentonal suicide. The good heatfi condition has highiy negative a$ociatioD wirh<br />
intentional suicide. The avenge and poor heatrh condirion has highty posilive<br />
associatimwithinrmrioBl suicide,<br />
Th€ sixrh h}?oftsis infe6 thai..a f€.ling ofinte.iofty onptex is likcly lo<br />
be relal€d witl a slate ofhopetessnelt,. The calculared value ofchi_square tor this<br />
hypothesis is 10.743 wirh 4 degree of ffeedom. The coBpondiry p, vatu€ is very<br />
small, approximalely zm_ Ir shows fiat lhe veiabts are strongly dependenr or<br />
Oere is a sigtrifi@r ass@iaion bcrwc.n the variables_ The.eforc, the null<br />
hypothsis is rcj@ted and Morch hnolh.sis is aeepred.It is ocludcd rhai fic<br />
infcrioriry @mplex has slidr posilive asoci.rim wilh the stare ofhop€t$tr.ss of<br />
lhosc who col@ined suicid€.<br />
208
The low inferionty @mplex has posirive associarion wilh rtc lowcr srnie of<br />
hopclcsncss ofthose who commitrcd suicid€.<br />
The hjgh infdio.ity complex hsj n€gative association with the lowq state<br />
of hopelcssnes of those who comrnirted suicide.<br />
The sevenrt hworhesis infe6 rha1..F@lings of usetessnss is likety ro be<br />
rclated with paniciparion in social acriviri€s'. The catcutated valuc of chi-Euee<br />
for lhis hlTothesis is 10-526 wirh 2 degfte of frcedon. The cor€spondin8 p value<br />
is very small. aplroximatety zero. Ir shows thdt the vdiabt€s ote slronsly<br />
dcp.ndent or t'qe is a significanr association behveeD the variabtes. Tlerefore,<br />
he null hypolhsis is rejecred ed iesearch h)?olhesis is ac.€pted_ It is concluded<br />
thal lhc f@lings of uselasneis have positive Miarion with the paniciparion in<br />
social actvniq. The highd felings of Nclssness have degarive a$@iarion wirh<br />
the acivc p.nicipation in social &riviti€s. The lesse. feetings ofus€t€ssnds have<br />
positive associaiion with lhe aciive paiicipalion in social activities.<br />
The eighfi hnothesis infc6 rhar ..cuttuFl background h lik.ly ro be<br />
rclaled piih itrfdioity @nptex',. The cdcula&d value of chi-sque for Ois<br />
hypothesis is 25.629 wiih 2 deg.ee of liEedon. TIE corresponding p- value t zero.<br />
It shows that the kriables arc shongly dependot or rhde is a significmt<br />
association among the veiables. Therefore, th€ null hylolhesjs k rejol€d 6d<br />
reselrch hypolhsis is accepted. Hence il is concluded tlal the cuttudl backgro$d<br />
209
has hignly positive asrociatim with the inf€.io.ity complex of rllose who<br />
conmitted suicide. The rural cultual backg.ound ha hidly posiliv€ asseiation<br />
wnh inieriorny complq of thce who codmined suicid.. The urbe cultuhl<br />
br.kground ha! highly negatjve a$ociation wilh infdio.iry compl.x of ihose who<br />
The ni h hypotheis infds Uar ..lonetin4s is likcty to bc rclaled *itr<br />
bopelessn.s". Tte qlculated valuc of chisquare for this hworhesh is 24.t08<br />
with 4 degrce of fiEedom. The corresponding p- valrc is zero. It sho$6 0!at rhc<br />
vtuiables de strongly dep€ndent or there is a significmt as@ialion b€rween rhe<br />
vdiables. Tle.eforc rhe null b?othdis is rcj€cr€d od rc$arch hryothsis is<br />
&cepted. It is concluded thar rhe lon.liness has highly posirive associarion wiih<br />
hopelcssnG. Rcmaining not alonc h6 hidly nega va ssciadon with<br />
rropcl$(nes. Renaining slone mosrl) has p$nne asociarion $irh niSh<br />
The renrh byporh$is infe6 that "povedy is likely to b. rclated wiur inlmions<br />
10 commit suicid€". Tt€ calculared value of chi-squlre for this hyporhesis is<br />
11.085 with 4 dcgre of llc.dom. IlE @rcsponding P. value is vc.y sma ,<br />
approxidately zero. Ii shows thar rhe variables arc skongly dependent o. ihere js a<br />
significd( asociation bctwea the vdiables. Thftforc rhe null hyporhGis is<br />
rejecied md rcsea.ch hyporhesis is accepled. lt is concluded thal Poveny has<br />
210
fte elcventt hnothesis infes $al ..domestic viot.nce is lik€ly to b€ relaled<br />
with irtensions lo conmir suicide". Ite catculated value of chi.squde for thh<br />
hpothesis k 23.849 with 4 degre of fr@doo. The conesponding tF vd!€ is zerc.<br />
It shows that rlE varilbt6 aE srongly delmdenr or rh..e is a sigiticant<br />
asociarion beiwecn ihc variabts. .nsefore lhc .ult nlToo$is is rq,ecled lnd<br />
eearch hyporhcsis is acccpred. rr is colctuded lhar domesric violence hs posirive<br />
asoc'alion wirh rhe intenrio's to commit suicide. Lesser tr|c domestic violence<br />
Gser the chances of suicide. creater rte doD6tic violec€ highq ile chaftes of<br />
5,4 CONCLUSIONS<br />
Tltrougl the srltisri€l ualyses in Chzprer 4 dd the subsequent inlesivc<br />
dacu$rons, this study idcntincd the folloyiaS 4 rhe nosr si8 fi@r cmcrusiors:<br />
L Tte image ofa pelson who conmined suicide is genemrry of. low lwel in<br />
s@r€ly een@lly ard in hisAer fdity padicut&t,.<br />
2. It was found thar najorily of rhose who conunin€d surcide had unsoud<br />
physical heatth and mosr ofthem w€rc m€ntally in low spiril.<br />
2tl
7.<br />
L<br />
5_<br />
3.<br />
Anyone who for reasonJ ofso.ial and motional sufferins and los of hope<br />
commib suicide aflecrs the lives<br />
ed cre-givql profoundly.<br />
It was foud thal najodty of thN who cobnined<br />
living in joinr/exrod€d fmily systerq wherc the<br />
charges faced gr€at rcshtanc€.<br />
It was fourd thar majo.ity of riose<br />
Then age at ibe rine of suicide<br />
belonged lo rural arc.s.<br />
of fmily ncmbqs, fiiods. olleasues<br />
I w.s foud tNl najodty ofrhose wlto comincd surcde wEE tiving in<br />
dlose families, sho6e fafteB, morhers o husbaDds were srso i iteEre.<br />
Il Ms found thfl rhe najority of{ros. who coDmitre{i suicide.<br />
had cmononal .nd moody teltlpetuncnr. Th.y fouDd life rouue as bouing.<br />
It was found thar majoriry of those who connined surcirt€ wde howe<br />
wivcs or jobtss, wirhout my lour.e of pcrs@t incod. ud betonged to<br />
low-inconc fanitis. Ilc min ccuparior of rh€i. fatnervhusban& ws<br />
2t2<br />
commitlcd suicides were naEied.<br />
fift€€n io twenty-fivc yea.s dd
9. lr ea3 toud rhd m€,oriq ot Lhosr yho coDmifted<br />
infqiority comptex. Their hone artnosphe.e was sricr.<br />
fridds ed avoided larticipation in social garldings.<br />
lo.it Ms fomd rhat fte najoriry of hosc who comrtt d suicidc wee<br />
detressed ad preftred b solirlly lifc.<br />
ll.Therc is clos rotationslip b.reen educarionll<br />
(onnifled sunde and age ar rhe rim. ot suicide. lr<br />
wno $re educaFd comired (uicrde in youn!<br />
12. There is close rclalionship berween educational level of those who<br />
comirled suicide ald pdonat income. Ir wa! lOund tha! rhos. who<br />
comitted suicide who were we educaned had l@odabre pcrs@t ircomc<br />
tho those ol uneducat€d.<br />
13. There is ctole relatiomhip betwen personal income or ftos who<br />
com'tted suicide and a state hopetesne$. It ws found lhal those who<br />
coomtucd sDicide who had reasonatrlc peEonal incone worc more nopetur<br />
thd (hose having meager or no pmolral income.<br />
14. Tltft b clce rctarionship<br />
sho colmiIled suicide.<br />
bcteem a8e ed t)?e of r.h!@mcrt of rh@<br />
213
15. It wd found young ihose who comn Bed suicidc were €molionally more<br />
exposed to sDicide rhan those ofold or middle age mose who comni[ed<br />
16. The€ is ctose retationship b€twcen healih condition of $ose who<br />
comnttt.d suicide and intenr ro commit suicide. Ir was foud rhar lhose<br />
who plysi€lly or so.ia y ill wre morc wlncdblc tnm rhos6 ofheatrhy.<br />
17. Tllere is close retaionship betwecn feeting of inferiorily od stare of<br />
noperessness of rhose who cornmined suicid€. . It was found fiar rhose who<br />
connired suicide who wqe in inf.riority comptex loud Oensetv€s in a<br />
sate of hopetessn$s thm thosc of coffident and contded.<br />
l8- Ttere is d@.elarionship b€Ne€n tecting ofu!€le$nqs and panicipalion<br />
itr social activities. It was found thal rh6c who @rni(.d suicido who<br />
were feeling uelesnels avoided laiticipating in locrrl &rivilies tnan those<br />
19. Tlere is close rclalionship berween cuttural<br />
connitted suicide and feelings of infe.iority<br />
those who committed suicidc who belonged<br />
confidar rhan $ose ofru6l.<br />
2t4<br />
b.ckgroud of rhose who<br />
complex. lt ws fonnd that
20. nero is close relationship between tofttiness md hop.lessDess. I! ws<br />
found tha! rhosc who comi(ed suicide who were liked renaioing alone<br />
were more in a state of hopclcssnes thrn th6e of ir onpdDBhip.<br />
21. ftere is close ftlationship betwee! povqg/ and lnssDs ro commrr<br />
suicide. Il was found that those who connifted suicide Nbo were poor<br />
coDmtued suicide no.c rhan fiose ofprivitoScd.<br />
22. Tlerc is ctose retalionship b€tw@ dohdtic violdc. !!d inl€nsions to<br />
clDnit suicide. Il wae found rhar UDse wlo com@lllqt suicide who we.e<br />
physically o! hdtally rodured in hones resoa.d more surcrdes rhm those<br />
ol vdftd md esp€crcd.<br />
5.5 LIMITATIONS <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> STUDY<br />
Tbe complexily ofluicjde s a socialproblem is profoud. TtEe de a tegc<br />
number of limitations thar acconpany reseorch on suicid€. Msy of lh€<br />
complicating factors involv. rhe rcloni4 processes wed wnen ce3rinS suicid.<br />
datab6es and $e social ed cutluat beliefs that affect rhe reporting of suicidc.<br />
Some ofthese limilations are identificd as follorvs:<br />
h the litemlure o! suicide lbere is .tefinitional<br />
Dmber of liDitations. hcorsisie.t definitions<br />
2t5<br />
Mbiguity, which c.€ales a<br />
oI suicide dd self-hm
nEke n difficDll to comparc findinSs ed ourcomes across studles. .lhre is<br />
aiso m absoce of reliable or vatid assssment of actual irreor to diq which<br />
cat lead to fahely classib/ing suicidat od non_suicidal behavionB.<br />
Highly lethal rnethods ofuintenrional injury (e.8. sh@iirg) arc on.n nqe<br />
edily mislabelcd 6 1'suicjde.' ehich caD in tum lead io m ovq_<br />
represental'on of fie number of completed suicides.<br />
Less lerhal merhods of sujcidc (e.g. overdoses, slasbind @ by definitio4<br />
noE dily nislateied s .,uniftentioral dsrhs,, whrch can lead ro m<br />
DdeHeprcsenradon of $e numbs of onpleted sdcios.<br />
Tlle hdidonal meuDd of cottecdng suicide dnra fias De.n rhrcugh rhe<br />
monirorinS of dillc@r media rcpo.ts. This nerhod doe not mclude pcopte<br />
sno @mmi( suicide bur rbeir 6cs usually rwhred as ac.idors. Ir is<br />
believed lhal 1 in 4 suicides go wepoded, Ir is comoaty bolieved lDong<br />
suicide researclers that rhe number of suicidcs js unddeponed.<br />
Th€ prirEry iiniLqtior of this Bearch is the sie ofrhe rspondflr erouts<br />
sd .elaivcly small, so rhd n would be difficutr to gchoFt|ze aoo ilr<br />
snrdy s results. 11w6 due to lhe shorraSe of timc sld availablc resoure.<br />
fte univen€ ofrhe sbdy s6 ioo tage Suicide in Sindh the.efo!€; ir sd<br />
not lladi.ally po$ible for ihe rescarche. ro cover all uiverse wi0dn<br />
available tme 6d rcsou.ces.<br />
216
6 The p.esent study was 0ral the res€srcher had rc, probe irro peEonal and<br />
private mteB. Usually jn ou s@icty leople do not like ro snseer such<br />
persond queltions d thos€ about thch fmity lif€. In spire ofrbese hurdles<br />
the rese{cne. tried his best to collecr as accurate data as possible aftei<br />
esrabljshing rhc besl mppon witl thc rcspondenb.<br />
5.6 RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
In tbe liSl of fie tndings of the precni study, iho rcs@ch.r woutd tike 10<br />
make $€ followinS recotunendatiotrs.<br />
Suicid€ dd suicide anempts must be .ecoCri2.d 6 a balor s@,al<br />
problem. Suicide prevenrion nur be given tueh pnonry, rgnoDng the<br />
problem will nol mrle il go away.<br />
Mass media canpaig$<br />
Sovemment orgdizalioos<br />
a need lo dis awareness<br />
impono€ oflife ilselc<br />
lhould be initiated by governmot ad non_<br />
10 raise aweoness aboul suicid€. Tho.e is also<br />
among different srrab of sociery .eSading rhe<br />
The preser study is of grcar signific.rce for rlE social d€v€lopm€trI ofa<br />
coutry like Pahsrlr. tn vicw of fiis it is the tu6l dsrc of Ille<br />
researcner that a comprehemrve ad elaborate researcn be cotujucted 1br<br />
2t7
th€ udenranding of different dimensions of fie problen and ib ovenll<br />
eff.cr on socio-econoDic dcvelopmenr ofri€ coumy.<br />
1 Tle lndings of this Fseeh sugScst rhai suicide has b6ome thc n€mce<br />
fof the society. Social syslem has goerally fait€d ro te$en the intensily<br />
of rhe !.oblem. It is badly needed thar some srcps DBr Dc taken tdr ihe<br />
b€nsmenr ofpoor seSments ofthc aociety.<br />
5 ?oliti€I, Eligiors and comnunity l@d6 shoutd come foBdd wi|h<br />
corcrete .fforts ro reduce thc interuiry of the proDren.<br />
6 Religious v.tu€s ed ides, whjch @ based upo rfie rru. reachings of<br />
hlam, shoutd be prcpagared &d applied iD ftue len.r and spirir. ttis will<br />
Detp ro rcdu@ irEtiolal behaviolu ed anitude towads Oe prcbten in<br />
7 Individual, as wel as comuniry awdencss abod fte severity ofsui.ide<br />
probtem mur b€ prcmored.<br />
8 Tnined qisis rnanagenonl team and cotres should b€ established in a<br />
9 Tnditional heting mcilods of Suicide should comptemeni MiDstqm<br />
me$ods, dcpending on individuat or @nunhd circM$ances.<br />
2t8
l0 The results ofthis expl@rory rcs€!rch hinled iowEds nF tack ofretiabl.<br />
iacls dd figucs on soicide. In this rcg0rd govomcnr is r.quesrcd ro<br />
oper enqgency cenrrE€ wirh lhc r€spoBibility of gathqing facrs and<br />
Iigus ofsuicide in the @unry.<br />
2t9
BIBLIOGMPHY<br />
Adaw. G.R and SchtuftveAr J.D (t985) Un dett to ndins Re searth Met ho.b,<br />
AdleL A r I 95& Sunde. Jnmat ot tndii.tual ptuhoto@. r 1, ,7-61<br />
ff:J a;TJ[:o:;.u) Re'qhc b ioteat b.haiou,. paite pad. Kdtachi.<br />
A aao. G a ,1098t Skdhi Cuttu,? A pteliduary Su er. !,atucht tndw<br />
Atwe,<br />
!^. (197q ne Satuee cod: ,1 sld, of Suicide, Ns rork nandon<br />
Aadersoa PJt. Snth RL. a\Bl Dpabs: t?adi\e co66Io. 2A0r. Natonat<br />
I/nol Statati.s Re]tu , 52t9).t-86<br />
:yfL.o::'"! /1yr,001' pc.ut. Dewtophm! in paksta,. sonat pota,<br />
oaa ewropnent ( phrer, O{otd Unn?4iry prc$. Kaa.hi<br />
4Muql Reeitu t200t) S@iat d*top at in palirtan Sotet poli., ad<br />
ueretopnent Ceaet O{atd Uai,e4 , pt s Karacht<br />
{:::,::';:'!:!'?f,5#;:ide N,h/ee davs Pubtished ia paib paw<br />
Ass^a. M. (2002) E@"tuic<br />
Dailv Dawn Katu hi Apnl 22,<br />
ltsais, A. (2001) Sui.id6 @<br />
2001<br />
150:108 12.<br />
$@ nah e6e oI riskc sugides tus<br />
the tu . me NM tnttuatio@t. Mor.h It,<br />
et at. (1993) Suxidat Behaiorc a Adull<br />
Daoiption and prevotae, ltutican Journr n<br />
220
Awtotua Dcpaaneat of Hcath and Aeed Core t20M) A<br />
P,crenhar otsundc and Sef-Ha,n n t^htl Au,anan<br />
8.ab!:: Motsh and Quitbo'h Ah AbbB. Ur?nptone . pov.tt, @d<br />
aectnt|g st'o ?.ononic tutu: asdded wtth ncteded tukides anq|<br />
Pakakai laath: a 6e stud, of l66 axenpted sui.id6 in Sindh pt\khA<br />
i,tkhg papq t89 Sdtainabt. Dfutowqt poti.y<br />
Ihst ute(SDPl),k|anbdd,pakistan,2004.<br />
Babbp. Eul !2001) The Ph.h.e O{ S@nt R^ur.r, WADA Volh<br />
rublbhing(b lnc. Belka Caltlamb<br />
Baker, 71. (1994) Doing So.iat Reseorch, New york: M.craw, rnc.<br />
Bateson, M (1994) Data Cn$ttuction in Socia! Suney, Lon ld: \lten aad<br />
Uhwin<br />
Beau.hoap I I t1999) Sutcttlc in thp A8e oJ Re6on, in s,n,.!e a<br />
::t:::?,: ::b,c:t .a,! cohQnporoly npha. pd B. /t amd,<br />
tuoldrccht ^utwet Acadeni. Publishqi. 1gge). t72.<br />
Bautan. A. Jorle. P. and Mur.!.t. R rragq U4dproyhat @d s4o6<br />
)utctae psy.^at Med. 1998.28 249_2t8<br />
^nenptt.<br />
Beoutuis, A.L (t998) A Revie,<br />
kalah.l Youth Suic ie prevention<br />
Bak A. 7., BrcM. c. a"d Stee,. &. L<br />
of Etidence: In ()* HadrThe New<br />
Strateg,. WeUketon, NZ: Mi"tjtry oI<br />
(1989) Predi.tio, of Ewtu\t suicde<br />
in Psychiafic lnpatienx by Clinical Ratihqlof Hopeksres Jo|nat ol<br />
Consthiie ahd Cliri.atptuholoq i7,<br />
Beck ,4 and SpeL R. t1989) Clin@!<br />
prediclorc of ewntual s cide.<br />
Beryafeld. J.c (1994) Thiltnng Cnrically about Raeorch Methods. Roston:<br />
Aenoa r L and Jobs D A t!ggl). /ldo!&ant Suria. Assq.n.nr and<br />
nPh 4tur An!!!.4ts!fufgx4!i!!oJ4 . rr^htaptoh DC.<br />
?21
. Bhat. Man t1991) Mo ohtr ld ,1.ci.!ens and Y'olehce u India od<br />
Hu-nphrct l6!itut? of pubti. Chi|a. R^eoreh Repo 9t-06-1. ee qtotp<br />
tVlai6. unive^tD ot Munqot| Mnneapots.<br />
l1l. Unkn 9a!"\<br />
Bid,_y (1997) Rnnsing Sioie na Aek !n, tn tirect Tt6, Netwott Bri.rsa.<br />
on.t Job Search ir Chi,o: /noi.aa SeioLoical Revi* 62, 36GJ8i.<br />
Rhklr, LA, Co ings, S.C.D. and Atki6on, J. (200J) Unenplolae dan<br />
sui.ide Euidence lu a u6al ottociatioa? J. Epi.teniot. Co.;unit, H"ohh.<br />
2003.57:594-600<br />
Roldt V. taE8, ne n?ant48 ol ,utcde hphationt lor a?arch !-!!!rj<br />
9(2):91(I108.<br />
Bory, tr.R.. & Gall, M.D. (19E9) Arcationat Retearch: An inttuductiot (5tt<br />
ed) New yort: Lansnan.<br />
Ereitbad W (1993) Suici.le Pnk ard Pain ih Can@ and AIDS potidts. in<br />
Cutre,t aul E@ryinA Issu6 ir Cancer Pain: Rqench and pru.1ice, e.!_ C.<br />
R. Chapnan ond K. M. Fotet, New fuk: Raven Pr6s, , 49-65.<br />
Brcnban Y. (1990) Cancq Pain tu.l Sticile," in Ad@.a tu pain R6@.ch<br />
and Thsow ed_ K. M Folet et al., vol (New yqt: Ro'en pr6, 1990), 399-<br />
. gtow, P. Q00t) Choosine to die - a etueing epidmic anone the r@re_<br />
Butletin otthe Worl.! Heolth Otuani2ation. 2001. 79( t 2: ! 17 5 - tt77.<br />
Brynaa,.4tan on.l Dun.an, Craner (200t) Quantitdtiye D\ta,tnausis,<br />
RurIat Fateh Muhamnad eAA2) Pov. y in Sindh: A Sniolosimt )Mltsis,<br />
Researh Jourul Kalachi. Shah Abdul Latil Bhi\oi Cnai, Utitusitt of<br />
Burton F. Richar.! (t999) Sindh o n Raa llat I 4hneyortol<br />
1nd6, VMgtard EooLs repri"ted, Lahort.<br />
cBc N@s Qnline: M@itoba RBaN ,rs}j lo, Hetp Afq 7h'@ S/i.id6 i,<br />
Nire Days. July 20. 2002:<br />
222
CadA. .t Th? ntth ol st.tph6. Ioadon. perguin. ro9! ,oagiaatt<br />
Pubhsted 1942).<br />
Cantot, C.H. and \dme, P.J. (t998) ,1@s to netho.t oI ei.ide: whdl<br />
idpa.t? A6t. Nz. J. Pt/chiaty 1988.32:8- t4.<br />
cdten ht Dis.6e Cottrcl and Prcv.ndon, Nationat Ce"tq Iol tnjury<br />
P4edtion and Coatrcl (ptod@). Web-boted rnjury Stattttics erc,, a;.t<br />
Repo ine Srsten (WIWRS) Ionti|el . (2004).<br />
Chondlq, MichdelJ. & Chrbtopher Lalondet99S "Cutarut A"tin ittr at a<br />
HedSe agaiBt Stickle ih Cdnada s First Natio6. Tanftu\vat psychiatry<br />
35(2):191-219.<br />
chia B. L (1999) Suicide i. Si,eapote, Tin5 Boots r"tem.ti6al<br />
Cokwe y, Dlbetstei, Pn" Cot C, Hetmann JH, Fotbes NT, Caihe ED<br />
(1998).<br />
Datut LeTo (t971) Suicide: ne conble dh D@th, Pre"ne-rrar. pt@<br />
oI Publicatid: EnglMo.! Chfs, NJ.<br />
D. L.o D, Hi.ker PA, Naliryer K Cantat CH (t999). AKi"C a"d Sticide<br />
A Repo to the Comnonwahh Deparhent of Health and Ased Care.<br />
A6ttuli@ I8titutelor Suicide R6earch an.l Prtunrio,, Anfith Uaiwtity.<br />
Dqov, Mtrian a Kathryn cMpbe| (2002) "c*ualties of lbot\inal<br />
Displa.etuefu in Catu.la: Childrcn at Risk Anonc the lrtu of labtudoL"<br />
Reluee 20(2):21-33.<br />
Deparm of H.abh ard Hwn Seflices. me Suryeon Gaetol's coll to<br />
action b p.Mt suicide. wBhirsto, (Dc): Depatnne\t of E@lth Mtl<br />
Dougl6, Jack (1965) / Sociological Str.l, oI Sricide: Suicidal @tio8 arc<br />
neaningtful a.tiow: Ph.D. Dse otion, P,inceton Uni@Bity.<br />
Dublin, L.I (1963). Suicide: A Sociological ad Sratiltical9udt, Ntu Yotk:<br />
223
. Dutkh.ih,E.(t951) Suicide: A study in sociolog, Frc. pBs. NN<br />
Yqk[Ongira ! ptbliJh..l ir t 897].<br />
. Enery, P E. (1983.) .ltloletce Deu*tion Md Sui.itle. Adotescdce, tB.<br />
245-258,<br />
. En.rctope.lia olSocial Science (t96E), vol-|5. ne M@-Miton Conphy &<br />
ne Free P,els Ne|| York<br />
. E crclap.dia ofBtitottica, NC (t977) Vol.: 17, H.tek Hening||q) Bqton,<br />
Publisher Chicago / Latdoa.<br />
. E"crctoptdi, oJ Rntan ica, <strong>IN</strong>c (1973) vol.: 17, Heler Hninswdy Bentoa,<br />
Plblishet Chi.ago / Lon.lor.<br />
. Fqnef, C B. (1973) A Fuactioial lvusis of Depressioa. Ameiek<br />
Psyc hologist, 2 8, 85 7-870.<br />
. Frcdenck, D. J., ard ResnicL, H. L. P (197t) Ha|| Sticitlol Eehatiou5 tue<br />
L.amed. .4netican Jounal ofPsechothetuoe 25. 37Jt.<br />
. Frdd, S. (19t7) Mo@ing an.l Melancholia. In J. Stnchet (Ed. aid Tru6,.<br />
11e stondod edino" ol the @nptete orycholoeicdl turtt otsidtrd Frctd<br />
(Vol.11, pp.213-258).<br />
. Freud, Sigftund {1963) Intoductory t oturos on Pstcnoualtsis. (Trsslat d by<br />
J@s Saachcy.)Middld, Elgldd: Paguin.<br />
. Gadn Ahu Dt. (2000) A @eat tu*t @eals, Ptblish.d in Daily Daw.<br />
Kuach i, Dokd: 26-07 J 000.<br />
. Ga and A., Shafet D. an.l Whit e, B. (t989).1 Notional Suwe, olschool<br />
BBed, A.loletcqt S"icide Prewrtioa Ptus,aas. Jenal of the Anencan<br />
,1@d@, of Chitd & Adolscqt Psrchidtry 28: 9lt-934)-<br />
. Goy,LR and Peter Anasian (2000) Edacatioial Research Canpetencies<br />
lor ,4nalyis Md Appli.ation, Prcnti.e-Hall, Ihc, Nd Jercer.<br />
. G./an. EheinQ988) CaAda vM ve tlonaldbi Dava,klar (Cont ,tpowr<br />
Li[. ond Ca,hQr nhattuAettuviold). htorbd: Aei Kitabei.<br />
. etuy L.R and Diehl, P.L. (t992) Research Metho.b lor B^ih6s a"d<br />
Manaqenqt, Nu york: MMII Mdcnillan, lnc<br />
224
cww EarcLt (Ed) (9t9) credt Cs6 k psrxhe"at sir. Nq rotk:<br />
Culbhat w t1996)<br />
Su(de Raenh. 2, 3lh.<br />
epidekiologt of eAid. n old 48e. Afchtv* ot<br />
Gnnell, D, LopatoEitlis, A., Datlks, D., et ol. (1999) Ssicide aMl<br />
rn.nptotnent th roug p@pte 'lnalrsis of trends ih Englan.t ard Wata,<br />
1921 t995. Rr.J. Psrchiatry. 1999.<br />
Ha.lth BulJta.i 2 aat. Ndmted mabit bin Ad-Dahha*<br />
Hadith - MBIih ll64E ,<br />
Hadith - ll-fimidhi #1613, Nonated Jdbin ibn Affilllah.<br />
Haeoo.!, M.G. and Ptice, D.O. (19t7) Statistics Fot S@iotogistt, N4 yqk:<br />
Henryui an.l Conpanf.<br />
Hakin. C. (1967) R$eoch Daic.. Sl'ategies ahd Cltoica in the D6isa oI<br />
Soctol Raearch: Lordon: A eh and Unvin.<br />
Holbwhs, M. (1930) Ls .as6 .lu sui.rle Libtoiie Fetir.|l.an, Pob.<br />
English ttuBldtior br H.Goldblat (t976) |he CdBs of Sui.ide. In"don:<br />
Rautledee and Kegan Paul<br />
Hawton, K., /lrqwa, E., W8setuah. D., Hulan, A., et al. (t998)<br />
Relatio6hip betwa adenpted eicide o"d eicide rat6 anonS toung<br />
people in E tupe. ! Epidaiol. Connuritt Heabh. 1998.52:t9l - 194.<br />
He.hck. T.E., Bict, an, L. and Roe D.J (1993) .4ppte.l Research Daign, A<br />
P ract i c a I Gti.le. C o lifo d io : Sa ge Pa b I i ca I ih.<br />
H.ryenz S, Fav@za.4 (1997) Impulsivirt in Selt-nltilalive Beh@iol:<br />
Prchonet/ic a.d Biological Fikdinss. J Psrthiat Res: 3 t :451465.<br />
Hill, K. 1995. The Lo,s Sbep: ytung Peo?h and Suicide, Londo.: vircgo P6<br />
Hintikla, J., Saarihen, P.L a".l viitunaLi. H- (1999) Sui.me notalitt in<br />
FialMd dtnng @otuni. .lcle IgEJ - 199s. Scon. J. Pu ic H@lth- t999.<br />
2?:8t 88.<br />
225
'<br />
Hunan Dewlopnat Repo (2002)<br />
tuorld. Unned Natiohs DMlopkat<br />
Jacqtes Chotun (1927)Suicide, Ch<br />
Jonathaa. Ctuvthet (t998) orlotd<br />
Deepehi"g dwtuc, ii a tdgneno.l<br />
Ptugrsn. OrJo.tl U"ive\iry Pt.ss, New<br />
Seribner & Sons Ntu Yotk<br />
Adwced L@net t Dictionary, Otlod<br />
Kak.poto. Honadtqah Q002) Powr\t in Sindh: A Sdiotosical A.atl{'is,<br />
&geoah _:totmal Kotochi. Shah AUlt Larif Bhi(ai Chai, Uniwsi, of<br />
Kakepoto, Honad lah Ac$) A Sociologbo! St d, of sticida in Sindh,<br />
J9umql ot Social scierces & Humaaitid. Facuky oI4fis, Universib, of<br />
Ka\bh Datlv. Htdaabad Edtor AhQaa. Dalcd: 12 2a00.<br />
Ka||ish Daily. Hr.lerubrd, E.titor: Ali 0@L Dakd: 03-ot-20A0.<br />
Kdiah Dailr, Htderubad Ennor ati qel Ltated: r 2-1 1-2000.<br />
Keith, /- B.oie.tate (1912) ssci& (Hindu)". it Jmq Haj/'ings (ed.)<br />
Encv.l@edia ot Relisim and Eki.s (Edinbvth: T. tud T. Atb ! 2:3r3j.<br />
Khan, M./ (t9E9) Resetuch Methodotogltu Busi.qs and Sociat probte$,<br />
Islanab4d: Utive$ity Grcnts Cotukistion<br />
Khuhrc Hahi.la (t999) me Mahry a[ Modem Sindh, Orlo^t Unive$itl<br />
KinayeL Lourerce J., et at. (1993) Suicide in lboiginat popltanon:<br />
En rging Trends i, Raedrch and Prewntion. Dnlt r@rch sht !, prcpar.d<br />
lor the Royal Chnission on Aboticiaal Peoples. AtM.<br />
Kova.s, M. and B..h A. T. (1977) Th. wish to Die ad the Wh to Lik in<br />
Attenpted 3ui.id6. Jolnal ofctiniatPechoto@. 33. 36t 36t.<br />
Krcinah, N. (1976.) ne coal g6 story. Uritei Kiagdon suicide rutet, 1960<br />
- 1971. Bt. J Ptev. Soc. Med. t976.30:86-93.<br />
Kug EG, Dahlbery LL, Mep' JA, Z||i AR, Ltuno R, aditals. World repod<br />
a, violence and heakh kendl onlinel. 2A04 Mar.<br />
226
. LaFtunboi*, lM D. & aat HMd-nh4 (t995) .sui.idat 8.1@iu i,<br />
/lh.ri@a l"ditu FML,jdolenE." In Voaa.aa Suicittzt E.l@iot,.tt .a bv<br />
S>'Ivia S@a CMo & Da:"d.r Ls@, 1t?-t68. Ntu for*: Sptiige P'UBhi;g<br />
. lakthni vijayakt a42000) Sticid. and its Ptqdtion tu Inda, yolwtary<br />
Health Sedices Kotturputun. Chennai, India<br />
. LeqaaB, A. (t99t). Sticide. ti: H. w6s & R. /. Neinqv (Ed') Dyinc:<br />
Fa.ins lhe lacL, (rd .n).e S.,iet i. deal\ ed/cation, astnc, ad h@1,<br />
care). Philad.lphia: Taylot & Fnncis, pp. i47 -383.<br />
. Izo De and EvM, R eou) Intqnttiontl Sticide ra/B.nd Preve iot<br />
Prentice Hall trc.<br />
'trute$es,<br />
. L.st*. D. (tW). *ttt p@pt. ttil th.s.b6: A t990t stMt, of t@di<br />
lindi,St hsuicidat b.h.itu wi,gt.rd. tL: charb c. fto@.<br />
. Ltuit, C. N.l Slogaer, t. Q96) Sticde, depriwtiu atd 6.hptotmatt:<br />
le@rd li,k Ce ttu.t .hMei.J- t9 .3lr:1283-86.tOO.<br />
. Lube Ktt, swahn MH. Ct6b 48, Keelq SR. Methodt d sricide onory<br />
pe6oB ag.l I&19 yeaft-United f/'ates, I992-2001. Mb{VR 2001:t3:1?J-<br />
473.<br />
. Mati* Ercn Halot Q003) Ritine Trend dsuicid!! in Pabsttu, Dzih) J@e.<br />
. March.ll Aordo, (t99E) Dicrio.ary ols@iologl Otlod Uni6iy pre$.<br />
. Mn^, Kdd t97Ealr84tl 'Ec@hic o,td phitsophtnr Mwipl, o! ru4 , L<br />
m. MM-Ensdt R.ntd, ditd b! Rob.d C. i*td,66r2t. NN yot*: v.n<br />
. M@hn, P.J. LE. S4EM, osd R.ly. Saai^, Suicid. ,tnone Ot t . Unite.l<br />
Star.s Rai.t r|J: Epd.miol;tic Chanct ti i6 ooa rr;,*, t^nno,<br />
Joumat ot Puuic Heauh 8 t ( 1991): t I%- t 200.<br />
. Metui"Cel K. (1938). Ma, Asainst HiBetl Ne* fo*: HMi gftc..<br />
. MoB.nL Erttco Q EE4 me crcfing Ration d &lict te, Nfl yo*<br />
. MoBe, J.M- (194) Critaal Issuet in Qtolitative R6.@h Methodr.Irhdon:<br />
221
Murdd Mooso Khttl (1998) Suicide otd Aledpt d Suicide in Paldtt n, Oiti!<br />
ne Jowrdl ot Ctisis keMnon a"d Suicide P@dtio yolune !9,No.4.<br />
Nachin6, C.F. dd N@hi^6, D. (1996) Resurch Meko.b in ne S@ial<br />
3c i q. e t, In ndo n :,1 mot.l.<br />
Najeeb Khdla D. Q000.) suicide Rate Rtiet RNd thc ebbe, pubtirh.d in<br />
Daily Daw., Karchi. Doted. 2G07-2000.<br />
Nelnan, J. ond Lew!'. e. (1999) Suic le, rcIigion a"d socio@Mic<br />
.hditio$. /n 4ologtcal stud! in 26 .owttis, t990. J. Epiddiol<br />
Cohnuhity Hed,h- 1 999. 5 3 : 201 - 2 I 0.<br />
OliveL R.e. 6.1 H.Eel, 8-5. (t972) Rise and lalt of flici.te ,otet in<br />
Aanalia: relatio" to s.dative atuilobility. Me.t. J_ Asl 1972. 2: 99t - 923.<br />
Pdee. A., Mone , S. 3d Talot, R. Q002) Suicidz @d Poin ol Redm. in<br />
New Sotth Vala atul /"nalia Doing rhe 2Ah Catuty J. Epideniot.<br />
conhunity Health. 2002_ 56:766 - 772.<br />
Pin*' J, 8ueeal P (1998). Suicrl2 o l ,ec.rct of cdta.t with h.tlh carc:<br />
a systnalic reifu. Bntuh J@mal of PsNhiant, 173: 162-1H.<br />
Posta",T. (1973) P.no.al ObtqtatioN o4 Sirdh, rqi .n. K$ehi:<br />
Popula.id CeNt (199q, eMmntert oJ Strdh Po|itttu.<br />
Preti, A. n l lliota P. (t999) Sticid. atul UtunptorMt k ttaty, j 9E2 - t 994, J,<br />
Epiddiol- Com"tty E@lth- 1999. 5t:6 - 201.<br />
Rao, yatoba (1975) Sticide i. I ia, in: N.L.Faftqow (.d.) Stliri.te in<br />
Aneredt CtltuB. Babinore: Uniwrsity Pa* P,6s.<br />
Relatio,sltips ofogc ud uis I dtag^6is i, viditu olcodpleft.! tui.id.: /<br />
psychorog'or .uropry sNdy. Afrdics Jounll ol Psy.hi.Ey, t tl: | 00t _ lmE.<br />
Rind, A.,a. Q002) ne dte of ".leak sobtitu". polnicot Econory.. The N@t<br />
Inthational. Sundar 30 th June, 2002.<br />
Ror. A. (t966). Stictde in Schi2ophrcnia. Suicide (pp.g?-t 12). BaUtut:<br />
228
. RdiN ord Reearch AAendd, Jonal ol the Awriqn Me.li.ot Arrociarion<br />
262 (t9E9): 2273-79<br />
. Rose. D. ad Sulitun, o. (1993) I"trodrcing Data .andt sit lor S@ial<br />
&ientists, Brch"shom Philddetphia: Op.n Uniyeryit) pas.<br />
. R6h, A. J, ard Be.k, A. T. (1978) Cognitiye Thenp, of Depression hd<br />
Suickle. Aketican Jo*ral of Psrchothetapr, 32, 20t 219.<br />
. Satatu Ahhed (2000) M6t Saicida Dre b See of IBeNitt, ,uidation,<br />
Daile Dawr. Kor@hi. DaEd: 19-07-2000.<br />
. Satit, ll.E. an.l Galloper,I.N. (1968) Socione,ic R5et h. Dota Co edid<br />
and Sc4lir& New yorL: 51. Manin\ h6s.<br />
' s@n Cutit J. (2004) Sricide also 'iles in lond of riins sua, Asia nm.s<br />
. Sehn lnad-u-Renon (!985) Khutl6hi . tE7-C Ctulbers faislabad.<br />
. srall.r D (1993) P@ati,s Suicitl. in rtune P@ple. lnnMtitu ud<br />
R6ear.h 131.2/413 9-<br />
. Shaikh PtoI Khclido (1996) Risins Cat6 ol Sti.id5 in SiNk, Publhhed in<br />
3!!!Li1!!4L Intitute of Sindhology,Sintlh Uni|eBity, Jatuhoto<br />
. Sheikh, M.S. (2004 Suici.ta. me Ners InEmational Febtury 10,2002<br />
. Shneidno, Edwin S. (2001) Conptehenline Sui.ide Landmd.s in 20Th-<br />
Cd t u t, St i c i d o lo &,. / n e nc u P t t c h ol %iul A $ @iation.<br />
. Shaeidmar, E. S. (1986) Sone Es.ntioh lor Suicrle tud Sone Inplietio8<br />
for Response, in SuicAe. ed. A. Roy (Baltimore: Wi i@ ard Witkins, t986),<br />
. Shneidnak, E (1994) Defnitioi ofsui.ide. Notthvle, NJ, J6onAronson.<br />
. Singh, J. (1991) Intoduction to Methods ol S@iol R8qrch, New Dethi:<br />
Stetlirg Ptblish.rs Pyt- Ltd-<br />
. Sindh tops i, tuici.le .6es. seninar told (2002, Nov 6) Ddilr Daw,<br />
229
'ot%on<br />
S. B. (199t) Suicide Anong the Euerly: Issres Ftins plbtic<br />
Hea\h, Anuicu Joumal of Publi. H@lh 8 t : I 109- r 0<br />
sowt, E J. & C6er. R.J (1982) )tmlyzing Edueti@at Rsetuh Betho ,<br />
C4: Vadttunh NeYuk.<br />
Srersel, E. Suicide ard an.nted ei.ide London. pqsui B@rs. ! 967.<br />
Sti ion J M and McDovell E E (1996), S'icide Aqoss the L{a Spon (2nd<br />
E.!) Taylor and Ftuncis: W$hkgtoa DC.<br />
Sticide )n Sinah, Doil, Sindh Ndspap.L Erddabad, Dokd, U-09-j996.<br />
Stici.!4 in Awtrulia (200q lutralian Depatttuent ol Heatth and Ase.l<br />
Carc ,4DHAC), Austrctia.<br />
sutta, ,lhned (200a) Playing with uaenpLo/nent fsula. Dait Daw,<br />
sunda! Magazine, Dailr Dawn, Da'|n erctps, Kara.hi, Doted: 0G02-<br />
2000<br />
Sunda, MagMine, Daily Dawn, Dawn Qrcups, Karrch' Dotad: 06-02-<br />
2000.<br />
sun€, PC. dd Duqr,.tC (1989) Suicidc i. Engtnad Md Wal6 1946 - t985:<br />
an aecpenod cohort ml)4is. Acrd Psychiar Sced. 1989. 79:216 223.<br />
Tehan M. Mlta, D (t96). Signs ol Hope Jeslit Sociat S.ni.es Lul.<br />
Ihe Associote.{ Ptss (2004) Rates Na\| Highet lor feflales than for<br />
me Nable Qtr'an An-Niso 4:29.<br />
ne Repo o" Suicide in Catada (199a), Minittry of S@ial Wefore,<br />
Ca,rna<br />
The secdd teche QNI), Doitv DaM. Kar@hi, Dated: 2-4-200t.<br />
modpsoL Kewth (!982) Suicide, Enite DwtJEin. tb".!on: Tavist@*<br />
.210
. Tolan, Ratlas(1983) Toptum Bilinletine Gins (lntotudion to Social<br />
Scie hc4). Ankaru : Sae6 Yeyineei<br />
. Update oJme Notionat Tdl Force on Suicide in Catuda (1994) Sticde in<br />
Canada. Ottawa: H@lh Cdna.la. Catalog Nvber: H39- I 07/r 995E<br />
va, D.A (200 1 ) Suney i n Social Res. arc h, Ruledge, Nd votk.<br />
. liaydh,nar, L. & S. Rajtuw (1999) "Are Risk FactoB 16 Sticde<br />
Llniversat? A C6. connol Study i" lndia, .4ctaPstchianico Scazdin@ico<br />
99:4A7-4t1.<br />
. wai-Hoi, L. (t992) Suicidal Behdio,t ih Hong Kong, ir: Kok lae Pas Md<br />
,fetshns Tteng (e^) Suici.lal Behdviot in the Asia-Peift Reeion,<br />
Siteapore: Singapote hiwBitl Prcs: 8-r I t .<br />
. Weich, S. dn.l lavis, G. (1998) Povetty, u,enplolnent, atd conno4 Mtol<br />
disorder: populatitu-b8.d .ohon study. Bntish Medical Joumal. 1998-<br />
. Werete. 5.. WiedenmL A. (1995) Ecoaohic lactors and the rates of<br />
suicdq in Genony between I98l Md t989. Pst hol, Rep. 1995. 76:1J31<br />
. rr'eich, S. a Levit, G. (1998) Pove.ty, uenplolnent, ard.o'nnon Mt4l<br />
dbordq: populatid-bued cohon sh/dt. Bntish Me.li.al Joudal 1998.<br />
. Wilians, Malcolk Q003) MaLine SeBe oI Sociat Retearch, Sase<br />
Publi.atio$ Inc. Califodia.<br />
. Winobr C. and D- V Black (1992) Sui.ide What C@ Be Dore, Nw<br />
Ergland Jornal ofMedicine 327: 490-91 .<br />
. WHO (Wdld lleakh Oryani.atioa) (1974). Suicide and Attmpted Suicrle<br />
Publi. Heskh PapeB No. t8 (ee.aa: *otl.l Heakh Oryanization).<br />
. Worl.! Heohh Oryanaation Figures ond lacts about sui.ide. WHO, Centu,<br />
. wo r! H@lth Oryanzotio" (1999) Figres ud Ftull abtut Suicd6,<br />
.21|
wo,ld H@ h O.gaiwno' e0O2). VorU R.po on viote"a. ont Heatk.<br />
\as E:o P4tb!,e LL. M.,cr JA. z4r AB. Lozano R. ?ttito,, GenN,<br />
Switrqla'd: voltl Heolh Oryani2dtio".<br />
,latkirg Grotp on Preve"tiw pra.ticd in Srieide o\d Adehpted Sricide.<br />
lo a 22G26 Setrdb"r t986 ltunna,, frpd4 Copaiaeq, wHO<br />
Renhdr o|ic.Io, Eurcp.. !086 rtt,n.a; tci psi 011(sr.<br />
r.ouhE. Paulue (1962) Scie,tfic Sodat Sure, a"d Researeh To^yo. ptati..<br />
Zhos, X. and M@a, P. (1997) Ihstitrtionat ChahAe aft Job Shaft paueln k<br />
Ufta, Chi,a, 1949<br />
^t t9%. Aderiat Socioloci.A Rei*, 63, J39_36j<br />
4nth. S. L. Nora. A.M_Sud@ a".t E Dso@ (tqEt). Cae of D"ah<br />
tte-poth4e it Ma db ,t Source Boo* ot Cowe-Sppcinc Mo otii Rales.<br />
1975-t981 Sciehrilc R.pon No 6j iot ata. titoiatiwt aan p<br />
Diafthoeal Dise6e Relqrch, Banetads .<br />
232
APPENDIX
DEPAIIT{EIYI <strong>OF</strong> SOCIOII)CY<br />
UNIVERSNY OA SNDE JAITTSSORO<br />
Tophr "SITICIDES <strong>IN</strong> S<strong>IN</strong>DE DURE{G t9l m 200{tr A<br />
soclourcIcAl, AN Lt$A'<br />
NEAEAR(SIR| AS1!Z AlI WASS<strong>IN</strong><br />
QI,ESTIONN .lxE NTTRVtr$SCmI)|'IJ<br />
N0o.r(Ndl.I-{oryl C.sr..<br />
& M.lc h Fdt<br />
2 ,rgconY..n)<br />
t"ll25 b.2635 c.36_15<br />
d-&(<br />
3 MobdToocu!<br />
& sidtj h Si6ih c. Brtocli<br />
(lu|tb eBtoti d.<br />
^lrwri<br />
a qhlrlBrtgwd<br />
aun@ b. Rrd<br />
214
5 Mlrild SllnlN<br />
a. UtD.nicd b.Irlr.icd c. Dwr€cd<br />
4 Widow c. Slponrld c. wldowlr<br />
6 Nudb.. of ft drla ifrri({<br />
,.04 h 3-5 c. ca<br />
dsll c. t2+ C Noi^pdic.h|c<br />
r Ui!.e<br />
d rd|ttc<br />
& flut r<br />
8 Pdlm.r Ooop.tio!<br />
.. Coltjob<br />
b. Pti-at<br />
t Chrh.<br />
t, S"if-coployca c. Hour6 l|ifn4lou.@rrid<br />
a Jobl.ls tsrd.nt g. Aryorl.C<br />
9 Fam.l l$onr (pJd.)<br />
rNoID@ h Lc6.rRrl6o c' rrr00l_200<br />
d&2001-3000 .. Ri. jmt+<br />
l0 Rlligio<br />
.. Muilio b. NoFMu.tinl<br />
a5
I I H.id of P|nily<br />
d. S.lf<br />
D. ll|t3band c. Mor!.r<br />
c. &otl ! d. Alyoltbcr<br />
12 TyFofFrnily<br />
r.N|lcLu b.roiftrBdod.d c. singh<br />
13 Sirc of Fmily<br />
L2-4 b.5-7 c.&10<br />
d. I l-13 ._ 14+ f ShSh<br />
la Fuily I!..8 0n R pd ,mnt )<br />
..t $ th! 3000 b.3001-5000<br />
e.6{01-9000 d.900o+<br />
15 EnEdidof Otrdira@dr.tnlh6rd,Ottr)<br />
.. I|l1!i{0 t. Pri@y b Dirdlc<br />
c M&ic b id.Dcditt d- GdDb &d .tovc<br />
16 OccrFrio ofiir.rdid (Frt dftBb.rd/Obls)<br />
t.Covts.(vd hB!!iDc!.o!l o. F..ui! d.Alyoth.r<br />
l? Did.ay mc.t c conEir sd!i& h yoor finily?<br />
.Ycs hNo c.rroolKrry
'lE trfl wu hi./hd D..Ifr.6diriod<br />
r. Good b.Aitng. c" poo.<br />
19 lr .ay type off.t{ di!o!|. Ieft[. h.d?<br />
!. Y$ h No c. Doi't rlnov<br />
20 fti bdrd. i! r|oljtu b.6t! cdmitdog ricidd<br />
2I lf yt3,.im. ho\r lo.g hcr'&. N,.s e.lry loPcktr|o.s.?<br />
. Sie oD. Dlrh b. Si@ tilt sir h@b!<br />
cMcilt@lhDoft d.Ild'tf$oy<br />
22 Whd scrs l!! reuo!| oflM.r lopclcs$.sr?<br />
r Fadilyprotleri! b. UlentloyEllrt c. Dis.!..<br />
d. D€.tb ofd.eonc e. Not apptic.blc<br />
23 Did hr'tl! io[ d],@ rtor th. id.dio. to couon |uictb?<br />
r Ycr b. No c. Dm,tI(Dr<br />
24 If y!s, how tnlch li|D. hcL?<br />
b. No<br />
roncndlh b. hlr sir Inonlb!<br />
c, Mot!$mlilnod6. d Do!1lrow<br />
2X7
25 Did tdrhc Ey b nE|lpt sicid..b.6r! tlh c?<br />
r. Yc. b, No c. tlar,tl(nm<br />
26 How w.s hiriha lltatioo! with pdllir?<br />
r.tu D. Normll c. Bd<br />
27 lfnaric4 tor y|t bi. Atl ddid wirt {orc dd .rjt&!r?<br />
.. VcrySood bcood cL Nqrrl<br />
d. Brd c. Not^Flirhb<br />
?6 Did hdrb€ u!. !o f,ghr u,irL finily Ec&b€r!?<br />
!, Yes b. ToJoh. cilllt c.No<br />
29ltDrd!4 did td|lr u. io @l l!! h.ric I.qf othitt tuily,<br />
.Ye3 b.To@qilot c. No<br />
30 ffu&dployld did ttlsb. use 0o nr.t th. hsic Ecdi of tirih!. ffDit)4<br />
., Yqe b. Toso6. crtdt c.No<br />
3l Did hd!l. ftcl rE wirh inily @bd. ..! y?<br />
b. So
Change language