grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
All the literature discussed so far focuses on the social motivations behind codeswitching in conversation, as well as the functions that they serve. What I would also like to focus on is the grammatical and structural aspects involved in switching. Questions that emerge are: When is it possible to switch? Which words or phrases can be switched? And how do these switches occur? Various researchers have put forward many grammatical and structural constraints, each theory tested on a variety of languages, but most of which can be applied across languages. This is the focus of the next chapter, which discusses the grammatical constraints related to bilingual codeswitching. 44
3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammatical Constraints on Codeswitching This section will provide a discussion on the constraints on codeswitching proposed thus far. A wide variety of constraints have been proposed by many different researchers, each focusing on switching across different sets of languages. Some of the constraints proposed may be language specific, whereas others may act as universal constraints for codeswitching in any language. 3.1 Borrowing versus Codeswitching Before discussing any structural constraints, it is important to draw a distinction between borrowing and codeswitching. Should a single word in one language, found in an utterance constructed in another language, be regarded as a switch or is the term, ‘borrowing’, more applicable? Do borrowings constitute switches at all? Treffers-Daller (2000: 1) defines borrowing, as “the incorporation of one language into another.” According to Poplack (1990: 38), borrowing refers to “… the adaptation of lexical material to the morphological and syntactic (and usually, phonological) patterns of the recipient language. Simango (2000: 505) confirms this arguing that “borrowing is an active process wherein the recipient language, in intricate ways, reacts to the presence of foreign forms by making the necessary adjustments to its own system as well as to the features of the foreign forms themselves.” In addition, Simango (2000) argues that borrowing was traditionally thought to have been used in order to fill lexical gaps and to account for concepts in cases 45
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3.0 Introduction<br />
Chapter 3<br />
Grammatical Constraints on Codeswitching<br />
This section will provide a discussion on <strong>the</strong> <strong>constraints</strong> on codeswitching<br />
proposed thus far. A wide variety <strong>of</strong> <strong>constraints</strong> have been proposed by many<br />
different researchers, each focusing on switching across different sets <strong>of</strong><br />
languages. Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>constraints</strong> proposed may be language specific, whereas<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs may act as universal <strong>constraints</strong> <strong>for</strong> codeswitching in any language.<br />
3.1 Borrowing versus Codeswitching<br />
Be<strong>for</strong>e discussing any structural <strong>constraints</strong>, it is important to draw a distinction<br />
between borrowing <strong>and</strong> codeswitching. Should a single word in one language,<br />
found in an utterance constructed in ano<strong>the</strong>r language, be regarded as a switch or<br />
is <strong>the</strong> term, ‘borrowing’, more applicable? Do borrowings constitute switches at<br />
all?<br />
Treffers-Daller (2000: 1) defines borrowing, as “<strong>the</strong> incorporation <strong>of</strong> one language<br />
into ano<strong>the</strong>r.” According to Poplack (1990: 38), borrowing refers to “… <strong>the</strong><br />
adaptation <strong>of</strong> lexical material to <strong>the</strong> morphological <strong>and</strong> syntactic (<strong>and</strong> usually,<br />
phonological) patterns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> recipient language. Simango (2000: 505) confirms<br />
this arguing that “borrowing is an active process wherein <strong>the</strong> recipient language,<br />
in intricate ways, reacts to <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>eign <strong>for</strong>ms by making <strong>the</strong> necessary<br />
adjustments to its own system as well as to <strong>the</strong> features <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>eign <strong>for</strong>ms<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves.”<br />
In addition, Simango (2000) argues that borrowing was traditionally thought to<br />
have been used in order to fill lexical gaps <strong>and</strong> to account <strong>for</strong> concepts in cases<br />
45