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called for by circumstances.” Deference may be expressed through politeness or honorific titles, but switching to accommodate the addressee can be seen as a major way of indicating deference. Myers-Scotton (2006b: 206) argues that, “…when speakers switch languages, it is generally because a word or phrase in the other language conveys the speaker’s pragmatic intentions better”, but also claims that motivations for codeswitching may be interpersonally based. Whether they do it consciously or subconsciously, bilingual speakers make choices regarding which language to use. Speakers have the ability to select one language over another, but also to use both simultaneously. Myers-Scotton (2006a) argues that these choices are interpersonally based as selection of a particular variety is indicative of an individual’s view of self and their relationships with other participants involved in the conversation. Further, Myers-Scotton (2006a: 145) suggests that code choice is indexical of ‘self’ – “… for a bilingual, choosing to speak one language over another says something about how that bilingual thinks of himself or herself.” Therefore, codeswitching serves as a means of portraying one’s own identity, but enables access to other identities associated with the second language. From a sociolinguistic point of view, codeswitching presents bilingual speakers with opportunities to express themselves in an endless variety of ways. On the other hand, from a psycholinguistic point of view, according to Myers-Scotton (1993b: 2), “codeswitching is a way to overcome difficulties in sentence – planning by making use of the resources of more than one language…” Franceschini (1998) views codeswitching as one possible result of speakers’ actions in a particular situation of language contact. However, Franceschini (1998: 62) argues that codeswitching cannot be regarded as a social language, acquired by generations of speakers, as it resembles interlanguages in that “both are produced anew in each sociocultural situation and are not stable in time.” 40
Further, Franceschini (1998: 62) states that what differentiates the two concepts is that, “codeswitching develops group norms and functions, and it expresses group identity.” Furthermore, codeswitching is viewed in terms of a dual focus model of attention as codeswitching speakers utilize different varieties simultaneously, throughout a conversation. In a paper presented at the European Science Foundation’s Conference on codeswitching in 1990, Gardner-Chloros identified five factors related to codeswitching. Gardner-Chloros (1990) argued that switches may occur due to factors related to the speaker’s linguistic competence. Thus, switching may occur as a result of the speaker not knowing how to say something in the L1 or as a means of filling a lexical gap. Other factors relating to speakers’ perceptions of each other also influence codeswitching. These include perceptions relating to one another’s’ linguistic competence, such as accommodation and employing measures to make oneself understood. Factors relating to the characteristics of the conversation, such as changes in topic and setting, also play a role in codeswitching. Lastly, factors related to the characteristics of the spoken language, as well as factors derived from deeper reasons, such as individual characteristics, social behaviour, language change and ethnic compromise, also influence whether a speaker may choose to engage in codeswitching or not. Swann (2000: 170-171) summarizes social motivations for codeswitching as follows: 1. Bilingual codeswitching is meaningful: it fulfils certain functions in an interaction. 2. Codeswitching between languages allows speakers simultaneous access to different social identities. 41
Page 1 and 2: GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AND MOTIVAT
Page 3 and 4: Abstract GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS AN
Page 5 and 6: Declaration I declare that Grammati
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Key words .......
Page 9 and 10: 1.0 Introduction Chapter 1 Backgrou
Page 11 and 12: English is not the mother tongue of
Page 13 and 14: everyday communication. The nature
Page 15 and 16: While researchers and sociolinguist
Page 17 and 18: language of the court, education, a
Page 19 and 20: This, then, makes it apparent why C
Page 21 and 22: have always been exposed simultaneo
Page 23 and 24: ) I have eaten an apple. The past t
Page 25 and 26: also instances in which they do not
Page 27 and 28: providing a strong argument that co
Page 29 and 30: 1.10 Outline of the Study Chapter 1
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 Social M
Page 33 and 34: “…codeswitching is a form of bo
Page 35 and 36: In this section, I attempt to provi
Page 37 and 38: eferred to as RO) sets between part
Page 39: example, Afrikaans speakers may swi
Page 43 and 44: context in which the speaker finds
Page 45 and 46: 3.0 Introduction Chapter 3 Grammati
Page 47 and 48: codeswitching as they do reflect th
Page 49 and 50: Constituent insertion differs from
Page 51 and 52: In these examples, the main verbs a
Page 53 and 54: 4.0 Introduction Chapter 4 Research
Page 55 and 56: Thus, qualitative research is an in
Page 57 and 58: However, contrary to Auer’s 1984
Page 59 and 60: The transcripts were then analyzed
Page 61 and 62: 5.0 Introduction Chapter 5 Discussi
Page 63 and 64: Turn Phrase Table 1: Switched conju
Page 65 and 66: In turns 22, 53, 59 and 63, English
Page 67 and 68: Unlike in English, when the past te
Page 69 and 70: similarity to that of Afrikaans due
Page 71 and 72: Table 7: Afrikaans determiners with
Page 73 and 74: possessive. However, it appears as
Page 75 and 76: indefinite articles, ‘a’ or ‘
Page 77 and 78: The following are examples from the
Page 79 and 80: Turn Mixed verb Afrikaans equivalen
Page 81 and 82: In turns 421 and 532, the host subs
Page 83 and 84: the violation of this constraint, p
Page 85 and 86: nouns) are used. I have selected a
Page 87 and 88: What follows are a few switches to
Page 89 and 90: The next switch is the insertion of
Page 91 and 92:
has chosen to split the phrase into
Page 93 and 94:
The discourse suggests that the hos
Page 95 and 96:
speaker’s close association with
Page 97 and 98:
The next, and final, switch is to A
Page 99 and 100:
of proceedings throughout the show.
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host is being somewhat sarcastic, b
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also of the ways in which language
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6.0 Introduction Chapter 6 Conclusi
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• While conjunctions do agree wit
Page 109 and 110:
References Appel, R & Muysken, P. (
Page 111 and 112:
Hamers, J. & Blanc, M. (2000). Bili
Page 113 and 114:
Ponelis, F. (1993). The Development
Page 115 and 116:
Young, D. (1988). Bilingualism and
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APPENDIX
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First Transcript: Update Kaapse Vla
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52. Clarence: Wilfred? 53. Suster:
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[laughter] 62. Clarence: Die’s (d
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terrace and so I couldn’t go up t
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{So he got an sms back} to say, “
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then you go from Notre-Dame up the
Page 131 and 132:
201. Suster: Yes Clarence, it’s,
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258. Suster Ja {Yes}, my introducti
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322. Suster = = Nou {Now}, Clarence
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376. Suster Will do. Thank you my s
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a short while. Music followed by ad
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ecause … did I really say that, y
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speaker}. En toe stoot hy nou die m
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627. Suster [laughter] 628. Caller
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699. Caller 13 Yes, uh, I know that
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when I say that you do not have a,
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853. Caller 16 = = maar jy en Clare
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for} innerly = = 897. Suster = = ja
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975. Caller 19 Hello Suster. 976. S
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