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The data also provides examples in which Afrikaans borrowings are inserted into English- matrix language sentences. However, this only occurs in cases where there is no direct or suitable English translation for the word being used. The following are examples of English-matrix language sentences where there is no direct translation for the word being used. Some of these are: Table 8: Nonce loans where no direct English translation exists Turn Word used Possible meaning 65 Manyanya nonsense 109 Ghoema type of drum 125 Boem marijuana Clearly, there is no single word which can replace the Afrikaans one being used by the speaker. There is no direct translation, although one can infer possible meanings. In general, many switched words can be explained in terms of: i) Homophonous diamorphs ii) Content words iii) Phonetic similarities iv) Not having a direct translation v) The equivalent not being known by the speaker or listener 5.1.5 Codeswitching and Homophonous Diamorphs Two homophonous diamorphs are present in the discourse. The first is the preposition ‘in’ which differs slightly in pronunciation, but does not appear to encourage a switch, even though it appears in the same syntactic position in both languages. This may be due to the fact that ‘in’ is usually followed by either the 74
indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘an’ in English, or ‘’n’ in Afrikaans, or by the definite articles ‘the’ or ‘die’, respectively. The second homophonous diamorph present in the discourse is the indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘’n’, which are both pronounced [ə]. Of importance is the fact that while English has a second indefinite article (‘an’), Afrikaans does not. The following is a list of utterances in which homophonous diamorphs are present: Table 9: Homophonous diamorphs in the discourse Turn Phrase 2 ‘n report back 55 ‘n outfit ‘n boy 59 ‘n unguarded manner 63 ‘n South African 93 ‘n suit ‘n tie 127 ‘n SMS 129 ‘n joke 162 ‘n tour 182 ‘n rumour 190 ‘n pub 266 ‘n All Blacks supporter 280 ‘n South African 308 ‘n personal storie 421 ‘n rumour 502 ‘n recording 504 ‘n reminder diary 579 ‘n request ‘n call centre 618 ‘n floral dress 75
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
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have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
Page 123 and 124: [laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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