grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
Turn Phrase 280 my therapist die phones 343 die helicopter 370 die clients 401 die tour 410 sy theories 492 die studio 502 die shows 504 my memory 566 die client die speaker die mic die bicycle 582 die way die phone die call centre 611 die rollers 612 die floral dresses 615 jou traditional dress 618 jou wardrobe 623 die floral curtains 630 jou comment 744 die madam 794 die chocolate logs 852 onse assets 873 die song 902 die vocabulary 930 die wishes 950 die Indian The fact that the entire phrase is not switched suggests that these nouns are either nonce loans or borrowings. If the host had adopted the English noun as part of his Afrikaans lexicon, he would be more likely to use an English determiner or 72
possessive. However, it appears as though the speaker intended to use Afrikaans, but then substituted with English instead. Therefore, the data suggests that when the matrix language of a particular turn is Afrikaans and switching of a single word occurs, the switched word must be analyzed as either a nonce loan or as the insertion of a minimal constituent. 5.1.4 Nonce Loans / Insertion of Minimal Constituents The majority of loans within the discourse are content words, the bulk of which are nouns. Nouns are easily switched as they generally appear in the same syntactic slot in both languages, particularly in present tense constructions. Verbs are less frequently borrowed as these require inflection for tense and number, affecting the syntactic structure of an utterance. Poplack (1980: 55) argues that borrowings are “… content words which take the same inflections and occupy the same syntactic slots as corresponding native recipient-language words. Nonce loans are single words in one language, found in sentences otherwise comprising of another language. These may also be analyzed as the insertions of a minimal constituent if they appear in an appropriate lexical slot. The data provides a pattern which indicates a consistent use of an Afrikaans determiner before an English noun or noun phrase, as previously discussed (see Table 7). All of the examples given may be analyzed as nonce loans as well as the insertion of minimal constituents, as they appear in the appropriate lexical positions in Afrikaans matrix language utterances. The Stand Alone Principle (Azuma, 1996) can also account for these switches, classifying them as ‘chunks’ which can meaningfully stand alone in a speaker’s mind. A ‘chunk’ is any word which carries meaning on its own, thus representing an object or a concept for which the speaker cannot account in the other language. 73
- Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
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- Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
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possessive. However, it appears as though <strong>the</strong> speaker intended to use Afrikaans,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>n substituted with English instead. There<strong>for</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> data suggests that when<br />
<strong>the</strong> matrix language <strong>of</strong> a particular turn is Afrikaans <strong>and</strong> switching <strong>of</strong> a single<br />
word occurs, <strong>the</strong> switched word must be analyzed as ei<strong>the</strong>r a nonce loan or as <strong>the</strong><br />
insertion <strong>of</strong> a minimal constituent.<br />
5.1.4 Nonce Loans / Insertion <strong>of</strong> Minimal Constituents<br />
The majority <strong>of</strong> loans within <strong>the</strong> discourse are content words, <strong>the</strong> bulk <strong>of</strong> which<br />
are nouns. Nouns are easily switched as <strong>the</strong>y generally appear in <strong>the</strong> same<br />
syntactic slot in both languages, particularly in present tense constructions. Verbs<br />
are less frequently borrowed as <strong>the</strong>se require inflection <strong>for</strong> tense <strong>and</strong> number,<br />
affecting <strong>the</strong> syntactic structure <strong>of</strong> an utterance.<br />
Poplack (1980: 55) argues that borrowings are “… content words which take <strong>the</strong><br />
same inflections <strong>and</strong> occupy <strong>the</strong> same syntactic slots as corresponding native<br />
recipient-language words. Nonce loans are single words in one language, found<br />
in sentences o<strong>the</strong>rwise comprising <strong>of</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r language. These may also be<br />
analyzed as <strong>the</strong> insertions <strong>of</strong> a minimal constituent if <strong>the</strong>y appear in an appropriate<br />
lexical slot.<br />
The data provides a pattern which indicates a consistent use <strong>of</strong> an Afrikaans<br />
determiner be<strong>for</strong>e an English noun or noun phrase, as previously discussed (see<br />
Table 7). All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> examples given may be analyzed as nonce loans as well as<br />
<strong>the</strong> insertion <strong>of</strong> minimal constituents, as <strong>the</strong>y appear in <strong>the</strong> appropriate lexical<br />
positions in Afrikaans matrix language utterances.<br />
The St<strong>and</strong> Alone Principle (Azuma, 1996) can also account <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>se switches,<br />
classifying <strong>the</strong>m as ‘chunks’ which can meaningfully st<strong>and</strong> alone in a speaker’s<br />
mind. A ‘chunk’ is any word which carries meaning on its own, thus representing<br />
an object or a concept <strong>for</strong> which <strong>the</strong> speaker cannot account in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r language.<br />
73
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