grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
Turn Phrase 57 My shower werk’ie reg’ie (Non-standard) My shower werk nie reg nie (Standard) *My shower works not right not 63 Ek is’ie gewoond’ie (Non-standard) Ek is nie gewoond nie (Standard) *I am not used to not Generally, switches do occur where surface structures map onto each other, that is, where the first word of the switch would be in the same syntactic position in either language. The only instance where this does not take place is with the use of the phrase “verstaan jy.” Here, the word order differs because English and Afrikaans interrogatives are not alike. English uses ‘do’, which is then followed by the subject, and then the verb, whereas the Afrikaans construction of interrogatives is made up of the verb, followed by the subject. Consider the following examples of word order conflict from the discourse: Table 5: Examples of word order conflict in negation constructions Turn Phrase 2 … ek kan nie alles uitbring nie * … I can not everything bring out not … I cannot bring everything out … 22 … ons ken nie wat julle van praat’ie (praat nie) … * … we know not what you of speak not … … we do not know what you are speaking of … 59 Nie die nag nie. * Not the night not. Not the night. As is evident in the above examples, there is word order conflict between the two languages. Because English does not apply double negation, a blank syntactic slot occurs in the English translation, but the word order still does not show any 68
similarity to that of Afrikaans due to the use of the second negation element which appears at the end of the phrase. However, examples from the data show that this constraint may be violated. Speakers demonstrate an ability to code-switch even under conditions where switching is not supposed to be possible. Below are some examples from the data of how this constraint is violated, while still resulting in what speakers would regard as an appropriate or acceptable switch: Table 6: Violation of equivalence constraint Turn Phrase 182 … wie’t vir wie ge-dump * … who for who dumped … who dumped who 207 … try jy om daai weg van my te vat 354 *… try you to that away from me to take … try to take that away from me … by two ‘o clock, gat ek jou klap * going to I you smack I am going to smack you 504 so, somehow or another, het ek nou begin 5.1.3 Closed Classes * have I now begun I have now begun Joshi (1985) argued that closed class items may not be switched. These include determiners, quantifiers, possessives, auxiliaries, and tense. This constraint appears to apply to English/Afrikaans codeswitching as counter-examples from the data are almost non-existent. 69
- Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
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similarity to that <strong>of</strong> Afrikaans due to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second negation element which<br />
appears at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> phrase.<br />
However, examples from <strong>the</strong> data show that this constraint may be violated.<br />
Speakers demonstrate an ability to code-switch even under conditions where<br />
switching is not supposed to be possible. Below are some examples from <strong>the</strong> data<br />
<strong>of</strong> how this constraint is violated, while still resulting in what speakers would<br />
regard as an appropriate or acceptable switch:<br />
Table 6: Violation <strong>of</strong> equivalence constraint<br />
Turn Phrase<br />
182 … wie’t vir wie ge-dump<br />
* … who <strong>for</strong> who dumped<br />
… who dumped who<br />
207 … try jy om daai weg van my te vat<br />
354<br />
*… try you to that away from me to take<br />
… try to take that away from me<br />
… by two ‘o clock, gat ek jou klap<br />
* going to I you smack<br />
I am going to smack you<br />
504 so, somehow or ano<strong>the</strong>r, het ek nou begin<br />
5.1.3 Closed Classes<br />
* have I now begun<br />
I have now begun<br />
Joshi (1985) argued that closed class items may not be switched. These include<br />
determiners, quantifiers, possessives, auxiliaries, <strong>and</strong> tense. This constraint<br />
appears to apply to English/Afrikaans codeswitching as counter-examples from<br />
<strong>the</strong> data are almost non-existent.<br />
69
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