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egarded as too formal. Therefore, the host once again uses codeswitching as a means of accommodating his addressees. In two instances, English conjunctions are followed by Afrikaans discourse markers. In turns 59 and 162, respectively, ‘nou’ and ‘toe’ serve as discourse markers, which create an informal, colloquial tone. In turn 59, the English equivalent ‘now’ would not be an appropriate translation, while in turn 162, the English equivalent (‘then’) would not create the casual, informal tone the host wishes to create. 5.1.2 Word order equivalence Poplack (1980) and Muysken (1995) proposed that switching can only occur under equivalence: where the grammatical structure of the two languages involved map onto each other, and when the syntactic structure for both languages are the same. Lipski (1977) argued that syntaxes may be different before the switch, but that the syntaxes must be alike for the portion that is switched. Therefore, switching should not take place in instances where the past tense is used, where negation occurs, and within subordinate clauses, as the two languages differ in word order under these circumstances. The discourse suggests that, in terms of tense, English and Afrikaans only share the same grammatical and syntactic structure when the present tense is used. Below (Table 2) are a few examples of the similarity between English and Afrikaans in present tense constructions: Table 2: Similarity between English and Afrikaans in present tense constructions Turn Present Tense (Afrikaans) Present Tense (English) 10 ek is nou … I am now … 27 Ek voel soos… I feel like … 47 Ek wonder of … I wonder if … 66
Unlike in English, when the past tense is used in Afrikaans, the word order changes. The same applies for negation. In these instances the two languages share different grammatical structures, and so it would be impossible to switch if the switch contains tense or negation. The following table (Table 3) presents some examples of word order differences between English and Afrikaans in past tense constructions: Table 3: Comparison of word order of English and Afrikaans in present and past tense constructions Turn Past Tense Present Tense 40 Ek het gewag … I ___ waited … 57 … waar hy gebly het … where he lived ___ … Hy en sy vrou het buitekant die deur gestaan. *He and his wife __ outside the door stood He and his wife stood outside the door. Ek wag. I wait. … waar hy bly … … where he lives Hy en sy vrou staan He and his wife stand buitekant die deur. outside the door These are just a few examples of the way in which the word order of Afrikaans is not like that of English once a tense marker is brought into the equation. The other major difference in word order is caused by the fact that Afrikaans uses double negation. Some examples of negation from the discourse are: Turn Phrase Table 4: Examples of negation in Afrikaans 22 Os ken nie wat julle van praat’ie (Non-standard) Ons ken nie wat julle van praat nie (Standard) *We know not what you of are speaking not 67
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GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
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Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
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Declaration I declare that Grammati
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Table of Contents Key words .......
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1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
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English is not the mother tongue of
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everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94: The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96: speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98: The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100: of proceedings throughout the show.
Page 101 and 102: host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
Page 103 and 104: also of the ways in which language
Page 105 and 106: 6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
Page 107 and 108: • While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110: References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112: Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114: Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116: Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
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201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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