grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
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egarded as too <strong>for</strong>mal. There<strong>for</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> host once again uses codeswitching as a<br />
means <strong>of</strong> accommodating his addressees.<br />
In two instances, English conjunctions are followed by Afrikaans discourse<br />
markers. In turns 59 <strong>and</strong> 162, respectively, ‘nou’ <strong>and</strong> ‘toe’ serve as discourse<br />
markers, which create an in<strong>for</strong>mal, colloquial tone. In turn 59, <strong>the</strong> English<br />
equivalent ‘now’ would not be an appropriate translation, while in turn 162, <strong>the</strong><br />
English equivalent (‘<strong>the</strong>n’) would not create <strong>the</strong> casual, in<strong>for</strong>mal tone <strong>the</strong> host<br />
wishes to create.<br />
5.1.2 Word order equivalence<br />
Poplack (1980) <strong>and</strong> Muysken (1995) proposed that switching can only occur<br />
under equivalence: where <strong>the</strong> <strong>grammatical</strong> structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two languages involved<br />
map onto each o<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>and</strong> when <strong>the</strong> syntactic structure <strong>for</strong> both languages are <strong>the</strong><br />
same.<br />
Lipski (1977) argued that syntaxes may be different be<strong>for</strong>e <strong>the</strong> switch, but that <strong>the</strong><br />
syntaxes must be alike <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> portion that is switched. There<strong>for</strong>e, switching<br />
should not take place in instances where <strong>the</strong> past tense is used, where negation<br />
occurs, <strong>and</strong> within subordinate clauses, as <strong>the</strong> two languages differ in word order<br />
under <strong>the</strong>se circumstances. The discourse suggests that, in terms <strong>of</strong> tense, English<br />
<strong>and</strong> Afrikaans only share <strong>the</strong> same <strong>grammatical</strong> <strong>and</strong> syntactic structure when <strong>the</strong><br />
present tense is used. Below (Table 2) are a few examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> similarity<br />
between English <strong>and</strong> Afrikaans in present tense constructions:<br />
Table 2: Similarity between English <strong>and</strong> Afrikaans in present tense constructions<br />
Turn Present Tense (Afrikaans) Present Tense (English)<br />
10 ek is nou … I am now …<br />
27 Ek voel soos… I feel like …<br />
47 Ek wonder <strong>of</strong> … I wonder if …<br />
66