Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

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4. SURFACE FEEDING INVERTEBRATES 4.1 Hazard Identification 4.1.1 Aetiologic agent A full list of surface feeding invertebrates recorded as being associated in Australia with plants in the Araucariaceae is provided in Appendix 1. Examples of surface feeding insects that are associated with plants in the Araucariaceae and are known to be present in Australia but are not known or can not be confirmed to be present in New Zealand include: Agathiphaga queenslandensis Basiliorhinus araucariae Eutactobius puellus Notomacer zimmermani Aragomacer leai Bunyaeus eutactae Neophyllaphis araucariae Oxythrips agathidis Aragomacer uniformis Bunyaeus monteithi Nipaecoccus sp. Palophagus australiensis Basiliogeus prasinus Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Notomacer eximius Basiliogeus striatopunctatus Coniferococcus agathidis Notomacer reginae It should be emphasised that at the time of undertaking the risk analysis none of these species have necessarily been found on Wollemia nobilis nursery stock, and their inclusion in this analysis is as representative examples only. 4.1.2 New Zealand Status There are many indigenous and introduced surface feeding insect species established in New Zealand. There are a great many more surface feeding insects existing overseas that have never established in New Zealand, a portion of which exist in Australia. 4.1.3 Epidemiology The description of the epidemiology of surface feeding insects is based on examples from the following genera or species: Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Nipaecoccus sp. (viridis), and Hyblaea puera. Information on these organisms has been collated from the CABI Crop Protection Compendium 2006 20 with available or supplementary references provided. As these organisms are included to provide an indication of the possible biological nature of the risk posed by surface feeding insects, the epidemiological descriptions have been summarised to include only relevant and general organism characteristics. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi: Scale Chrysomphalus dictyospermi is a highly polyphagous species having been recorded from hosts belonging to 73 plant families, but its host range is probably wider than this. Favoured hosts are citrus and other trees such as olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) and palms. C. dictyospermi, a sap sucking insect, preferentially feeds on leaves, but in heavy infestations it is sometimes found on fruit and occasionally on branches. In many countries all stages of the insect can be seen feeding throughout the year. C. dictyospermi was probably spread on 20 The Crop Protection Compendium, 2006 Edition. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2006. http://www.cabicompendium.org/cpc/home.asp Page 34 of 193 14 March 2008 Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia
citrus planting material and fruit a long time ago, so there is no traceable history of its spread in the literature. There are two immature, feeding stages in the female and four immature stages in the male; the last two of which (pre-pupa and pupa) are non-feeding and are spent beneath the scale cover secreted by the second-instar male. After moulting to adult, the male spends some time sitting beneath this scale while his flight muscles mature, before flying away to seek females. The adult male is very short-lived because he cannot feed, while the adult female lives for several months and feeds throughout her life. In California, C. dictyospermi has three or four overlapping generations each year (Gill, 1997) while (Salama, 1970) recorded only two generations per year in Egypt. Reproduction is sexual in most C. dictyospermi populations. The adult male flies to locate the sessile adult female and the long genitalia are used to mate with the female beneath her scale cover. It is likely that the male locates an unmated female by smell, although details of the pheromone secretion mechanism are not known. However, both uniparental (parthenogenetic) and biparental (sexual) populations of this species have been recorded in the USA. Each female lays 1 to 200 eggs beneath her scale cover, where they are sheltered until they hatch and the first-instar crawlers disperse. Crawlers, which are quite short-lived in the absence of a suitable feeding site, are the primary dispersal stage and move to new areas of the plant or are dispersed by wind or animal contact. Dispersal of sessile adults and eggs occurs through human transport of infested plant material. C. dictyospermi requires warm temperatures and does not multiply much in cold weather. In Egypt, optimal conditions for C. dictyospermi were found to be 22 to 25°C, and mean relative humidity of 50 to 58% (Salama, 1970). On citrus, heavy infestations of C. dictyospermi can cover the tree. The toxic saliva injected while feeding causes leaf chlorosis, and feeding by many scale insects causes drying and death of the branches. Infestation decreases plant growth and development and disfigures the fruit, reducing their market value. The species has been reported as a significant pest of citrus in a number of countries in the South Pacific region; it is also very destructive to rose trees (Williams and Watson, 1988). Hyblaea puera: Moth Hyblaea puera, which has earned the common name 'teak defoliator' and is mainly a pest of teak plantations, has been recorded on approximately 45 host plants, including some shrubs. Most host plants belong to the families Bignonaceae and Lamiaceae, with some representatives from Verbenaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Oleaceae, Juglandaceae and Araliaceae. It is believed that during non-outbreak periods, small populations of the insect thrive on alternative host plants but data are not available on the periods of infestation or population levels on most other hosts. Outside the natural distribution range of teak, where H. puera outbreaks are not common, H. puera occurs on Vitex parviflora and Tabebuia pentaphylla in the Caribbean and on the straggling shrub (Vitex trifolia) in Australia. H. puera is widely distributed across the tropics and subtropics, covering Asia, Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, South America and Oceania including Australia. The moth lays eggs on tender new leaves of teak or other host plants, attaching them singly near the veins, and usually on the lower surface. Each female lays approximately 500 eggs, with a recorded maximum of 1000. The pre-mating period of both sexes was 1 day and the Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia 14 March 2008 Page 35 of 193
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobi
Page 3 and 4: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following peop
Page 7 and 8: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Synopsis T
Page 9 and 10: 1.4 Recommended Measures Based on t
Page 11 and 12: 1.4.2 Plant Inspection Requirements
Page 13 and 14: Plant Management Requirements • T
Page 15 and 16: 1.4.6 Expected Performance of Measu
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.1: A summary of the Biosec
Page 19 and 20: determine the level of likely risk.
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3.4 Risk Estimations The aim of
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.5 Assessment of Residual Risk R
Page 25 and 26: Photo of Wollemia nobilis foliage i
Page 27 and 28: There are about 20 species in the g
Page 29 and 30: visual inspection. Any of the requi
Page 31 and 32: to group allocations are provided i
Page 33 and 34: o As a group, endophytic or saproph
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.2 Assessment of Risk of Exposur
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.4: Overview of the potenti
Page 39: 3.7 References Bullock, S; Summerel
Page 43 and 44: clumps over the face of the fruit.
Page 45 and 46: Potential for spread Surface feedin
Page 47 and 48: c) Treating all imported Wollemia n
Page 49 and 50: While this methyl bromide treatment
Page 51 and 52: sufficient protection from surface
Page 53 and 54: The objective for the pesticide tre
Page 55 and 56: Coptotermes: Termite Coptotermes ar
Page 57 and 58: found in plant material from small
Page 59 and 60: New Zealand economy will only becom
Page 61 and 62: o transmitted to a host plant in th
Page 63 and 64: Additional measures Inspections sho
Page 65 and 66: considered adequate to ensure air-b
Page 67 and 68: 6. FOLIAGE DISEASES 6.1 Hazard Iden
Page 69 and 70: turn yellowish brown or grey at the
Page 71 and 72: the New Zealand economy will only b
Page 73 and 74: 6.3 Risk Management 6.3.1 Risk Eval
Page 75 and 76: • To reduce the likelihood of exp
Page 77 and 78: ack under quarantine conditions (fo
Page 79 and 80: Ji SQ, Fan BH, 1988. A study of cot
Page 81 and 82: Life cycle The main inoculum source
Page 83 and 84: 7.2 Risk Assessment 7.2.1 Entry Ass
Page 85 and 86: The likelihood that a root disease-
Page 87 and 88: management practices provided in 3.
Page 89 and 90: To manage the potential risks assoc
Page 91 and 92:
8. WOOD DECAY FUNGI 8.1 Hazard Iden
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Epidemiology P. noxius attacks a wi
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8.3.2 Option Evaluation 8.3.2.1 Ris
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Storozhenko VG, 2003. Rot incidence
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10. MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 10.1 Hazard I
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diversity of Glomalean fungi occurs
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o Acting as a parasite (pathogen) o
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still infected with the fungus, and
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through excessive handling of root
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Cowan, P E (1989) A vesicular-arbus
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or fruits. The majority of the asco
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It is possible that a serious infec
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plants and rootless cuttings import
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Pre-export Requirements The princip
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11.4 Assessment of Residual Risk 11
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12. PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI 12.1 Haz
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overseas showed modest variation, s
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content were considered important f
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12.3.2 Option Evaluation 12.3.2.1 R
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apparent on infected plants that ar
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Zentmyer, G A (1983) The world of P
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HEPA filter A ‘high-efficiency pa
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Unwanted organism (Biosecurity Act
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Scientific name Common name Hazard
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Ridley, G S; Bain, J; Bulman L S; D
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a) Access Access to propagation and
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3.6.1.4 DISEASE, PEST AND WEED CONT
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APPENDIX 3: ANALYSIS OF CLEARANCE R
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ate of Caenorhabditis elegans from
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eadily removed, may result in reshi
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App 3.2.3 Recommendations for measu
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Reference Treatment Schedules and C
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Table App 3.3: A selection of USDA
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Active ingredient Chemical group Di
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(Yue et al. 2003). All exposed stag
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First and 2 nd instars of the preda
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Table App 3.5: Derived efficacies f
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• the lack of efficacy data under
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App 3.3.11 Analysis of measure effi
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o Nursery stock should be treated a
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Active ingredient (Chemical Group)
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Matheron et al. (2000) assessed in
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App 3.4.2.6 Pencycuron Pencycuron i
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Herron, G; Jiang, L; Spooner Hart,
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littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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APPENDIX 4: ANALYSIS OF PEQ REQUIRE
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App 4.2.1.3 Treatments applied to p
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o as standard requirements for all
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The limitations of the specificatio
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NPPRL to test for the presence of f
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o the minimum quarantine period be
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Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

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