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Turn Phrase 57 My shower werk’ie reg’ie (Non-standard) My shower werk nie reg nie (Standard) *My shower works not right not 63 Ek is’ie gewoond’ie (Non-standard) Ek is nie gewoond nie (Standard) *I am not used to not Generally, switches do occur where surface structures map onto each other, that is, where the first word of the switch would be in the same syntactic position in either language. The only instance where this does not take place is with the use of the phrase “verstaan jy.” Here, the word order differs because English and Afrikaans interrogatives are not alike. English uses ‘do’, which is then followed by the subject, and then the verb, whereas the Afrikaans construction of interrogatives is made up of the verb, followed by the subject. Consider the following examples of word order conflict from the discourse: Table 5: Examples of word order conflict in negation constructions Turn Phrase 2 … ek kan nie alles uitbring nie * … I can not everything bring out not … I cannot bring everything out … 22 … ons ken nie wat julle van praat’ie (praat nie) … * … we know not what you of speak not … … we do not know what you are speaking of … 59 Nie die nag nie. * Not the night not. Not the night. As is evident in the above examples, there is word order conflict between the two languages. Because English does not apply double negation, a blank syntactic slot occurs in the English translation, but the word order still does not show any 68
similarity to that of Afrikaans due to the use of the second negation element which appears at the end of the phrase. However, examples from the data show that this constraint may be violated. Speakers demonstrate an ability to code-switch even under conditions where switching is not supposed to be possible. Below are some examples from the data of how this constraint is violated, while still resulting in what speakers would regard as an appropriate or acceptable switch: Table 6: Violation of equivalence constraint Turn Phrase 182 … wie’t vir wie ge-dump * … who for who dumped … who dumped who 207 … try jy om daai weg van my te vat 354 *… try you to that away from me to take … try to take that away from me … by two ‘o clock, gat ek jou klap * going to I you smack I am going to smack you 504 so, somehow or another, het ek nou begin 5.1.3 Closed Classes * have I now begun I have now begun Joshi (1985) argued that closed class items may not be switched. These include determiners, quantifiers, possessives, auxiliaries, and tense. This constraint appears to apply to English/Afrikaans codeswitching as counter-examples from the data are almost non-existent. 69
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
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While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
Page 117 and 118: APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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