Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ii) describe the mechanism for the exposure of the environment or other receptors in New Zealand to the potential hazard or group of hazards; iii) estimate the likelihood of establishment and/or exposure occurring. A conclusion will be stated on the likelihood of exposure and establishment of each potential hazard or group of hazards. The risk analysis may be concluded at this point if the likelihood of exposure and establishment in New Zealand is negligible. 2.2.3.3 Assessment of Consequences The aim of this step is to assess the potential consequences associated with the entry, exposure and establishment of the potential hazard or group of hazards, and to estimate the likelihood of such consequences occurring. The Biosecurity Act (1993) 7 requires that the nature and possible effect on people, the New Zealand environment, and the New Zealand economy be considered in developing risk management measures. Each potential hazard or group of hazards should be dealt with separately with a reasoned, logical and referenced discussion to: i) identify the likely spread within the risk analysis area; ii) identify the potential biological, environmental, economic and human health consequences associated with the entry, establishment, and exposure of the potential hazard; iii) estimate the likelihood of these potential consequences. A conclusion of the consequences of the entry, establishment, and exposure of the potential hazards should be given. The areas of New Zealand where potential consequences may occur should be stated, as appropriate. Hazards for which the potential consequences are very high (high consequence hazards) should be flagged as such to assist in prioritising other work such as incursion response preparedness. The risk assessment of the hazard organism or hazard group may be concluded at this point if potential consequences are not identified or the likelihood of the potential consequences is negligible. 7 Section 22 part 5; of the Biosecurity Act (1993) Page 14 of 193 14 March 2008 Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia
2.2.3.4 Risk Estimations The aim of this step is to summarise the conclusions arising from the entry, exposure and establishment, and consequence assessments, to estimate the likelihood of the potential hazard or hazard group entering the risk analysis area and resulting in adverse consequences. Each potential hazard or hazard group should be dealt with individually. If the estimated risk is not negligible the potential hazard is classified as an actual hazard and risk management measures may be required (while the level of risk may be non-negligible it may still be considered acceptable). 2.2.3.5 Assessment of Uncertainties The purpose of this section of the risk analysis process is to summarise the uncertainties and assumptions identified during the preceding hazard identification and risk assessment stages. An analysis of these uncertainties and assumptions can then be completed to identify which are critical to the outcomes of the risk analysis. Critical uncertainties or assumptions can then be considered for further research with the aim of reducing the uncertainty or removing the assumption. Where there is significant uncertainty in the estimated risk, a precautionary approach to managing risk may be adopted. In these circumstances the measures should be reviewed as soon as additional information becomes available 8 and be consistent with other measures where equivalent uncertainties exist. 2.2.4 Analysis of Measures to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks Risk management in the context of risk analysis is the process of deciding measures to effectively manage the risks posed by the hazard(s) associated with the commodity or organisms under consideration. It is not acceptable to identify a range of measures that might reduce the risks. There must be a reasoned relationship between the measures chosen and the risk assessment so that the results of the risk assessment support the measure(s). Since zero-risk is not a reasonable option, the guiding principle for risk management should be to manage risk to achieve the required level of protection that can be justified and is feasible within the limits of available options and resources. Risk management (in the analytical sense) is the process of identifying ways to react to a risk, evaluating the efficacy of these actions, and identifying the most appropriate options. The uncertainty noted in the assessments of economic consequences and probability of introduction should also be considered and included in the consideration of risk management options. Where there is significant uncertainty, a precautionary approach may be adopted. However, the measures selected must nevertheless be based on a risk assessment that takes account of the available scientific information. In these circumstances the measures should 8 Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement states that “a Member may provisionally adopt sanitary …. measures” and that “Members shall seek to obtain additional information …. within a reasonable period of time.” Since the plural noun “Members” is used in reference to seeking additional information a co-operative arrangement is implied between the importing and exporting country. That is the onus is not just on the importing country to seek additional information. Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia 14 March 2008 Page 15 of 193
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobi
Page 3 and 4: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestr
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following peop
Page 7 and 8: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Synopsis T
Page 9 and 10: 1.4 Recommended Measures Based on t
Page 11 and 12: 1.4.2 Plant Inspection Requirements
Page 13 and 14: Plant Management Requirements • T
Page 15 and 16: 1.4.6 Expected Performance of Measu
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.1: A summary of the Biosec
Page 19: determine the level of likely risk.
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.5 Assessment of Residual Risk R
Page 25 and 26: Photo of Wollemia nobilis foliage i
Page 27 and 28: There are about 20 species in the g
Page 29 and 30: visual inspection. Any of the requi
Page 31 and 32: to group allocations are provided i
Page 33 and 34: o As a group, endophytic or saproph
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.2 Assessment of Risk of Exposur
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.4: Overview of the potenti
Page 39 and 40: 3.7 References Bullock, S; Summerel
Page 41 and 42: citrus planting material and fruit
Page 43 and 44: clumps over the face of the fruit.
Page 45 and 46: Potential for spread Surface feedin
Page 47 and 48: c) Treating all imported Wollemia n
Page 49 and 50: While this methyl bromide treatment
Page 51 and 52: sufficient protection from surface
Page 53 and 54: The objective for the pesticide tre
Page 55 and 56: Coptotermes: Termite Coptotermes ar
Page 57 and 58: found in plant material from small
Page 59 and 60: New Zealand economy will only becom
Page 61 and 62: o transmitted to a host plant in th
Page 63 and 64: Additional measures Inspections sho
Page 65 and 66: considered adequate to ensure air-b
Page 67 and 68: 6. FOLIAGE DISEASES 6.1 Hazard Iden
Page 69 and 70: turn yellowish brown or grey at the
Page 71 and 72:
the New Zealand economy will only b
Page 73 and 74:
6.3 Risk Management 6.3.1 Risk Eval
Page 75 and 76:
• To reduce the likelihood of exp
Page 77 and 78:
ack under quarantine conditions (fo
Page 79 and 80:
Ji SQ, Fan BH, 1988. A study of cot
Page 81 and 82:
Life cycle The main inoculum source
Page 83 and 84:
7.2 Risk Assessment 7.2.1 Entry Ass
Page 85 and 86:
The likelihood that a root disease-
Page 87 and 88:
management practices provided in 3.
Page 89 and 90:
To manage the potential risks assoc
Page 91 and 92:
8. WOOD DECAY FUNGI 8.1 Hazard Iden
Page 93 and 94:
Epidemiology P. noxius attacks a wi
Page 95 and 96:
8.3.2 Option Evaluation 8.3.2.1 Ris
Page 97 and 98:
Storozhenko VG, 2003. Rot incidence
Page 99 and 100:
10. MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI 10.1 Hazard I
Page 101 and 102:
diversity of Glomalean fungi occurs
Page 103 and 104:
o Acting as a parasite (pathogen) o
Page 105 and 106:
still infected with the fungus, and
Page 107 and 108:
through excessive handling of root
Page 109 and 110:
Cowan, P E (1989) A vesicular-arbus
Page 111 and 112:
or fruits. The majority of the asco
Page 113 and 114:
It is possible that a serious infec
Page 115 and 116:
plants and rootless cuttings import
Page 117 and 118:
Pre-export Requirements The princip
Page 119 and 120:
11.4 Assessment of Residual Risk 11
Page 121 and 122:
12. PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI 12.1 Haz
Page 123 and 124:
overseas showed modest variation, s
Page 125 and 126:
content were considered important f
Page 127 and 128:
12.3.2 Option Evaluation 12.3.2.1 R
Page 129 and 130:
apparent on infected plants that ar
Page 131 and 132:
Zentmyer, G A (1983) The world of P
Page 133 and 134:
HEPA filter A ‘high-efficiency pa
Page 135 and 136:
Unwanted organism (Biosecurity Act
Page 137 and 138:
Scientific name Common name Hazard
Page 139 and 140:
Ridley, G S; Bain, J; Bulman L S; D
Page 141 and 142:
a) Access Access to propagation and
Page 143 and 144:
3.6.1.4 DISEASE, PEST AND WEED CONT
Page 145 and 146:
APPENDIX 3: ANALYSIS OF CLEARANCE R
Page 147 and 148:
ate of Caenorhabditis elegans from
Page 149 and 150:
eadily removed, may result in reshi
Page 151 and 152:
App 3.2.3 Recommendations for measu
Page 153 and 154:
Reference Treatment Schedules and C
Page 155 and 156:
Table App 3.3: A selection of USDA
Page 157 and 158:
Active ingredient Chemical group Di
Page 159 and 160:
(Yue et al. 2003). All exposed stag
Page 161 and 162:
First and 2 nd instars of the preda
Page 163 and 164:
Table App 3.5: Derived efficacies f
Page 165 and 166:
• the lack of efficacy data under
Page 167 and 168:
App 3.3.11 Analysis of measure effi
Page 169 and 170:
o Nursery stock should be treated a
Page 171 and 172:
Active ingredient (Chemical Group)
Page 173 and 174:
Matheron et al. (2000) assessed in
Page 175 and 176:
App 3.4.2.6 Pencycuron Pencycuron i
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Herron, G; Jiang, L; Spooner Hart,
Page 183 and 184:
littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX 4: ANALYSIS OF PEQ REQUIRE
Page 187 and 188:
App 4.2.1.3 Treatments applied to p
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
o as standard requirements for all
Page 193 and 194:
The limitations of the specificatio
Page 195 and 196:
NPPRL to test for the presence of f
Page 197 and 198:
o the minimum quarantine period be
Page 199:
show all

Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?