Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

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1.3 Summary of Risk Assessments The import risk analysis assessed the biosecurity risks to New Zealand of a number of organisms potentially associated with this pathway. The organisms were in the most part grouped into organism types to help simplify the assessment and subsequent analysis. The organism types or “hazard categories” are listed in the following table: Hazard Category Chapter Hazard Description Significant Examples Invertebrates (Beetles, nematodes, moths, aphids) Surface Feeding Invertebrates 4 Pollen feeders, Seed eaters, Shoot feeders, Moths, Scales, Aphids. Wood Boring Insects 5 Borers, Longicorn beetles, Ambrosia beetles, Bark beetles, Weevils Agathiphaga queenslandensis, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Hyblaea puera, Neophyllapis araucariae Hylurdrectonus araucariae, Platypus froggatti, Xyleborus perforans, Hoplocerambyx severeus, Eurhamphus fasciculatus Micro-organisms (Fungi, bacteria) Foliage Diseases 6 Rusts, leaf spots, mildews. Aecidium fragiforme Root Diseases 7 Root rots Phellinus noxius, Sclerotium rolfsii Wood Decay Fungi 8 Wood rot and heart rot Fomitopsis pinicola, Phellinus noxius, Canker Fungi 9 Stem cankers and die back Macrophoma araucariae Mycorrhizal fungi 10 Ectomycorrhizae, Arbuscular mycorrhizae Endogone sp A small number of organisms have been isolated from Wollemia nobilis nursery stock in Australia and were considered in this analysis. These organisms are listed in the following table: Chapter Scientific name In NZ? Vector of a hazard More virulent strains on goods overseas In NZ but not associated with goods In NZ but not in region. 10 Arbuscular mycorrhizae Y/N 10 Ectomycorrhizae Y/N 11 Botryosphaeria sp. Y/N 12 Phytophthora cinnamomi Y N Y N N Scientific name In NZ but different host associations Under official control or notifiable No or little information on organism Potential Hazard? Arbuscular mycorrhizae Y Ectomycorrhizae Y Botryosphaeria sp. Y Phytophthora cinnamomi Y N N Y Page 2 of 193 14 March 2008 Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia
1.4 Recommended Measures Based on the risk analyses completed for each identified pest or pest group listed in Chapters 4 to 12 the following measures are recommended for Wollemia nobilis whole plants and rootless cuttings from Australia to achieve the stated risk management objectives: i) Pre-export measures during nursery growth and before export to New Zealand. ii) Treatment and inspection either shortly before export from Australia or after arrival in New Zealand. iii) A period in a Level 2 post-entry quarantine facility in New Zealand. Aside from ensuring plants in vitro are indeed axenic, there are no phytosanitary measures required for Wollemia nobilis nursery stock imported from Australia as plants in vitro. It is important to note that these are recommended measures only, and any alternative measures that provide an equivalent level of protection and meet the specified management objective will be accepted by MAF. The following sections summarise the three measures for Wollemia nobilis whole plants and root-less cuttings from Australia. 1.4.1 Pre-Export Nursery Management and Plant Inspection Requirements Referring to the existing management practices provided in section 3.6.1 and Appendix 2, and the risk assessments completed in Chapters 4 to 12, the following nursery management practices should provide appropriate assurances that the levels of organism infestation on exported Wollemia nobilis nursery stock have been lowered sufficiently to allow for the adequate management of biosecurity risks on arrival in New Zealand. i) To ensure plant material is free of wood-decay fungi before export to New Zealand, it is recommended that consignments of whole plants or root-less cuttings should be limited to specimens that have a maximum stem diameter of less than 12 centimetres (5 inches). ii) It is recommended that the following nursery management practices be undertaken to provide assurances of adequate quality control and crop hygiene, particularly disease, pest and weed control and nursery hygiene in the production of plants for export to New Zealand: o Accreditation under the Nursery Industry Accreditation Scheme, Australia (NIASA). Additional or more specific requirements to the NIASA scheme include: • To achieve an outcome that reduces the likelihood of exported plants being contaminated by a hazard organism, it is recommended that plants in the consignment to be exported be raised from seeds or cuttings in soil-less media in containers maintained out of contact with the soil; Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia 14 March 2008 Page 3 of 193
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobi
Page 3 and 4: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following peop
Page 7: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Synopsis T
Page 11 and 12: 1.4.2 Plant Inspection Requirements
Page 13 and 14: Plant Management Requirements • T
Page 15 and 16: 1.4.6 Expected Performance of Measu
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.1: A summary of the Biosec
Page 19 and 20: determine the level of likely risk.
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3.4 Risk Estimations The aim of
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.5 Assessment of Residual Risk R
Page 25 and 26: Photo of Wollemia nobilis foliage i
Page 27 and 28: There are about 20 species in the g
Page 29 and 30: visual inspection. Any of the requi
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Page 33 and 34: o As a group, endophytic or saproph
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.2 Assessment of Risk of Exposur
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.4: Overview of the potenti
Page 39 and 40: 3.7 References Bullock, S; Summerel
Page 41 and 42: citrus planting material and fruit
Page 43 and 44: clumps over the face of the fruit.
Page 45 and 46: Potential for spread Surface feedin
Page 47 and 48: c) Treating all imported Wollemia n
Page 49 and 50: While this methyl bromide treatment
Page 51 and 52: sufficient protection from surface
Page 53 and 54: The objective for the pesticide tre
Page 55 and 56: Coptotermes: Termite Coptotermes ar
Page 57 and 58: found in plant material from small
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New Zealand economy will only becom
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o transmitted to a host plant in th
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Additional measures Inspections sho
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considered adequate to ensure air-b
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6. FOLIAGE DISEASES 6.1 Hazard Iden
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turn yellowish brown or grey at the
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the New Zealand economy will only b
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6.3 Risk Management 6.3.1 Risk Eval
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• To reduce the likelihood of exp
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ack under quarantine conditions (fo
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Ji SQ, Fan BH, 1988. A study of cot
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Life cycle The main inoculum source
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7.2 Risk Assessment 7.2.1 Entry Ass
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The likelihood that a root disease-
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management practices provided in 3.
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To manage the potential risks assoc
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8. WOOD DECAY FUNGI 8.1 Hazard Iden
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Epidemiology P. noxius attacks a wi
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8.3.2 Option Evaluation 8.3.2.1 Ris
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Storozhenko VG, 2003. Rot incidence
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10. MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 10.1 Hazard I
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diversity of Glomalean fungi occurs
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o Acting as a parasite (pathogen) o
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still infected with the fungus, and
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through excessive handling of root
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Cowan, P E (1989) A vesicular-arbus
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or fruits. The majority of the asco
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It is possible that a serious infec
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plants and rootless cuttings import
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Pre-export Requirements The princip
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11.4 Assessment of Residual Risk 11
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12. PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI 12.1 Haz
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overseas showed modest variation, s
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content were considered important f
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12.3.2 Option Evaluation 12.3.2.1 R
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apparent on infected plants that ar
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Zentmyer, G A (1983) The world of P
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HEPA filter A ‘high-efficiency pa
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Unwanted organism (Biosecurity Act
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Scientific name Common name Hazard
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Ridley, G S; Bain, J; Bulman L S; D
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a) Access Access to propagation and
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3.6.1.4 DISEASE, PEST AND WEED CONT
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APPENDIX 3: ANALYSIS OF CLEARANCE R
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ate of Caenorhabditis elegans from
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eadily removed, may result in reshi
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App 3.2.3 Recommendations for measu
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Reference Treatment Schedules and C
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Table App 3.3: A selection of USDA
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Active ingredient Chemical group Di
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(Yue et al. 2003). All exposed stag
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First and 2 nd instars of the preda
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Table App 3.5: Derived efficacies f
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• the lack of efficacy data under
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App 3.3.11 Analysis of measure effi
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o Nursery stock should be treated a
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Active ingredient (Chemical Group)
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Matheron et al. (2000) assessed in
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App 3.4.2.6 Pencycuron Pencycuron i
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Herron, G; Jiang, L; Spooner Hart,
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littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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APPENDIX 4: ANALYSIS OF PEQ REQUIRE
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App 4.2.1.3 Treatments applied to p
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o as standard requirements for all
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The limitations of the specificatio
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NPPRL to test for the presence of f
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o the minimum quarantine period be
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Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

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