grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
particularly on the ways in which codeswitching relates to speaker-addressee relationships. 5.1 Grammatical Constraints on Codeswitching In analyzing the discourse, I first evaluated the constraints proposed by previous researchers, checking for evidence of the application of these constraints in English/Afrikaans codeswitching, as well as counter-examples. Next, I analyzed the differences and evaluated these counter-examples in relation to possible social motivations for switching. In my analysis, I have discussed the constraint on the switching of conjunctions, proposed by Gumperz (1976). I have also focussed on word order equivalence (Poplack, 1980 & Muysken, 1995), Joshi’s (1985) constraint on closed class items such as determiners and possessives, nonce loans and the insertion of minimal constituents, as well as codeswitching after homophonous diamorphs. Lastly, I have discussed the switching of verbs in relation to Poplack’s (1980) free morpheme constraint. 5.1.1 Conjunctions Gumperz (1976) argued that the conjunction should always come from the language of the switched phrase. Therefore, the conjunction should form a part of the switch, rather than exist as a preceding grammatical element in a language other than that of the switched phrase. However, this is not the case as the discourse provides many counter-examples. The table below provides examples from the discourse in which conjunctions are switched. 62
Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conjunctions 2 but nie so alles nie man 10 because ek is nou officially promoted 22 met sign language because die French waiters but hulle gat maar aan 29 but kyk hierso 53 because hy’t’ie gelees 59 but nou die hele contigent and die next ding because ons vang vir hom 63 because hulle kyk 71 and sulke goeters 79 by North Sea Jazz Festival 87 but ek is nie so 119 but hy sing VALS 125 but die’s mos sy pa se nommer 127 but hy was slim 129 but hy, hy’t gesê 158 because, um, hulle wil’ie 162 and toe gat slap ek 207 because jy kan nie 394 but ek wil’ie The pattern that emerges from these counter-examples illustrates a consistent usage of the conjunctions ‘but’ and ‘because.’ Throughout the discourse, the Afrikaans equivalents (‘maar’ and ‘omdat’/’want’) are never used. These English 63
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Turn Phrase<br />
Table 1: Switched conjunctions<br />
2 but nie so alles nie man<br />
10 because ek is nou <strong>of</strong>ficially promoted<br />
22<br />
met sign language<br />
because die French waiters<br />
but hulle gat maar aan<br />
29 but kyk hierso<br />
53 because hy’t’ie gelees<br />
59<br />
but nou die hele contigent<br />
<strong>and</strong> die next ding<br />
because ons vang vir hom<br />
63 because hulle kyk<br />
71 <strong>and</strong> sulke goeters<br />
79 by North Sea Jazz Festival<br />
87 but ek is nie so<br />
119 but hy sing VALS<br />
125 but die’s mos sy pa se nommer<br />
127 but hy was slim<br />
129 but hy, hy’t gesê<br />
158 because, um, hulle wil’ie<br />
162 <strong>and</strong> toe gat slap ek<br />
207 because jy kan nie<br />
394 but ek wil’ie<br />
The pattern that emerges from <strong>the</strong>se counter-examples illustrates a consistent<br />
usage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conjunctions ‘but’ <strong>and</strong> ‘because.’ Throughout <strong>the</strong> discourse, <strong>the</strong><br />
Afrikaans equivalents (‘maar’ <strong>and</strong> ‘omdat’/’want’) are never used. These English<br />
63
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