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Turn Phrase 280 my therapist die phones 343 die helicopter 370 die clients 401 die tour 410 sy theories 492 die studio 502 die shows 504 my memory 566 die client die speaker die mic die bicycle 582 die way die phone die call centre 611 die rollers 612 die floral dresses 615 jou traditional dress 618 jou wardrobe 623 die floral curtains 630 jou comment 744 die madam 794 die chocolate logs 852 onse assets 873 die song 902 die vocabulary 930 die wishes 950 die Indian The fact that the entire phrase is not switched suggests that these nouns are either nonce loans or borrowings. If the host had adopted the English noun as part of his Afrikaans lexicon, he would be more likely to use an English determiner or 72
possessive. However, it appears as though the speaker intended to use Afrikaans, but then substituted with English instead. Therefore, the data suggests that when the matrix language of a particular turn is Afrikaans and switching of a single word occurs, the switched word must be analyzed as either a nonce loan or as the insertion of a minimal constituent. 5.1.4 Nonce Loans / Insertion of Minimal Constituents The majority of loans within the discourse are content words, the bulk of which are nouns. Nouns are easily switched as they generally appear in the same syntactic slot in both languages, particularly in present tense constructions. Verbs are less frequently borrowed as these require inflection for tense and number, affecting the syntactic structure of an utterance. Poplack (1980: 55) argues that borrowings are “… content words which take the same inflections and occupy the same syntactic slots as corresponding native recipient-language words. Nonce loans are single words in one language, found in sentences otherwise comprising of another language. These may also be analyzed as the insertions of a minimal constituent if they appear in an appropriate lexical slot. The data provides a pattern which indicates a consistent use of an Afrikaans determiner before an English noun or noun phrase, as previously discussed (see Table 7). All of the examples given may be analyzed as nonce loans as well as the insertion of minimal constituents, as they appear in the appropriate lexical positions in Afrikaans matrix language utterances. The Stand Alone Principle (Azuma, 1996) can also account for these switches, classifying them as ‘chunks’ which can meaningfully stand alone in a speaker’s mind. A ‘chunk’ is any word which carries meaning on its own, thus representing an object or a concept for which the speaker cannot account in the other language. 73
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
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language of the court, education, a
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This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
Page 119 and 120: First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
Page 121 and 122: 52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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