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A variety of listeners call in during this broadcast. While the host appears to know some of them, there are callers who are speaking to the host for the first time. The speakers are all members of the Cape Flats speech community, but vary in their linguistic abilities and proficiency in English and Afrikaans. As evident from the discourse, some speak English without any difficulty, whereas others speak only Afrikaans. Caller 2 The second call that the host receives is from an Afrikaans speaker, who appears to be very proficient in the language, utilizing the standard variety. However, it is still very likely that he is a member of the Cape Flats speech community, based merely on the fact that he listens to the show. The conversation is interesting in that, even though the host is addressed in Afrikaans, his response is dominantly English. This could be due to the fact that the caller speaks a standard variety or ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans and the host is unable to communicate in this variety. Therefore, he switches to English as a means of, either avoiding embarrassment, or as a means of putting up a social barrier. Thus, switching occurs as a marked choice (Myers-Scotton, 1993a, 2006a). What is also of interest is that the host does not understand the caller when he asks: “… aan watter gronde gaan u?” (turn 383). The host responds, “Watter wat?” (turn 384) implying that he did not hear the end of the question, but then admits in turn 388 that he, in fact, did not understand the question at all – “Ek verstaan nou nie die vraag’ie.” The host only comes to understand what the caller meant once the co-host puts forward the question, altering the vocabulary. The host responds to the caller in English mostly, except for a few switches to Afrikaans which are socially motivated. In turn 390, “watter grond” is a repetition of the caller’s words, while “nog ‘n ding” and “nou die dag” are both colloquialisms and sentence fillers. Switches including “ek” are motivated by the 94
speaker’s close association with his Afrikaans identity, such as “ek is nie ge-fire nie” and “ek is niks.” (turn 390). The host may have chosen to answer the caller in English as a means of putting up a social barrier or as a means of intentionally differentiating himself from the caller. Thus, codeswitching occurs as a marked choice (Myers-Scotton, 1993a, 2006a). This may be a result of the fact that the two speak different varieties of Afrikaans. The caller speaks formal, ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans, while the host speaks Kaapse Afrikaans and, as a result, has difficulty understanding the caller. Therefore, by speaking English the host implies that he and the caller do not share in-group membership or a communal identity as the two do not share a common variety of Afrikaans. It is also a possibility that the host selected English as a means of avoiding inadequacy. Clearly, he would not have been able to communicative as effectively as he would have wished had he attempted to speak ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans. Thus, he switches to a code that enables him to avoid embarrassment, but which also allows him to achieve his communicative goals. In this way, the switch serves a virtuosity function (Myers-Scotton, 1993a, 2006a). In turn 394, the host reverts back to his normal style of talking. He begins the turn in Afrikaans and goes about switching as he usually does – “Is very deep [vədΛx] (vandag), verstaan jy, but ek wil ‘ie sad wies ‘ie, man …” Of importance here is the fact that he is no longer addressing the caller, but the cohost, instead. Thus, it is clear that he intentionally switched codes when addressing the caller as he now reverts back to his usual style of conversation once he addresses someone with whom he shares common ground. Here, switching functions as a means of addressee specification (Cook-Gumperz, 1976) and also serves a directive function (Appel & Muysken, 1987). In turn 396 the host responds to the caller for a final time. Here he responds in Afrikaans, but merely repeats what the caller has just said – “… voorspoed vir u 95
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
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) I have eaten an apple. The past t
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also instances in which they do not
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providing a strong argument that co
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1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
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2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
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“…codeswitching is a form of bo
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In this section, I attempt to provi
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eferred to as RO) sets between part
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example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
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Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130: then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132: 201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134: 258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136: 322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
Page 137 and 138: 376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
Page 139 and 140: a short while. Music followed by ad
Page 141 and 142: ecause … did I really say that, y
Page 143 and 144: speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
Page 145 and 146:
627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
Page 147 and 148:
699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
Page 149 and 150:
when I say that you do not have a,
Page 151 and 152:
853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
Page 153 and 154:
for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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