Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand
Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand
Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
App 3.3.11 Analysis of measure efficacy: Chemical Treatment for Mite Infestations<br />
App 3.3.11.1 Abamectin<br />
Abamectin, a contact and stomach acaricide, belongs to the organochlorine chemical group.<br />
Lester and Lunn (2003) indicated that this acaricide has shown efficacy on motile stages only<br />
of Eutetranychus banksi (Texas citrus mite), Tetranychus kanzawai (Desert spider mite),<br />
Tetranychus neocaledonicus, and Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite), and<br />
recommended an application rate of 180 mg a.i. per litre of water with a 10-14 days retreatment<br />
to manage the lack of efficacy on mite eggs.<br />
Knowles et al. found that abamectin and the other organochlorines tested were inactive<br />
against the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus echinopus). Herron et al. (1996) determined that the<br />
LC99.9 against Polyphagotarsonemus latus (banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) adults was 0.1 mg<br />
a.i. per litre. Humeres and Morse (2005) found maximum LC90 rates for Oligonychus<br />
perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) adults at the upper 95% confidence limit as 3.3 mg a.i. per<br />
litre of dip. Nauen et al. (2001) found maximum LC95 rates for Tetranychus urticae (Acari:<br />
Tetranychidae) first-motility stage larvae at the upper 95% confidence limit as 0.21 mg a.i.<br />
per litre of spray.<br />
App 3.3.11.2 Dicofol<br />
Dicofol, a non-systemic acaricide with contact action, belongs to the organochlorine chemical<br />
group. Lester and Lunn (2003) noted that this acaricide has shown efficacy in field situations<br />
on Eutetranychus banksi (Texas citrus mite), Tetranychus kanzawai (Desert spider mite),<br />
Tetranychus neocaledonicus, and Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite). Lester and<br />
Lunn (2003) also noted that resistance to dicofol is present in some mite populations. If the<br />
mite species is likely to be resistant in the country of origin, an alternative treatment should<br />
be used instead of, or in combination with dicofol.<br />
Herron et al. (1996) determined that the LC99.9 against Polyphagotarsonemus latus (banks)<br />
(Acari: Tarsonemidae) adults was 1 g a.i. per litre. Dagli and Tunc (2001) demonstrated that<br />
resistance to dicofol in agricultural populations of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari:<br />
Tetranychidae) could, depending on the bioassay, range from as much as 17 to 59 fold.<br />
Maximum LC95 results obtained at the upper 95% confidence limit were as high as 8.9 g a.i.<br />
per litre of the applied acaricide. Similar levels of resistance have also been reported for<br />
Tetranychus urticae. Kumar and Singh (2004) found that dicofol was effective on<br />
Tetranychus urticae eggs at relatively low concentrations.<br />
App 3.3.12 Recommendations for measure: Chemical Treatment for Mite<br />
Infestations<br />
Table App 3.8 below examines the efficacy information for each of the active ingredients<br />
listed above.<br />
Import Risk Analysis: <strong><strong>Wollemi</strong>a</strong> <strong>nobilis</strong> (<strong>Wollemi</strong> <strong>Pine</strong>) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia 14 March 2008 Page 161 of 193