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argues, codeswitching allows speakers access to a variety of roles and identities. Thus, it is necessary to discuss how the participants within this study use codeswitching as a means of portraying their roles and presenting their identities. Suster plays the dominant role in the talk show. He serves as the host of the show and contributes to the show by controlling the topics under discussion, but also by personally providing the humour with which the show is associated. However, Clarence, who plays the role of facilitator, holds authority over Suster. It is he who controls the advertisement breaks and news breaks and controls when the show should be paused to provide the listeners with music. Suster appears to acknowledge Clarence’s authority over him through, both the comments he makes and the language he uses. At one stage, Suster even refers to Clarence as a “very knowledgeable person” (turn 59). Throughout the discourse he also appears to show deference toward Clarence by speaking to him in English (i.e. his language of preference). Only in instances where he needs Clarence to back him up, does he appeal to him in Afrikaans. A typical example of this is evident in turn 162 as Suster asks, “Hoe, hoe’t jy vir hulle laat loop van Kaap tot Somerset West.” Here, Suster intentionally appeals to Clarence in Afrikaans to back him up and prove him correct. What is strange is that Clarence is also from the Cape Flats. The two therefore share in-group membership and both speak Afrikaans, yet Suster addresses him mainly in English. This then clearly illustrates that Suster is aware of Clarence’s role and acknowledges his authority by ‘speaking up’. On the other hand, when he does speak to Clarence in Afrikaans, it is as though he appeals to him to stand by him or back him up, on the grounds that they are from the same community and should therefore support each other. Clarence, on the contrary, tends to take a backseat in terms of his involvement in the show. He acts mainly as facilitator and commentator, informing the audience 98
of proceedings throughout the show. His language use is therefore formal, as he communicates in Standard English. However, at times when he does choose to make a comment and address either Suster or one of the callers, he switches to Kaapse Afrikaans. In this way, codeswitching allows Clarence to become directly involved in the discourse. Thus, by engaging in codeswitching, he is able to shift his identity from that of the person in authority to that of an ordinary member of the Cape Flats speech community who is just having a casual conversation with another member of the community. Therefore, both the host and the co-host manipulate their language use so that it best portrays the identity they wish to assume at the time. Codeswitching, therefore, enables them to claim access to a shared or common group identity, but also enables them to achieve their communicative goals as they alter their language use to elicit the response they wish to receive. Thus, not only does codeswitching serve as a means of portraying various roles and identities, but also as a means of intensifying an appeal so as to attain the response one requires to ensure the achievement of one’s communicative goals. Consider caller 13 below for example. Caller 13 Turn 654 marks the beginning of a conversation between the host and the thirteenth caller. Based on the accent with which he speaks, it appears as though this caller is an Afrikaans mother-tongue speaker. However, he speaks English only, aside from the use of the Afrikaans word, ‘ja’, on four occasions as well as the use of the Xhosa phrase - “Molo. Unjani?” (turn 666). Even the use of the word ‘ja’ need not be regarded as a switch to Afrikaans due to its incorporation into South African English, as previously discussed. Taking the context of this conversation into account, it appears as though the caller has specifically chosen to speak English due to its association with upward 99
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
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) I have eaten an apple. The past t
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also instances in which they do not
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providing a strong argument that co
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1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
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2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
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“…codeswitching is a form of bo
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In this section, I attempt to provi
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eferred to as RO) sets between part
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example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
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Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
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context in which the speaker finds
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3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130: then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132: 201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134: 258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136: 322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
Page 137 and 138: 376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
Page 139 and 140: a short while. Music followed by ad
Page 141 and 142: ecause … did I really say that, y
Page 143 and 144: speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
Page 145 and 146: 627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
Page 147 and 148: 699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
Page 151 and 152:
853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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