phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

174 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 322 Character 115. dp3 trigonid: uni- or bicuspidRtricuspid. Cryptonanus unduaviensis: No unambiguous changes. Gracilinanus aceramarcae: No unambiguous changes. Gracilinanus microtarsus: Character 52. Postorbital process: absentRpresent. Gracilinanus agilis: No unambiguous changes. Gracilinanus emiliae: Character 34. Caudal scales: annularRintermediate. Lestodelphys halli: Character 2. Rhinarium: with 2 groovesRwith 1 groove. Character 22. Pedal digits III and IV: IV longestRIII longest. Character 36. Tail tip: prehensileRnot prehensile. Character 57. Sagittal crest: absentRsmall. Character 81. Stapes: bicrurateRcolumelliform. Character 114. Height p2, p3: subequalRp3 taller. Character 120. m3 hypoconid position: labially salientRlingual to protoconid. Thylamys macrurus: No unambiguous changes. Thylamys pusillus: No unambiguous changes. Thylamys pallidior: Character 2. Rhinarium: with 2 groovesRwith 1 groove. Thylamys venustus: No unambiguous changes. Marmosops impavidus: No unambiguous changes. Marmosops noctivagus: No unambiguous changes. Marmosops incanus: Character 28. Mammary position: abdominal-inguinalRpectoral. Character 43. Nasal width: wider posteriorlyR uniformly narrow. Character 114. Height p2, p3: p2 tallerRsubequal. Marmosops parvidens: Character 105. Preprotocrista: stops at paraconeRmeets anterolabial cingulum. Marmosops pinheiroi: No unambiguous changes. Marmosa lepida: Character 94. Upper canine: simpleRposterior accessory cusp present. Marmosa murina: Character 13. Lateral carpal tubercles: present in adult malesRabsent. Marmosa demerarae: No unambiguous changes. Marmosa paraguayana: Character 32. Body pelage on tail: noneRsubequal. Marmosa regina: No unambiguous changes. Marmosa mexicana: Character 65. Palatine fenestrae: absentRpresent. Marmosa robinsoni: No unambiguous changes. Marmosa rubra: Character 52. Postorbital process: presentRabsent. Character 76. RTP-CTP contact: absent (gap)Rsutured. Tlacuatzin canescens: Character 66. Maxillary fenestrae: absentRpresent. Character 126. RES {a1+ a5, m1}: metacentricRacrocentric. Character 128. RES {a3+a10, m3}: metacentricRacrocentric. Monodelphis brevicaudata: No unambiguous changes. Monodelphis theresa: Character 9. Gular gland: presentRabsent. Character 73. Secondary foramen ovale: absentR formed by lamina. Monodelphis emiliae: Character 76. RTP-CTP contact: absent (gap)Rsutured. Character 114. Height p2, p3: subequalRp3 taller. Monodelphis peruviana: Character 61. Parietal-mastoid contact: presentRabsent Hyladelphys kalinowskii: Character 96. Height P2, P3: subequalRP2 taller. Character 98. Upper milk premolar: large & molariformRvestigial. APPENDIX 6 Key to the Didelphid Genera This key is intended for use on adult specimens (with completely erupted permanent dentitions). Juveniles (with dP3/ dp3) and subadults (lacking dP3/dp3, but with incompletely erupted third premolars and/or fourth molars) may not key out accurately if they lack traits seen in conspecific adults (e.g., large size, postorbital processes, secondary foramina ovales, contact between left and right exoccipitals; Abdala et al., 2001). Although the following couplets are based, insofar as possible, on characters with unambiguously distinguishable alternative states, key results should always be checked by comparing specimens character-by-character against generic descriptions and cranial illustrations (figs. 37–54). Couplet 10, the only step in our key based on a single character, is obviously problematic if an atypical specimen is in hand. Users would be well advised, if an unsatisfactory result is obtained at any subsequent step, to follow the alternative sequence on the hypothesis that the species in question is polymorphic. External and craniodental measurements used to index size in this key are defined and abbreviated as follows: Head-and-
2009 VOSS AND JANSA: DIDELPHID MARSUPIALS 175 Body Length (HBL) is obtained by subtracting length of tail from total length (Hall, 1981); Condylo-Basal Length (CBL) is measured from the occipital condyles to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae (Voss et al., 2004b: fig. 2); and Length of Molars (LM) is measured from the anteriormost labial margin of M1 to the posteriormost point on M4 (Voss et al., 2004b: fig. 2). 1a. Plantar surface of manus without distinct plantar pads; finger-like fleshy process on lateral surface of wrist (resembling a sixth finger) present in both sexes; hind foot conspicuously webbed; dorsal pelage gray boldly marked by transverse bars of black fur; single lacrimal foramen usually present on each side; each hemimandible usually with a single mental foramen. . . . . . Chironectes 1b. Plantar surface of manus with distinct plantar pads; no finger-like fleshy process on wrist; hind foot not webbed; dorsal pelage variously pigmented, sometimes with contrasting longitudinal stripes, but never boldly marked with transverse blackish bars on a gray background; two lacrimal foramina usually present on each side; each hemimandible usually with two mental foramina. . . . . . 2 2a. Dorsal surface of tail covered by long, soft fur from base to tip; postorbital processes present, formed by frontals and parietals .... ............................Glironia 2b. Dorsal surface of tail macroscopically naked for at least one or two centimeters from tip; postorbital processes absent or, if present, formed only by frontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3a. Large (HBL .245 mm, weight .260 g, CBL .55 mm, LM .11 mm); with or without pale supraocular spots; manual digit III longer than manual digit IV; dorsal margin of foramen magnum formed by right and left exoccipitals only (incisura occipitalis absent)........................... 4 3b. Size small or large; never with pale supraocular spots; manual digit III longer than, subequal to, or shorter than digit IV; dorsal margin of foramen magnum formed by supraoccipital in addition to exoccipitals (incisura occipitalis present) . . . . . . . . . . 7 4a. Pale supraocular spots present; naked skin of tail brownish or grayish basally, fading to whitish distally; postorbital processes absent; right and left frontals separated by persistent median suture; sagittal crest absent; palatine fenestrae absent; secondary foramen ovale present, formed by anteromedial bullar process spanning transverse canal foramen; frontal contacts squamosal (no alisphenoidparietal contact) . . . . . . . . . . . Metachirus 4b. Pale supraocular spots present or absent; naked skin of tail blackish basally, becoming abruptly whitish distally (occasional specimens have all-black tails); postorbital processes usually present; right and left frontals fused (median suture incomplete); sagittal crest well developed, extending to frontals; palatine fenestrae present; secondary foramen ovale usually present, but formed by medial lamina that does not span the transverse canal foramen; alisphenoid contacts parietal (no frontal-squamosal contact) . . . . . . . . 5 5a. Pale supraocular spots present . . . Philander 5b. Pale supraocular spots absent. . . . . . . . . 6 6a. Dorsal pelage grayish or blackish (never brownish); dorsal underfur white; dorsal guard hairs very long (pelage has a shaggy appearance); maxillary and alisphenoid separated by palatine on orbital floor. . . . . . . . . Didelphis 6b. Dorsal pelage brownish or yellowish-brown; dorsal underfur gray; dorsal guard hairs short; maxillary and alisphenoid in contact on orbital floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lutreolina 7a. Manual digit IV slightly longer than digit III; postorbital processes well developed; palate not perforated by any large fenestrae; transverse canal foramen absent; alisphenoid tympanic process contacts or closely approximates rostral tympanic process of petrosal; ectotympanic annulus suspended from malleus; C1 alveolus contained in maxilla; P1 vestigial or absent; width of M4 less than widthofM1..................... 8 7b. Length of manual digit IV subequal to or less than length of digit III; postorbital processes present or absent; palate perforated by at least one set of paired fenestrae; transverse canal foramen present (sometimes small and hard to see on incompletely cleaned skulls); alisphenoid tympanic process and rostral tympanic process of petrosal separated by wide gap; ectotympanic suspended directly from basicranium; P1 smaller than posterior premolars, but well-formed and nonvestigial; C1 alveolus in premaxillary-maxillary suture; width of M4 greater than width of M1. . . 9 8a. Circumocular mask and dark midrostral stripe present; dorsal body pelage without dark scapular markings; premaxillary rostral process present; right and left frontals separated by persistent median suture; sagittal crest absent (or weakly developed over interparietal); secondary foramen ovale absent; centrocrista weakly inflected labially;
Page 1 and 2:
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND CLAS
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTS Abstract .................
Page 5 and 6:
ABSTRACT This report summarizes a d
Page 7 and 8:
2009 VOSS AND JANSA: DIDELPHID MARS
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124: 2009 VOSS AND JANSA: DIDELPHID MARS
Page 173: 2009 VOSS AND JANSA: DIDELPHID MARS
Page 177: 2009 VOSS AND JANSA: DIDELPHID MARS
show all

phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?