Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) - Biosecurity New Zealand

First and 2 nd instars of the predators’ O. laevigatus and M. caliginosus exposed to 200 mg a.i.
per litre suffered mortalities in the 0-25% range (Sterk et al. 2003). Adults of O. insidiosus
experienced 54% mortality (54 hours) via direct contact toxicity to 60 mg a.i. per litre (Jones
et al. 2005).
Residual contact toxicity against the parasitoid wasp D. insulare caused 100% mortality at
300 mg a.i. per litre over 24 hours (Hill et al. 2000). For Encarsia formosa resistance levels
varied according to authors. Jones et al. (2005) obtained 95% mortality of adults exposed via
residual contact toxicity to 60 mg a.i. per litre after 48 hours. In contrast the same method of
exposure induced mortality in the range of 0-25% and 51-75% for pupae and adults,
respectively, exposed to 200 mg a.i. per litre (Sterk et al. 2003). Bombus terrestris were
comparatively more susceptible to spinosad with mortality in the range of 75-100% obtained
with 96 mg a.i. per litre via direct contact toxicity (50 µl per specimen) (Sterk et al. 2003).
Two other parasitoid wasps were assessed on their tolerance to spinosad via residual contact
toxicity (Stark et al. 2004). Mortality rates for the braconids Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and
Pysttalia fletcheri (Silvestri) were 77 and 57% (24 hours), respectively, after exposure to
2000 mg a.i. per litre (Stark et al. 2004).
The western flour thrip Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thripidae) was found to be
susceptible to spinosad (Jones et al. 2005). Larvae and adults exposed to 60 mg a.i. per litre
via direct contact toxicity were 97% (48 h) and 100% (24 h), respectively (Jones et al. 2005).
Adult females of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae)
were resistant to spinosad with exposure to 200 mg a.i. per litre causing mortality in the 0-
25% range (Sterk et al. 2003). Adults of another phytoseiid mite (Amblyseius cucumeris
Oudemans) exposed to 60 mg a.i. per litre via contact toxicity suffered 17% mortality after 48
hours (Jones et al. 2005). A further phytoseiid species (Neioseiulus fallacies (Garman)) was
exposed to 60 mg a.i. per litre spinosad via residual contact toxicity (leaf dip) (Villanueva et
al. 2005), and mortality rates were approximately 25% for the immature stage (24 h) and
58% for female adults (96 h). However, spinosad at very high concentrations were largely
ineffective against the storage mite T. putrescentiae (Sanchez-Ramos et al. 2003), as a diet
bioassay at 10,000 mg a.i. per litre caused only 9% mortality.
App 3.3.8.9 Tebufenozide
Hill et al. (2000) experimented on diamondback moths using the label rates of ca.1.5 g a.i.
per litre on 4 th instars larvae and adults. Larval dips led to approximately 90% mortality after
72 hours, while exposure to leaves dipped in the solution was ca. 92%. In contrast, no adult
mortality was observed after exposure to 1.5 g a.i. per litre after 72 hours, with the same
results obtained for the parasitoid wasp D. insulare after 24 hours. In contrast, Argentine et
al. (2002) also targeted diamondback moth larvae and obtained a LC90 of 27 mg a.i. per litre,
considerably lower than the figure obtained by Hill et al. (2000). Argentine et al. (2002)
obtained values on the toxicity of tebufenozide for the larvae of a number of other Noctuidae
species exposed to diet bioassays: tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.), soybean looper
Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), fall
armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) and the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni
(Hübner). The LC90 values were 27.1, 2.6, 7.8, 2.1 and 0.24 mg a.i. per litre, respectively.
Import Risk Analysis: Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi Pine) Araucariaceae Nursery Stock from Australia 14 March 2008 Page 155 of 193