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Turn Phrase 677 ‘n company kar 734 ‘n gardener 752 ‘n helicopter 821 ‘n race 831 ‘n phone 852 ‘n divorce 854 ‘n daily basis 893 ‘n nice guy The articles in these examples have all been transcribed as Afrikaans ones, as they are either preceded by Afrikaans phrases, or the sentences in which they appear are otherwise completely Afrikaans. Four of the above examples are slightly controversial. As switching may only occur where the first word of a switch can belong to either language, the switches in turns 55, 59, 127, and 266 should not be allowed. In English, these four phrases would require the English article ‘an’ which does not exist in Afrikaans. Therefore, the words ‘outfit’, ‘unguarded manner’, ‘SMS’, and ‘All Blacks supporter’ should be considered as either nonce loans or as the insertions of minimal constituents. In this way, they make more sense occurring with an Afrikaans determiner, as they indicate a switch to fill a lexical gap only once the determiner has already been uttered by the speaker. 5.1.6 Verbs Throughout the discourse, the host uses English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions. While there is no constraint arguing that this should not be possible in present tense constructions, the free morpheme constraint (Poplack, 1980) argues that this should not occur in past tense constructions, as Afrikaans relies on the morph, {ge}, for the construction of past tense utterances. 76
The following are examples from the discourse in which the host uses present tense English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions: Table 10: Present tense English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions Turn Phrase Afrikaans equivalent 63 … en ek stare … staar 65 … en nou hulle experiment ook … eksperimenteer 79 … en ek het gat visit daarso kuier 85 … en toe ko’ hy nou discuss … Toe touch hy … bespreek raak hy aan 123 Jy spoil net nou my punchline … bederf 125 … toe realise hy … besef 127 … en ek watch vir hom … hou hom dop 182 En dan argue hulle argumenteer 207 … jy kan nie reg communicate ‘ie kommunikeer 314 Hulle moet daai song vir hom revive. herlewe 504 …dan remind iemand vir my … herinner 566 … en toe phone die client vir my … bel 625 Jy clash met jou … Jy clash met die … Jy clash, jy clash met die … 841 My vriend phone vir my nou … bel bots 893 … as mense nou describe … beskryf With verbs, as with many content words, switches often serve as a means of simplifying the message or as a means of filling a lexical gap. The Afrikaans equivalents of these English verbs may be too long and complex, as is the case with ‘touch’ (turn 85) and ‘watch’ (turn 127). Alternately, they may be phonetically similar to the English word as with ‘staar’ (turn 63), ‘eksperimenteer’ (turn 65), ‘argumenteer’ (turn 182), and ‘kommunikeer’ (turn 207). Otherwise, they may not be common, everyday words and would be thought of as too formal 77
Page 1 and 2:
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
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) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
Page 125 and 126: terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
Page 127 and 128:
{So he got an sms back} to say, “
Page 129 and 130:
then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132:
201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
Page 133 and 134:
258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
Page 135 and 136:
322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
Page 155 and 156:
975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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