grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ... grammatical constraints and motivations for - University of the ...
All the literature discussed so far focuses on the social motivations behind codeswitching in conversation, as well as the functions that they serve. What I would also like to focus on is the grammatical and structural aspects involved in switching. Questions that emerge are: When is it possible to switch? Which words or phrases can be switched? And how do these switches occur? Various researchers have put forward many grammatical and structural constraints, each theory tested on a variety of languages, but most of which can be applied across languages. This is the focus of the next chapter, which discusses the grammatical constraints related to bilingual codeswitching. 44
3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammatical Constraints on Codeswitching This section will provide a discussion on the constraints on codeswitching proposed thus far. A wide variety of constraints have been proposed by many different researchers, each focusing on switching across different sets of languages. Some of the constraints proposed may be language specific, whereas others may act as universal constraints for codeswitching in any language. 3.1 Borrowing versus Codeswitching Before discussing any structural constraints, it is important to draw a distinction between borrowing and codeswitching. Should a single word in one language, found in an utterance constructed in another language, be regarded as a switch or is the term, ‘borrowing’, more applicable? Do borrowings constitute switches at all? Treffers-Daller (2000: 1) defines borrowing, as “the incorporation of one language into another.” According to Poplack (1990: 38), borrowing refers to “… the adaptation of lexical material to the morphological and syntactic (and usually, phonological) patterns of the recipient language. Simango (2000: 505) confirms this arguing that “borrowing is an active process wherein the recipient language, in intricate ways, reacts to the presence of foreign forms by making the necessary adjustments to its own system as well as to the features of the foreign forms themselves.” In addition, Simango (2000) argues that borrowing was traditionally thought to have been used in order to fill lexical gaps and to account for concepts in cases 45
- Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
- Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
- Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
- Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
- Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
- Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
- Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
- Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
- Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
- Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
- Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
- Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
- Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
- Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
- Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
- Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
- Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
- Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
- Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
- Page 39 and 40: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
- Page 41 and 42: Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) st
- Page 43: context in which the speaker finds
- Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
- Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
- Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
- Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
- Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
- Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
- Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
- Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
- Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
- Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
- Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
- Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
- Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
- Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
- Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
- Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
- Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
- Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
- Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
- Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
- Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
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- Page 91 and 92: has chosen to split the phrase into
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All <strong>the</strong> literature discussed so far focuses on <strong>the</strong> social <strong>motivations</strong> behind<br />
codeswitching in conversation, as well as <strong>the</strong> functions that <strong>the</strong>y serve. What I<br />
would also like to focus on is <strong>the</strong> <strong>grammatical</strong> <strong>and</strong> structural aspects involved in<br />
switching. Questions that emerge are: When is it possible to switch? Which words<br />
or phrases can be switched? And how do <strong>the</strong>se switches occur?<br />
Various researchers have put <strong>for</strong>ward many <strong>grammatical</strong> <strong>and</strong> structural<br />
<strong>constraints</strong>, each <strong>the</strong>ory tested on a variety <strong>of</strong> languages, but most <strong>of</strong> which can be<br />
applied across languages. This is <strong>the</strong> focus <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> next chapter, which discusses<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>grammatical</strong> <strong>constraints</strong> related to bilingual codeswitching.<br />
44
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