grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

In turn 858, ‘ge-bless’ is used in pace of ‘gesëen’. This could be because ‘sëen’ carries a religious connotation in that it refers to spiritual blessings. In addition, it is not a word which would be commonly found in everyday conversation. Therefore, by constructing the verb, ‘ge-bless’, the speaker is able to avoid using a formal term and is also able to illustrate that he is not referring to a religious blessing, but rather to a previous turn (852) in the show in which he asks a caller for her blessing. The last example in which the free morpheme constraint is violated is in turn 911. Here, the host switches to Arabic to account for a concept which does not exist in the Afrikaans vocabulary. ‘Jummuah’ is the Arabic prayer which takes place on a Friday and is a term which is familiar to members of the Cape Flats speech community. Since Afrikaans does not have a verb to describe this concept, the host constructs his own and is thus able to fill both a lexical as well as a pragmatic gap. In conclusion, the data suggests that English/Afrikaans codeswitching has a unique set of grammatical constraints. The constraints proposed by other researchers do apply to English/Afrikaans codeswitching in some instances, but many of them are also violated. In terms of conjunctions, the data provides many counter-examples to the constraint proposed by Cook-Gumperz (1976), which states that the conjunction should be the same language as that of the phrase. The English conjunctions, ‘but’ and ‘because’, are always used in Afrikaans constructions as replacements for the Afrikaans conjunctions, ‘maar’ and ‘omdat/want’, suggesting that these have become incorporated into the speaker’s Afrikaans lexicon. In terms of word order equivalence, switching may only occur where the two languages share a similar syntactic structure. This means that English/Afrikaans codeswitching may only occur in present tense constructions. However, this does not apply to English/Afrikaans codeswitching as the data provides evidence for 82
the violation of this constraint, particularly in negative and past tense constructions where the two languages differ syntactically. Joshi’s (1985) constraint appears to be applicable, with only one counter-example emerging from the data, which can be accounted for in terms of a social motivation for switching. Nouns appear to be the most frequently borrowed words but a number of verbs are also switched. With regard to nonce loans, the data suggests that these are used mainly as a means of filling both lexical and pragmatic gaps. The free morpheme constraint (Poplack, 1980) is continuously violated, but can consistently be explained within a motivational framework. Thus, the data suggests that while many constraints are both relevant and applicable, speakers engaging in English/Afrikaans codeswitching may violate these constraints while still producing what would be regarded as a valid switch. Therefore, constraints are not always applicable, particularly due to the fact that violations thereof are socially motivated and still result in acceptable switches. The next section of this chapter will discuss the social motivations for codeswitching that emerge from the data. Each data set is discussed individually. The first part provides a discussion on a number of reasons the host appears to engage in codeswitching, but will focus mainly on the use of Afrikaans as the dominant language for story-telling purposes, and the reasons for engaging in codeswitching within this context. The second part will provide a discussion on the second data set, analyzing the motivational trends that emerge from the discourse, but focusing particularly on the ways in which codeswitching relates to speaker-addressee relationships. 83
Page 1 and 2:
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6:
Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7 and 8:
Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10:
1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12:
English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14:
everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16:
While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18:
language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20:
This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22:
have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24:
) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26:
also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28:
providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30:
1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130: then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132: 201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134:
258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136:
322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
Page 137 and 138:
376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
Page 139 and 140:
a short while. Music followed by ad
Page 141 and 142:
ecause … did I really say that, y
Page 143 and 144:
speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
Page 145 and 146:
627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
Page 147 and 148:
699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
Page 149 and 150:
when I say that you do not have a,
Page 151 and 152:
853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
Page 153 and 154:
for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
show all

grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?