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4.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................... 57 4.3.1 Process .......................................................................................... 57 4.3.2 Description of Participants............................................................ 59 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................... 61 Discussion of Findings.......................................................................................... 61 5.0 Introduction............................................................................................... 61 5.1 Grammatical Constraints on Codeswitching......................................... 62 5.1.1 Conjunctions ................................................................................. 62 5.1.2 Word order equivalence ................................................................ 66 5.1.3 Closed Classes............................................................................... 69 5.1.4 Nonce Loans / Insertion of Minimal Constituents ........................ 73 5.1.5 Codeswitching and Homophonous Diamorphs............................. 74 5.1.6 Verbs ............................................................................................. 76 5.2 Social motivations for Codeswitching .................................................. 84 5.2.1 Update Kaapse Vlakte 1................................................................ 84 5.2.2 Update Kaapse Vlakte 2................................................................ 93 Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................. 105 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................... 105 6.0 Introduction............................................................................................. 105 6.1 Conclusions......................................................................................... 105 6.2 Recommendations............................................................................... 108 References........................................................................................................... 109 List of Tables and Graphs Table 1: Switched conjunctions .......................................................................................... 63 Table 2: Similarity between English and Afrikaans in present tense constructions ........... 66 Table 3: Comparison of word order of English and Afrikaans in present and past tense constructions .............................................................................................................. 67 Table 4: Examples of negation in Afrikaans....................................................................... 67 Table 5: Examples of word order conflict in negation constructions ................................. 68 Table 6: Violation of equivalence constraint ...................................................................... 69 Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with English nouns........................................................... 71 Table 8: Nonce loans where no direct English translation exists........................................ 74 Table 9: Homophonous diamorphs in the discourse........................................................... 75 Table 10: Present tense English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions........... 77 Table 11: Use of Afrikaans past tense prefix with English present tense verbs ................. 78 Graph 1: Comparative language use in South Africa (1996 and 2001) 10 8
1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Background to the Study This chapter deals with the statement of the problem and provides background information on the development of Afrikaans and its speakers, as well as the current linguistic situation in South Africa. 1.1 Current Linguistic Situation in South Africa South Africa is a culturally and linguistically diverse society and the government seeks to promote pride in the eleven official languages of the Republic. The National Constitution (1996) declares that all languages should have equal status and that conditions shall be created for their development and for the promotion of their equal use and enjoyment. However, not all languages have equal status in the country’s multilingual society. Although approximately 75 percent of South Africans are mother-tongue speakers of an African language, English is the language of employment and education, and is also the language associated with upward social mobility (Kaschula & Anthonissen, 1995). As the following graph (Graph 1) reveals, the majority of South Africans speak indigenous African languages, including Afrikaans, while English as a first language is only spoken by about 9% of the total population. 9
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60:
The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62:
5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64:
Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
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In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68:
Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70:
similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72:
Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
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possessive. However, it appears as
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indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
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The following are examples from the
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Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
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In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
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the violation of this constraint, p
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nouns) are used. I have selected a
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What follows are a few switches to
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The next switch is the insertion of
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has chosen to split the phrase into
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The discourse suggests that the hos
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speaker’s close association with
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The next, and final, switch is to A
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of proceedings throughout the show.
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host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
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References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112:
Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114:
Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116:
Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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