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Therefore, it appears as though the host has taken his audience into account and avoided using a term that would be thought of as formal. In turn 78, the host begins his past tense construction with the prefix {ge}, but then switches to the English verb, ‘decide’. The Afrikaans equivalent of this verb would be, ‘besluit’. However, ‘besluit’ does not rely on the prefix {ge} to indicate past tense as the auxiliary verb ‘het’ suffices in this case. In turns 119 and 410, the host also avoids using the correct Afrikaans term in another instance where the auxiliary verb suffices. He chooses to replace ‘beboet’ with ‘ge-fine’. Therefore, in two instances, the speaker avoids using verbs which maintain their original form, regardless of tense, and opts to construct a past tense verb with the prefix {ge}, and an English verb, instead. In two other instances (turns 182 and 390), the host uses English verbs as a means of conveying meaning where Afrikaans would not be able to. Thus, he fills a pragmatic gap. ‘Dump’ and ‘fine’ are colloquial terms which cannot be directly translated without any meaning being lost. For example, in turn 390, the correct English verb would be ‘dismissed’, which translates as ‘afgedank’ in Afrikaans. ‘Afgedank’ would be a word that is unknown to many speakers and considered ‘suiwer’ Afrikaans. Thus, the host yet again, has to take the audience into account, ensuring that he is understood while also maintaining in-group identity by using the language of the audience, and not that of an educated Afrikaner. In reference to turn 343, Afrikaans does not have an equivalent for the term ‘blowdry’. If the host were to communicate this concept in Afrikaans, he would have to say something like, “Hulle wou hulle hare droog gemaak het.” This would be long, and, so as members of the audience are familiar with the English term, the host opts to use it instead. Therefore, the term ‘blowdry’ is used as a nonce loan in order to explain a concept in a single word as opposed to an entire phrase. 80
In turns 421 and 532, the host substitutes the correct Afrikaans verb, ‘gedeel’, with a combination of the past tense prefix, {ge}, and the English verb, ‘share’. This is unusual because listeners would be expected to be familiar with the correct Afrikaans verb. However, ‘gedeel’ suggests equal division, so perhaps the speaker is attempting to imply that the division of the assets will not be an equal one. Alternately, he may have constructed the verb in reference to the financial term, ‘share’, as he previously referred to the financial concept, ‘assets’. In turn 625, the host uses ‘ge-clash’ instead of the correct Afrikaans verb, ‘gebots’. I believe that this may be attributed to the fact that ‘gebots’ is generally used by members of the Cape Flats speech community to refer to a physical fight. By using the English verb, the host may be attempting to denote that there was no physical fight, but rather a clash between two objects. In turn 738 the host appears to create his own verb. In English, the appropriate verb to use in this context would be ‘cultivated’. However, the host, who previously made use of the noun ‘horticulturist’, now uses the same noun to construct an English verb to use along with the Afrikaans past tense prefix. It is possible that the host intended to use an Afrikaans verb, but then did not know the correct word. In addition, he may have attempted to use an English verb to fill the lexical gap, but then constructed his own verb as he did not know the correct English verb either. Therefore, he used an English noun to construct an English verb as a means of conveying a concept for which he did not have the lexical capacity. It is also possible that the host is attempting to add humour by intentionally using the incorrect verb. In context, the gardener suddenly became a horticulturist and probably wasn’t even aware of what the word meant. Thus, by using the incorrect verb, the host may be implying that if the gardener did not know what his new job title meant, he probably wouldn’t have the vocabulary to describe it either. 81
Page 1 and 2:
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
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) I have eaten an apple. The past t
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also instances in which they do not
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providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128: {So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130: then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132:
201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134:
258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136:
322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
Page 137 and 138:
376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
Page 145 and 146:
627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
Page 147 and 148:
699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
Page 151 and 152:
853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
Page 153 and 154:
for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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