grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
The next switch to Afrikaans occurs after the conjunction “because” as the host uses the Afrikaans determiner “die”. However, he once again opts to switch back to English by using the phrase “French waiters.” Its Afrikaans equivalent, ‘Franse tafelbediendes’ would be considered ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans and, thus, too formal. Therefore, the switch serves both an accommodation function (Slabbert & Finlayson, 2002) and a phatic function (Appel & Muysken, 1987), as it changes the tone to an informal one, creating a humorous tone where its Afrikaans equivalent would not have. The last important switch in this turn occurs after an Afrikaans quotation. “But this is radio …” marks the beginning of a switch to English. In this instance, the switch once again indicates a change in tone as the host shifts from a lighthearted, humorous story to a serious explanation. Turns 49 – 65 In turn 49 the host begins telling a story about his trip to Amsterdam with a group of listeners. There are many interruptions in between as the co-host asks questions and makes remarks. At times, the host ends a turn in one language and begins a new turn in another. Where this occurred, the language change was analyzed as a switch, regardless of the interruption. In turn 49 the story begins in Afrikaans. The first switch that occurs is marked by the word [bəgΛз]. This is neither English nor Afrikaans, but it appears as though the host has used the English noun, ‘baggage’, and adapted it phonetically to make it sound French. This is likely because in a previous turn (i.e.turn 22), the host made reference to being in Paris. Next, the host switches back to Afrikaans, using the typical colloquial phrase, “verstaan jy.” This phrase is used continuously throughout the discourse and functions as an interjection or sentence filler (Cook-Gumperz, 1976), rather than as an interrogative. 86
What follows are a few switches to English. In three instances within this turn, the host switches to English using only noun phrases. The three switches may all be analyzed as nonce loans or as the insertion of minimal constituents as they occur in appropriate lexical positions. “Small print” may be accounted for in terms of the Stand Alone Principle (Azuma, 1996) as it carries meaning on its own. In addition it fills a gap in the speaker’s lexicon as it is unlikely that he would have knowledge of the Afrikaans equivalent, ‘fynskrif.’ In this way the switch serves a referential function (Appel & Muysken, 1987) and a virtuosity function (Myers-Scotton, 1993a, 2006a), as the host lacks the knowledge in one language and therefore switches to another in order to ensure that the conversation is able to continue. The use of the English noun, ‘ticket’, as opposed to the Afrikaans, ‘kaartjie’, may be based on a pragmatic motivation. It is clear from the discourse that the host has knowledge of the Afrikaans noun, ‘kaartjie’, as he utilizes it in turn 57. However, even though in Afrikaans it applies to both, the host uses it here to refer to a card and not a ticket. Thus, it appears as though ‘ticket’ is a borrowing used to refer to a pass, while its Afrikaans equivalent differs in pragmatic meaning in the host’s mind, referring only to a card. The fact that the host opted to use ‘airport’, rather than ‘lughawe’ may be attributed to accommodation (Slabbert & Finlayson, 2002), but also fulfils a phatic function (Appel & Muysken, 1987). Had the host used the Afrikaans noun, it may have been regarded as too formal for the tone of this show. Thus the host uses an English noun to maintain an informal tone, but also in an effort to show accommodation and consideration for his audience’s preferences. In turn 51, the host begins to answer the question in English. In many instances, as is the case here, the host responds to the question in the same language as that of the question. However, here, the host switches immediately after providing an answer. This may be due to the Afrikaans identity associated with the subject, but 87
- Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
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- Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
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- Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
- Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
- Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
- Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
- Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
- Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
- Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
- Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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- Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
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- Page 131 and 132: 201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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- Page 135 and 136: 322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
What follows are a few switches to English. In three instances within this turn,<br />
<strong>the</strong> host switches to English using only noun phrases. The three switches may all<br />
be analyzed as nonce loans or as <strong>the</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong> minimal constituents as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
occur in appropriate lexical positions.<br />
“Small print” may be accounted <strong>for</strong> in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> St<strong>and</strong> Alone Principle<br />
(Azuma, 1996) as it carries meaning on its own. In addition it fills a gap in <strong>the</strong><br />
speaker’s lexicon as it is unlikely that he would have knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Afrikaans<br />
equivalent, ‘fynskrif.’ In this way <strong>the</strong> switch serves a referential function (Appel<br />
& Muysken, 1987) <strong>and</strong> a virtuosity function (Myers-Scotton, 1993a, 2006a), as<br />
<strong>the</strong> host lacks <strong>the</strong> knowledge in one language <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e switches to ano<strong>the</strong>r in<br />
order to ensure that <strong>the</strong> conversation is able to continue.<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> English noun, ‘ticket’, as opposed to <strong>the</strong> Afrikaans, ‘kaartjie’, may<br />
be based on a pragmatic motivation. It is clear from <strong>the</strong> discourse that <strong>the</strong> host<br />
has knowledge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Afrikaans noun, ‘kaartjie’, as he utilizes it in turn 57.<br />
However, even though in Afrikaans it applies to both, <strong>the</strong> host uses it here to refer<br />
to a card <strong>and</strong> not a ticket. Thus, it appears as though ‘ticket’ is a borrowing used<br />
to refer to a pass, while its Afrikaans equivalent differs in pragmatic meaning in<br />
<strong>the</strong> host’s mind, referring only to a card.<br />
The fact that <strong>the</strong> host opted to use ‘airport’, ra<strong>the</strong>r than ‘lughawe’ may be<br />
attributed to accommodation (Slabbert & Finlayson, 2002), but also fulfils a<br />
phatic function (Appel & Muysken, 1987). Had <strong>the</strong> host used <strong>the</strong> Afrikaans noun,<br />
it may have been regarded as too <strong>for</strong>mal <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> tone <strong>of</strong> this show. Thus <strong>the</strong> host<br />
uses an English noun to maintain an in<strong>for</strong>mal tone, but also in an ef<strong>for</strong>t to show<br />
accommodation <strong>and</strong> consideration <strong>for</strong> his audience’s preferences.<br />
In turn 51, <strong>the</strong> host begins to answer <strong>the</strong> question in English. In many instances,<br />
as is <strong>the</strong> case here, <strong>the</strong> host responds to <strong>the</strong> question in <strong>the</strong> same language as that<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> question. However, here, <strong>the</strong> host switches immediately after providing an<br />
answer. This may be due to <strong>the</strong> Afrikaans identity associated with <strong>the</strong> subject, but<br />
87
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