grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
Turn Phrase 677 ‘n company kar 734 ‘n gardener 752 ‘n helicopter 821 ‘n race 831 ‘n phone 852 ‘n divorce 854 ‘n daily basis 893 ‘n nice guy The articles in these examples have all been transcribed as Afrikaans ones, as they are either preceded by Afrikaans phrases, or the sentences in which they appear are otherwise completely Afrikaans. Four of the above examples are slightly controversial. As switching may only occur where the first word of a switch can belong to either language, the switches in turns 55, 59, 127, and 266 should not be allowed. In English, these four phrases would require the English article ‘an’ which does not exist in Afrikaans. Therefore, the words ‘outfit’, ‘unguarded manner’, ‘SMS’, and ‘All Blacks supporter’ should be considered as either nonce loans or as the insertions of minimal constituents. In this way, they make more sense occurring with an Afrikaans determiner, as they indicate a switch to fill a lexical gap only once the determiner has already been uttered by the speaker. 5.1.6 Verbs Throughout the discourse, the host uses English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions. While there is no constraint arguing that this should not be possible in present tense constructions, the free morpheme constraint (Poplack, 1980) argues that this should not occur in past tense constructions, as Afrikaans relies on the morph, {ge}, for the construction of past tense utterances. 76
The following are examples from the discourse in which the host uses present tense English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions: Table 10: Present tense English verbs in Afrikaans matrix language constructions Turn Phrase Afrikaans equivalent 63 … en ek stare … staar 65 … en nou hulle experiment ook … eksperimenteer 79 … en ek het gat visit daarso kuier 85 … en toe ko’ hy nou discuss … Toe touch hy … bespreek raak hy aan 123 Jy spoil net nou my punchline … bederf 125 … toe realise hy … besef 127 … en ek watch vir hom … hou hom dop 182 En dan argue hulle argumenteer 207 … jy kan nie reg communicate ‘ie kommunikeer 314 Hulle moet daai song vir hom revive. herlewe 504 …dan remind iemand vir my … herinner 566 … en toe phone die client vir my … bel 625 Jy clash met jou … Jy clash met die … Jy clash, jy clash met die … 841 My vriend phone vir my nou … bel bots 893 … as mense nou describe … beskryf With verbs, as with many content words, switches often serve as a means of simplifying the message or as a means of filling a lexical gap. The Afrikaans equivalents of these English verbs may be too long and complex, as is the case with ‘touch’ (turn 85) and ‘watch’ (turn 127). Alternately, they may be phonetically similar to the English word as with ‘staar’ (turn 63), ‘eksperimenteer’ (turn 65), ‘argumenteer’ (turn 182), and ‘kommunikeer’ (turn 207). Otherwise, they may not be common, everyday words and would be thought of as too formal 77
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Turn Phrase<br />
677 ‘n company kar<br />
734 ‘n gardener<br />
752 ‘n helicopter<br />
821 ‘n race<br />
831 ‘n phone<br />
852 ‘n divorce<br />
854 ‘n daily basis<br />
893 ‘n nice guy<br />
The articles in <strong>the</strong>se examples have all been transcribed as Afrikaans ones, as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are ei<strong>the</strong>r preceded by Afrikaans phrases, or <strong>the</strong> sentences in which <strong>the</strong>y appear<br />
are o<strong>the</strong>rwise completely Afrikaans.<br />
Four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> above examples are slightly controversial. As switching may only<br />
occur where <strong>the</strong> first word <strong>of</strong> a switch can belong to ei<strong>the</strong>r language, <strong>the</strong> switches<br />
in turns 55, 59, 127, <strong>and</strong> 266 should not be allowed. In English, <strong>the</strong>se four<br />
phrases would require <strong>the</strong> English article ‘an’ which does not exist in Afrikaans.<br />
There<strong>for</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> words ‘outfit’, ‘unguarded manner’, ‘SMS’, <strong>and</strong> ‘All Blacks<br />
supporter’ should be considered as ei<strong>the</strong>r nonce loans or as <strong>the</strong> insertions <strong>of</strong><br />
minimal constituents. In this way, <strong>the</strong>y make more sense occurring with an<br />
Afrikaans determiner, as <strong>the</strong>y indicate a switch to fill a lexical gap only once <strong>the</strong><br />
determiner has already been uttered by <strong>the</strong> speaker.<br />
5.1.6 Verbs<br />
Throughout <strong>the</strong> discourse, <strong>the</strong> host uses English verbs in Afrikaans matrix<br />
language constructions. While <strong>the</strong>re is no constraint arguing that this should not<br />
be possible in present tense constructions, <strong>the</strong> free morpheme constraint (Poplack,<br />
1980) argues that this should not occur in past tense constructions, as Afrikaans<br />
relies on <strong>the</strong> morph, {ge}, <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> past tense utterances.<br />
76
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